Lecture 5 Course Teacher: Syeda Sabikun Nahar

Assistant Professor (Mathematics)

BSMRAAU

Milne Thomson Method:

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ∴ 𝑧̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
1 1
∴ 𝑥 = (𝑧 + 𝑧̅), 𝑦 = (𝑧 − 𝑧̅)
2 2𝑖
𝑧+𝑧̅ 𝑧−𝑧̅ 𝑧+𝑧̅ 𝑧−𝑧̅
Now, 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 { , }+ 𝑖𝑣 { , }
2 2𝑖 2 2𝑖

This relation can be regarded as a formal identity in two independent variable 𝑧 and 𝑧̅ ,
putting 𝑧̅ = 𝑧. We have 𝑥 = 𝑧 and 𝑦 = 0.
And then 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑧, 0) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑧, 0)
We have 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= −𝑖 by Cauchy − Riemann equations.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Hence if we write = ∅1 (𝑥, 𝑦) and = ∅2 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

We have, 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = ∅1 (𝑥, 𝑦) − ∅2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∅1 (𝑧, 0) − ∅2 (𝑧, 0)

Integrating it, 𝑓(𝑧) = ∫[∅1 (𝑧, 0) − ∅2 (𝑧, 0)] 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary constant.

Thus function 𝑓(𝑧) is constructed when 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is given.

Similarly, if 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) is given, it can be shown that 𝑓(𝑧) = ∫[𝜓1 (𝑧, 0) + 𝑖𝜓2 (𝑧, 0)] 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
Where 𝜓1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜕𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜓2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜕𝑥

Example 1:
sin 2𝑥
If 𝑢 = cosh 2𝑦+cos 2𝑥 , find the corresponding analytic function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣.

Solution:
sin 2𝑥
We have, 𝑢 = cosh 2𝑦+cos 2𝑥

𝜕𝑢 2 cos 2𝑥 (cosh 2𝑦 + cos 2𝑥) + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥

∴ =
𝜕𝑥 (cosh 2𝑦 + cos 2𝑥)2
2+2 cos 2𝑥 cosh 2𝑦
= (cosh 2𝑦+cos 2𝑥)2
= ∅1 (𝑥, 𝑦) (say)

𝜕𝑢 −2 sin 2𝑥 sinh 2𝑦
And 𝜕𝑦
= (cosh 2𝑦+cos 2𝑥)2 = ∅2 (𝑥, 𝑦) (say)

The corresponding function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is given by

Lecture 5 Course Teacher: Syeda Sabikun Nahar
Assistant Professor (Mathematics)
BSMRAAU

𝑓(𝑧) = ∫[∅1 (𝑧, 0) − ∅2 (𝑧, 0)] 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐

2 + 2 cos 2𝑧
=∫ 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐
(1 + cos 2𝑧)2
(1 + cos 2𝑧)
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐
(1 + cos 2𝑧)2
1
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐
(1 + cos 2𝑧)

∴ 𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐

i.e. 𝑓(𝑧) = tan 𝑧 + 𝑐

Example 2:
If 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is an analytic function of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and ∅ is any function of 𝑥 and 𝑦 with
differential coefficients of first and second order then
𝜕∅ 2 𝜕∅ 2 𝜕∅ 2 𝜕∅ 2
a) ( ) + ( ) = {( ) + ( ) } |𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕2 ∅ 𝜕2 ∅ 𝜕2 ∅ 𝜕2 ∅
b) 2 + 2 = ( 2 + 2 )|𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕2 𝜕2
c) ( 2 + 2 )|𝑓(𝑧)| = 4|𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2
2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

Solution:
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝑢 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝑣
= ∙ + ∙ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥
And
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝑢 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝑣
= ∙ + ∙
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦
𝜕∅ 𝜕𝑣 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝑢
=− ∙ + ∙ ⋯ ⋯ (2) by Cauchy − Riemann equations
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥
Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we have

𝜕∅ 2 𝜕∅ 2 𝜕∅ 2 𝜕∅ 2 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑣 2
( ) + ( ) = [( ) + ( ) ] [( ) + ( ) ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕∅ 2 𝜕∅ 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= [(𝜕𝑢) + (𝜕𝑣 ) ] |𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2 as 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑖 𝜕𝑥

