PRESIDIUM INDIRAPURAM

Students Handout-2
GRADE IX (BIOLOGY)
CHAPTER: TISSUES
TISSUES

A group or collection of similar cells performing or help to perform same function

and arise from the same origin are called tissues. In plants and animals groups of cells
called tissues carry out specific functions.
Eg :- In human beings the cells of the muscular tissue contract and relax and help in
movements. In plants the cells of the vascular tissue conduct water and food from one part of
the plant to the other.

Types of Tissues

a) Plant tissues :-
i) Plants do not move from place to place. Most of the cells and tissues in plants provide
mechanical support and strength. So most of the tissues consists of dead cells because they
provide mechanical support and strength to the plant.
ii) The growth of plants takes place only in some regions. So plants have tissues called
meristematic tissues which divide and help in growth and permanent tissues which do not
divide.

b) Animal tissues :-
i) Animals move from place to place and need more energy than plants. So most cells and
tissues in animals are living cells.
ii) The growth of animals is more uniform so animals do not have separate dividing and non
dividing cells. Animals have organs having specialised functions. So the organs have
specialized tissues.

Difference between Plant and animal Tissue

PLANT TISSUE

1.MERISTAMATIC TISSUE

The cells of this tissue continuously divide and later differentiate ( i.e. get converted ) into
permanent tissue. The main characteristic of this tissue is that it is responsible for the
growth of plants. The cells are made of thin & elastic cell wall made of cellulose. The
cells may be round , oval, polygonal or rectangular in shape. They are compact, having no
intercellular space. There is a large nucleus and abundant cytoplasm. The protoplasm
contains very few or no vacuoles at all. They are of three types based on location.
i) Apical meristematic tissues :- are present in the tips of stems and roots. They help in the
growth of stems and roots.
ii) Lateral meristematic tissues :- are present in in the sides of stems and roots. They help to
increase the girth of the stems and roots.
iii) Intercalary meristematic tissues :- are present at the base of leaves and internodes and
help in the growth of those parts.

2. PERMANENT TISSUE

The meristematic tissues that take up a specific role and lose the ability to divide. This
process of taking up a permanent shape, size and a function is called Cellular differentation.
Cells of meristematic tissue differentiate to form different types of permanent tissue. There
are 3 types of permanent tissues:

1.Simple permanent tissues

2. Complex permanent tissues
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE

This tissue comprises of same type of cells which perform the same function and all arise
from the same origin They are made up of one type of cells. They are of three types called as

 Parenchyma
 Collenchyma
 Sclerenchyma

PARENCHYMA

Characterstics
a) The cells are living.
b) The cells are thin walled.
c) There may or may not be intercellular spaces.
d) They are the most unspecialized cells.
e) No depositions are seen, the cell wall consists only of cellulose.
f) There is a prominent nucleus, cytoplasm & vacuoles.
g) Parenchyma tissue is found generally in all parts of the plant body. It forms the
Ground tissue in leaves, stem, roots & fruits etc.
h) In hydrophytes large air cavities are present In parenchyma which gives it buoyancy
to float , such parenchyma is called aerenchyma
Function
a) To store materials such as starch, proteins, hormones etc and waste products such as
gum, tannin, resin etc.
b) In leaves spongy parenchyma have number of intercellular space and allow exchange
of gases.
c) Forms the packaging tissue between the specialized tissue and maintain the shape and
firmness of the plant due to its turgid cells.
d) Chlorenchyma helps in performing photosynthesis.
e) In xerophytes parenchyma acts as water storage tissue.
f) Being thin walled, they allow transport of water and mineral salts in plants.

