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33 views9 pagesSurfaces and Level Curves
maths
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SIDDHU KUMARCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 9
Functions of several variables and Level curves
So far, we have dealt withthe calculus of functions ofa single variable, However,
in the real world, physical quantities often depend on two or more variables.
So, inthis module, we:
+ Tur our attention to functions of several variables,
+ Extend the basic ideas of differential calculus to such functions
The: eine VN a circular cylinder depends on its radius rand its height h.
‘in fact, we know that V = sr2h
+ We say that Vs a function of rand,
We write V(r.) =:
FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES:
A functionsfofitwowariables is a rule that
assigns to each orderedspair of real numbers
(xy) in a set D a unique.real.number denoted
by (x, y) that is frR%— AR,
= The set Dis the i
= Its range is the set of values that f takes on,
thatis,
(fx, y) | @ap) € D}
IR»
(«52) els?
JR XAXIR
Cp a £ (xy) 2 Sagal
“=!
£(32)- Saar [2
Sk
For each of the fo
oe {esa A+ ytl2o y
coal
b> F392 0
v= {@s) | ot
SS SS
Find the di
gs, o-f C49 | xe gh ol on f Cv: Mayr e af
os ey 24 ere 4
NH 4-k-y Bo
=e eo
q- ey 24 S 9Cry 20
[rer 23 R=f 2 es2esh
gcuy) ¢ 3
a. far 2° Page Ee Shine
hamisphve
‘Another way of visualizing the behavior of a function of two variables is
to-consider its graph,
Graphs
1 Fis function of two variables with domain then the graph offi
the set ofall points {x,y 2) in R®” such that[RESH9) and (x,y isin D.
£049,920
Just ste raph of function tof one variables a curve C vith
‘equation y= f(x), so the graph of a function Fof two variables is: A
surface S with equation z= x,y) Garby+ce=d
2= 6-82-24
Bays An Ke CIS)
ages Faye Bay ee O
Coma
on GRAPHS Note.
An entiressphere can’t be represented
by a single-function:ofxcandyy.
= As we saw in Example 6, the upper hemisphere
of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2= 9 is represented by
the function 9 ay
= The lower hemisphere is represented by
the function
A <
GRAPHS BY COMPUTERS
The figure shows computer-generated graphs
of several
functions. Level curves
“The evel curves a function fof two variables are the curves with
equations phen where kis a constant (nthe
‘ovo curve fy) = ks 1S SSRSTAERSTTEMSATOAT hich
Fokesonagvenvahiek. Thott shows where the graph oft hs
telat
LEVEL CURVES
The level curves f(x, y) = k are just the traces
of the graph of fin the horizontal plane z = k
nic ow —ES as
to the xy-plane.
LEVEL CURVES
‘One common example of level curves
occurs in
topographic maps
of mountainous
regions, such as
shown.
(-3%-2y 2k
RoR gutrys G-K
LEVEL CURVES Example 10 aaerey gaery 21
Sketch the level curves of the function % ie
eee Bu 1. 5 Del CE
ele
sos
Ble Su
£
8
s
3 FUNCTION OF THREE VARIABLES:
A function of three variables, f, is a rule
that assigns to each ordered triple (x, y, 2) GL duinrenai smal
in a domain D C R® a unique real number denoted
by fix. y, 2).
MULTIPLE VARIABLE FUNCTIONS Example 14 02
Find the domain of fif o- [Camnyer aryl
Ax, y, Z) = In(z— y) + xy sinz
It's ver AIFTEUIRESIUISUST Ze a FORCUON FOP NVESVERIEBIESIEVIIS@Rph. That would lie in a four-
dimensional space. However, we do gain some insight into f by examining its IBBIBUMaces—the surfaces with equations f(x,
y, 2) =k, where k is @ constant. If the point (x, y, 2) moves along a level surface, the value of
remains fixed.
5 fg 94T= KY 20
aa) ee =
qe 2k $3 -32K