(Proved)
(b) Solution:
𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕
= ∙ + ∙
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣
Lecture 5 Course Teacher: Syeda Sabikun Nahar
Assistant Professor (Mathematics)
BSMRAAU

And
𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕
= ∙ + ∙
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕
=− ∙ + ∙
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕
∴ +𝑖 =( ∙ + ∙ ) + 𝑖 (− ∙ + ∙ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕
=( −𝑖 ) +𝑖( −𝑖 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕
= ( − 𝑖 ) ( + 𝑖 ) ⋯ ⋯ (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Similarly,
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕
−𝑖 = ( + 𝑖 ) ( − 𝑖 ) ⋯ ⋯ (4)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
From equation (3) and (4), we have,

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕 2 𝜕2
( + 𝑖 ) ( − 𝑖 ) = [( ) + ( ) ] [ 2 + 2 ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝜕2 𝜕2 ′ 2
𝜕2 𝜕2
⟹ ( 2 + 2) = |𝑓 (𝑧)| [ 2 + 2 ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝜕2 𝜕2 ′ 2
𝜕2 𝜕2
⟹( + ) ∅ = |𝑓 (𝑧)| [ + ]∅
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑣 2

𝜕2∅ 𝜕2∅ 𝜕2∅ 𝜕2∅

𝑖. 𝑒. + = ( + ) |𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑣 2

(Proved)
H.W: Exercise: Show that an analytic function with constant modulus is constant.
Problem 1:
𝑥 3 (1+𝑖)−𝑦 3 (1−𝑖)
Prove that the function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, where 𝑓(𝑧) = , (𝑧 ≠ 0), 𝑓(0) = 0, is
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
continuous and that Cauchy- Riemann equations are satisfied at the origin, yet 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) does not exist
there.
Solution:
𝑥 3 −𝑦 3 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦2 , 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦2 , (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑧 ≠ 0)
Lecture 5 Course Teacher: Syeda Sabikun Nahar
Assistant Professor (Mathematics)
BSMRAAU

Here, we see that both 𝑢 and 𝑣 are rational and finite for all values of 𝑧 ≠ 0, so 𝑢 and 𝑣 are
continuous at all those points for which 𝑧 ≠ 0.
Hence 𝑓(𝑧) is continuous everywhere.

At the origin,
𝜕𝑢 𝑢(𝑥, 0) − 𝑢(0, 0) 𝑥
= lim = lim = 1
𝜕𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝑢(0, 𝑦) − 𝑢(0, 0) −𝑦
= lim = lim = −1
𝜕𝑦 𝑦→0 𝑦 𝑦→0 𝑦

𝜕𝑣 𝑣(𝑥, 0) − 𝑢(0, 0) 𝑥
= lim = lim = 1
𝜕𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝑣(0, 𝑦) − 𝑣(0, 0) 𝑦
= lim = lim = 1
𝜕𝑦 𝑦→0 𝑦 𝑦→0 𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Thus we see that, 𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜕𝑦
= − 𝜕𝑥

Hence Cauchy- Riemann equation are satisfied at 𝑧 = 0.

𝑓(𝑧)−𝑓(0)
Again, 𝑓 ′ (0) = lim 𝑧
𝑧→0

𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 + 𝑖(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) 1
= lim [ 2 2
∙ ]
𝑧→0 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

Now, Let 𝑧 → 0 along 𝑦 = 𝑥, then

𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑖(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3 ) 1
𝑓 ′ (0) = lim [ 2 2
∙ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑥
2𝑖 1
= lim = (1 + 𝑖)
𝑥→0 2(1 + 𝑖) 2
Again, Let 𝑧 → 0 along 𝑦 = 0, then

′ (0)
𝑥 3 (1 + 𝑖)
𝑓 = lim [ ]=1+𝑖
𝑥→0 𝑥3

So, we see that 𝑓 ′ (0) is not unique. i.e. the value of 𝑓 ′ (0) are not the same as 𝑧 → 0 along different
curves. Hence 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) does not exist at the origin.