COLLENCHYMA

Characteristics
a) It has cells which are somewhat elongated.
b) The cell walls are thin except at the angular region ( where the cells join). The
thickenings are caused due to deposition of cellulose or pectin.
c) There is No or less intercellular space.
d) The cells are living, have distinct nucleus & dense protoplasm.
e) They often contain chlorophyll
Function
a) Providing mechanical strength is the primary function.
b) Provide tensile strength with flexibility.
c) Photosynthesis, as they contain chlorophyll.
Location
They are distributed in the peripheral portion of stem and leaves.They are present
below the epidermis in stems and leaves.
SCLERENCHYMA

CHARACTERSTIC
• Sclerenchyma cells when mature are dead and without any protoplasm.
• They are long narrow and thick walled cell with tapered end
• They have thick wall due to deposition of waterproof material called lignin which is
some time very dense and fill the cell so lumen is nearly absent.
• They are densely packed without intercellular space.
• Cells of sclerenchyma are of two types fibers and sclereids. Fibers are long narrow
thick and lignified cells while sclereids are irregular shaped .
• They have oblique thin area found in the thick wall called at pits,these are places
where lignin is not deposited.
LOCATION
• These cells are found in abundance in stem, roots, veins of leaves, seeds and nuts.
• Fibers are aggregated into strands .Jute and coir are obtained from thick bundle of
fiber.
FUNCTION
• Their main function is to give mechanical support to the plant and enable it to
withstand various strains like strong winds.
• Fibers being strong and flexible are used in manufacture of ropes and textiles. Jute
and coir are obtained bundle of fibers.
• Sclereids impact toughness to seed coat and shell and grittiness to fruit pulp.

PARENCHYMA COLLENCHYMA

SCLERENCHYMA
COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE

Complex tissue consists of different types of cell having a common origin and adapted to
perform a common function and work together as a single unit. Complex tissue transport
water, mineral salts (nutrients) and food material to various parts of plant body.
Complex tissue are of two types
 XYLEM
 PHLOEM
Both of them are conducting tissues and also known as vascular tissue , and together
constitute vascular bundle.

XYLEM

It is a mechanical and vascular tissue meant for upward conduction of water and minerals. It
is made up of four types of cells.
 Tracheids-These are tube like cells with thick and lignified walls.They conduct water
and minerals.They do not have open ends so water and minerals have to pass from
cell to cell via pits.
 Vessels- They are long tube like structure formed by row of cells placed end to end.
The transverse walls between the vessel element are partially or completely dissolved
to form continuous channels or waterpipes.
 Xylem Parenchyma – They are live parenchymatous cells and serve as storage of
reserve food and also assist in conduction of water through tracheids and vessels.
 Xylem Sclerenchyma – These are dead sclerenchymatous cells and provide
mechanical strength to xylem.
Function of Xylem
 Xylem conducts water and mineral salts upwards from roots to leaves and to different
parts of the plant.
 The components of xylem like tracheids, vessels and sclerenchyma have thick
lignified walls and so they give mechanical strength to plant body
 Xylem parenchyma, the living tissue help in lateral conduction of water and storage of
metabolic waste.

PHLOEM

It helps in conduction of food from leaves to other part of plant.It is made up of four elements

 Sieve tubes – These are composed of living, slender and elongated tubular cells
placed end to end. Their end walls are perforated by numerous pores and called as
sieve plates. Walls of sieve tubes are perforated.
 Companion cells- They are living elongated thin walled cell lying parallel to sieve
tubes and connected by numerous plasmodesmata.They have active cytoplasm and
large elongated nucleus.
 Phloem parenchyma- They are thin walled living cell of parenchyma of pholem.They
have two function storage and slow lateral conduction of food.
 Phloem Fibers or Bast fibers- These are thick walled, elongated spindle shaped
sclerenchymatous dead cells.They provide mechanical strength to the tissue.Bast
fibers obtained from some plants such as jute, hemp & flax have commercial
importance.
 Function of Pholem

The main function of Phloem is translocation of food material from leaves to various
parts of the plant for storage and growth

XYLEM PHLOEM

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MERISTAMATIC AND PERMANENT TISSUE

ANIMAL TISSUE

Animal tissues are of four main types . They are :- Epithelial tissue, Muscular tissue,
Connective tissue and Nervous tissue.

i) Epithelial tissues :- are of different types. They are :- Squamous, Columnar,

Cuboidal, Glandular etc.
ii) Muscular tissues :- are of three types. They are :- Striated, Unstriated and
Cardiac.
iii) Connective tissues :- are of different types. They are :- Blood, Bone,
Ligaments, Tendons, Cartilage, Areolar, Adipose etc.
iv) Nervous tissue :- consists of nerve cells called neurons.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

 Epithelial tissue is the covering or protective tissue in animals.

 The cells of this tissue are tightly packed and it forms a continuous sheet.
 It forms the outer covering like skin, outer covering of organs, inner lining of blood
vessels, lungs, oesophagus, etc.
 It protects the body and controls the movement of materials between the body and
the surroundings and between the parts of the body.
 The cells are closely arranged and have a fibrous basement membrane made up of
special protein called collagen.
 On the basis of arrangement of layers they are of two types
 Simple Epithelium - Composed of single layer of cells
 Stratified Epithelium - Made up of several layer of cells.

Function of Epithelial Tissue

1.Protection: Epithelial tissue covers the entire body surface, thereby it protects the
underlying cells from drying, injury, bacteriaor viral infections and from harmful effects of
chemicals. Inside the body, it forms the lining of the mouth and alimentary canal and protects
these organs.
2. Exchange of materials: Being extremely thin, simple epithelium allows diffusion of
gases or materials e.g.in the lungs and blood capillaries.
3. Absorption: Epithelial cells may have a number of in folding at their surface, thereby
increasing the surface area. Such cells help in absorption of water and other nutrients as in
intestine.
4. Elimination of waste products: Some epithelial cells like those in nephron and sweat
glands help in removal of wastes from the body.
5. Secretion: number of epithelial cells is modified to produce secretions which could be in
the form of mucous, enzymes or hormones.
6. Sensory: the epithelial cells having sensory cells and nerve ending are specialized to
receive external stimuli and give reponse e.g. skin.
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Type of Epithelium Structure Location in the body Function

Squamous epithelium Cells are thin, flat, Oesophagus, lining of Protects the
irregular cells which mouth, alveoli of the underlying tissue
fit like floor tiles to lungs, blood vessels from injury,entry of
form delicate lining germs
called PAVEMENT Exchange of
EPITHILIUM gases in lungs and
Nuclei in centre materials between
cells and blood

Cells are cuboidal Kidney tubules, Gives Mechanical

Cuboidal epithelium with round nucleus duct of salivary glands support
in centre At times the
Nuclei in centre epithelial tissue
folds,forms a gland
that secretes
substances. Such
epithilium is called
GLANDULAR
EPITHILIUM

Cells are more tall Inner lining of Helps in

and less wide intestine, absorption
Columnar epithelium (PILLAR LIKE), In respiratory excretion and
placed side by side. tract,cells have cilia secretion
Nucleus is situated (hair like ) that
near the base. move and push
Nuclei near base the mucous to
clear it.Such
epithilium is called
CILIATED
COLUMNAR
EPITHILIUM
Stratified squamous Squamous flat cells Skin (to prevent Protection,
epithelium arranged in many wear and tear) prevent wear
layers to prevent tongue, oesophagus and tear
wear and tear of lining of
parts. mouth.
MUSCULAR TISSUE

 Muscular tissue is a contractile tissue which is made of muscle cells.

 Muscles are elongated and large sized and therefore called as muscle fiber.
 Muscle cells have a specialized protein called as contractile protein which brings
about contraction and relaxation of muscle cells which helps in movement of body.
 Muscles which can move under our will are called voluntary muscles. Muscles which
do not move under our will are called involuntary muscles.
 On the basis of structure, location, and function they are of three types : 1) Striated
muscles , 2) Unstriated muscles ( Smooth muscles) , 3) Cardiac Muscle.

Striated Muscle

• These muscles are also known as striped (entire muscle fiber shows alternate light and
dark stripes ), skeletal (attatched to bone and responsible for body movement) or
voluntary muscle ( work according to our will).
• The striated muscle fiber (cells) elongated non tapering and cylindrical, unbranched.
They are multinucleated and in its cytoplasm ( sarcoplasm) are embedded large no of
contractile elements the myofibrils.
• They are found in limb, neck, face and body wall.
• They help in body movement, and control breathing, chewing and swallowing of
food.

Unstriated Muscle

• These are also known as unstriated (do not bear any bands), Involuntary (movement
cannot be controlled) muscles.
• They occur as bundle of spindle cells or fibers.
• They are uninucleated cells and its cytoplasm the sarcoplasm bear myofibrils that run
longitudinally through the cell.
• They are found on the walls of the organs like stomach, intestine, blood vessels,
bronchi, ureter lungs etc.
• In intestine these muscles help to push the food down along the alimentary canal by
peristalsis
• Emptying of urinary bladder occur by contraction of smooth muscles.

Cardiac Muscle

• They show characterstic of both striated muscle and smooth muscle.

• They are composed of branch fibers that join together to form a network.
• Each cell is uninucleated with longitudinal myofibrils.These muscles have stripes or
light and dark bands, and densely stained cross bands called intercalated disc (special
electrical junction).
• Cardiac muscles occurs in the walls of heart,
• The cardiac muscles rapildly,rhythmically and tirelessly contract and relax
continuously and help the heart muscles to pump and distribute blood to all parts of
the body.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• The connective tissue is specialised to connect and anchor various body organs.
• It connects bone to each other, muscle to bone, bind tissue and gives support to body
by forming packing around organs to protect them.
• Their main function is binding, supporting and packing together different organs of
body.
• The connective tissue is formed of three components:
 Cells-Cells are found scattered in the matrix and may store fat, produce new blood
cells ingest bacteria and cell debris.
 Matrix-It is nonliving gel like intercellular substance.
 Fibers – They are elongated and found scattered in matrix.

Types of Connective Tissue

There are five types of Connective Tissue:

 Loose connective tissue : Aerolar and Adipose tissue.

 Dense regular connective tissue : Tendons , Ligaments
 Skeletal Muscle : Cartilage, Bone
 Fluid Connective tissue : Blood , Lymph

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1) AEROLAR TISSUE

• It is simplest and most widely distributed connective tissue, join skin to muscle, fills
space inside organs and found around blood vessels and nerves.
• Its matrix consists of two types of fibers (white collagen fiber & Yellow elastic fiber)
and several kind of cells such as fibroblasts and macrophages.
• It acts as a support and packging tissue between organs lying in the body cavity
• Matrix of this tissue is imp in diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from small blood
vessels.
• It helps in tissue repair and combating foreign toxins.
 2) ADIPOSE TISSUE

• It is an aggregation of fat cells or adipocytes that contain a large droplet of fat.

• The fat cells are arranged into lobules seperated by partition of collagen and elastin
fibers.
• It is present below the skin and between the internal organs eg heart and kidney and in
yellow bone marrow.
• It serves as a fat reservoir, forms a shock absorbing cushion around delicate organs
and act as an insulator and reduces heat loss from the body.

AEROLAR TISSUE ADIPOSE TISSUE

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• It is a fibrous connecteive tissue and is characterized by densly packed collection of

fibers and cells.
• It is principle component of Tendons and Ligaments
• TENDON- They are cord like strong inelastic structure that join skeletal muscle to
bone.It is white fibrous tissue and made up of parallel bundles of white collagen fibers
in which are present row of fibroblast.
• LIGAMENT- They are elastic structure which connect bone to bones. It is made up of
both white collagen fiber and yellow elastin fiber which are joined together by aerolar
connective tissue
SKELETAL TISSUE

The skeletal tissue includes cartilage and bone which form the endoskelton of vertebrate
body.
CARTILAGE – It is a specialized connective tissue with an extensive matrix composed of
chondrotin protein and delicate network of collagen fibers and living cells Chondrocytes.
Chondrocytes are present in fluid filled spaces known as lacunae. Cartilage is located in ear
pinna, nose tip, epiglottis, intervertebral disc and end of long bones. It provides support and
flexibility to body parts.

BONE - It is a strong rigid and non flexible tissue.It is porous, highly vascular, mineralised,
hard and rigid.The matrix is made up of protein (osteocalcin,collagen) and is heavily coated
with salts of calcium and magnesium such as phosphates and carbonates.The matrix is in the
form of thin concentric rings called lamellae. Bone cells called osteoblast are present between
the lamellae in fluid filled spaces called lacunae. All lacunae of bone communicate, receive
food and oxygen and eliminate waste through network of fine canals called canaliculi.Bones
form endoskeleton of human being, provides shape and skeletal support to body,anchors the
muscles, protect vital organs like brain and lungs.

CARTILAGE BONE

FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Fluid connective tissue links the different parts of the body and maintain continuity in the
body. It include BLOOD and LYMPH

1) BLOOD
It is a bright red coloured liquid connective tissue that circulates in the entire body by
the muscular pumping organ, the heart.The volume of blood is 6 litres in adult human
body.
The different components of blood are:
 Plasma-It consists of water, in which many substances are dissolved including
Plasma Protein(albumin,globulin, fibrinogen and antibodies),salts (sodium and
potassium chloride and bicarbonates), food substances (amino acids, glucose, fats)
hormones, digested and waste excretory product. Plasma without fibrinogen is called
serum.
 RBC (Red Blood Corpuscles) or Erythrocytes – These are minute, circular
biconcave disc having no nucleus. They look red due to the presence of red coloured
pigment, haemoglobin which help in transport of oxygen.
  White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) or Leucocytes- These are large, nucleated
colourless cell and are numerous than RBC.WBC like eosinophils, neutrophils,
monocytes and lymphocytes protects us against diseases by phagocytosis of invading
organism or by production of antibodies.
 Blood Platelets- Platelets are rounded colourless, biconvex and non nucleated blood
cells which help in coagulation of blood. They are called as thrombocytes.
 Blood transports nutrients, oxygen,hormones, to tissue and excretory products from
tissue to kidney.
 WBC fight against diseases by engulfying bacteria or by production of antibodies.
 Platelets help in formation of clot at injury

2) LYMPH

• It is a colorless fluid that is filtered out of blood capillaries.

• It has same composition as that of blood except that RBC and few protein are absent.
WBC are abundant.
• It protects against infection and forms immune system of the body.
• It brings CO2 and nitrogenous waste from tissue fluid to blood.

NERVOUS TISSUE

The tissue which responds to stimuli and transmits messages in our body is called as nervous
tissue .Neuron is the functional unit of Nervous tissue. A neuron is an elongated branched
cell made up of three main parts;
a) Cyton
b) Axon
c) Dendrities
CYTON- also called cell body, this part of neuron contains a large prominent nucleus in the
center. The cell membrane is branched into several cytoplasmic branches called dendrites.
Dendrites receive the impulses. The cytoplasm is called neuroplasm. Inside the neuroplasm
are scattered several stainable granules called Nissl’s granules.

AXON – It is the long cytoplasmic projection of the neuron that extends from the cell body.
Axons carry the impulse they receive from the cyton. The plasma memberane of the axon is
covered by a protective sheath called mylein sheath. It is broken into constiction called Nodes
of Ranvier. the axon ending are branched and are called synaptic terminals. They usually
terminate into another neuron or an organ or gland or muscle.

DENDRITES - They are short and branched process connected to the cyton. They receive
sensation or stimuli, which may be physical , chemical , mechanical or electrical.The
stimulus is passed on to cyton.
Synapse – It is the junction between two adjacent neurons or nerve cells, i.e., between the
axon ending of one and the dendrities of the next.

Nerve Impulse – Messages pass through the nerve cell in form of chemical and electrical
signals called nerve impulse. The dendrites receive the information and starts a chemical
reaction which produce electrical impulse which pass through axon.

LOCATION

Neurons are found in the Brain , Spinal Cord and the Nerves. Neurons enclosed in the myelin
sheath form a nerve fiber and nerve fiber bound together in parallel bundles form a Nerve.

FUNCTION

Nervous tissue is associated with the perception and responsiveness of Animals.