VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Electrical and Computer Engineering Study Program

Electromagnetics

Udo Klein

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.1
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

Lecture Topic 1

Coulomb’s Law and Electric Fields

Electromagnetics
Udo Klein

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.2
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

For personal use only! 1

VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

Course Contents
• Coulomb’s law and electric fields
• Electric field energy and electrical potential
• Electric flux density, Gauss’s law, and divergence
• Conductors
• Dielectric materials
• Capacitance and the Laplace’s & Poisson’s equations
• The steady magnetic field
• Magnetic flux density and magnetic potentials
• Magnetic forces
• Magnetic materials and inductance
• Time-varying fields

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.3
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

The Goal: Maxwell’s Equations

“div” is an operator which tells us how much

divergence the field has at a point, i.e. how
many lines of D start at the point. ρ is the density
of electric charge and the equation tells us that the divergence of D
is proportional to the charge density at the point and therefore that
electric flux lines begin and end on charges. This equation stems
from experiments on the law of force between charges.
B is the symbol for magnetic flux density and the equation tells us
that the lines of B neither start nor end at any point. They are
therefore either continuous and close on themselves or continuous
and go to infinity. This relation stems from the experimental
observation that single magnetic poles do not exist.
Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.4
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

For personal use only! 2

VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

The Goal: Maxwell’s Equations (cont.)

“curl” is an operator telling us how much E-field

is generated at a point with lines which can
close on themselves as in the sketch. The
equation tells us that such an E-field arises from
time-varying magnetic fields. The relation stems
from the experimental laws of electromagnetic induction.
J is the electric current density at a point, and this equation tells us
that closed lines of H can arise both from currents (first term on the
right) and from D-fields changing in time. The first term comes from
the experimental laws of force between electric currents and the
second from the existence of electromagnetic waves.

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.5
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

Additional Field Equations

• Electric flux density D is directly
proprotional to the electric field E in
free space.
• Magnetic flux density B is directly
proportional to the magnetic field H in
free space.
• The electric field E is the negative
gradient of the electrical potential V.

• Maxwell’s equations for static electric

fields and steady magnetic fields:

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.6
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

For personal use only! 3

VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

History of Electric Fields

In ancient times the greek people knew that under certain
circumstances amber can attract small pieces of paper. In
the greek language amber is called electron. Today this
word is used to denote a negative elementary charge.
The physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb formulated a
law describing the forces between positive and negative
electric charges in 1785.
The idea of the electric field is essentially based on
experimental investigations by Michael Faraday (1791 -
1867).
The theory of electromagnetic fields was developed by
James Clerk Maxwell (1831 - 1879).

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.7
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb stated that the force between two very small objects
separated in free space by a distance, which is large compared to
their size, is proportional to the charge on each and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.

in SI units:

permittivity of free space:

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.8
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

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VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form

The Coulomb force acts along the line joining the two charges and
is repulsive if the charges are alike in sign or attractive if they are of
opposite sign.

where a12 = unit vector in the

direction of R12,

The force expressed by Coulomb’s law is a mutual force:

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.9
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

Example 1

A charge of Q1= 3∙10−4 C is located at M(1,2,3) and a charge

of Q2 = −10−4 C at N(2,0,5) in a vacuum. Determine the force
exerted on Q2 by Q1.

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.10
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

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VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

Electric Field Intensity

A test charge Qt in the vicinity of Q1 experiences a force field
that is associated with charge Q1.

The force per unit charge gives the electric field (intensity)
E1 arising from Q1 :

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.11
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

Electric Vector Field

For a charge Q located at the source point r’= x’ax + y’ay + z’az,
we find the field at a general field point r = xax + yay + zaz

Coulomb forces are linear:

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.12
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

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VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

Superposition of Electric Vector Fields

Coulomb forces are linear:

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.13
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

Example 2

Find E at P(1,1,1) caused by four identical 3-nC

(nanocoulomb) charges located at P1(1,1,0), P2(−1,1,0),
P3(−1,−1,0), and P4(1,−1,0), as shown.

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.14
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

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VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

Example 2 (cont.)

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.15
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

Volume Charge Density

Given a charge Q within a volume , the volume charge density
is defined as:

… so that the charge contained within a volume is

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.16
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

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VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

Example 3

Find the charge contained within a 2-cm length of the electron

beam shown below, in which the charge density is ρv = -5·10-6
5
e-10 ρz C/m3.

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.17
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

Example 3 (cont.)

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.18
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

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VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

Electric Field from

Volume Charge Distributions
The incremental contribution to the electric field intensity at r
produced by an incremental charge Q at r’ is

Summing all contributions throughout a volume and taking the limit

as ’ approaches zero, we obtain the integral:

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.19
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

Line Charge Electric Field

Line charge of constant density L C/m lies along the entire z axis.

At point P, the electric field arising from

charge dQ on the z axis is:

where
and
so that

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.20
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

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VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

Line Charge Electric Field (cont.)

By symmetry, only a radial component

is present:

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.21
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

Line Charge Electric Field (cont.)

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.22
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

For personal use only! 11

VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

Example: Off-Axis Line Charge

With the line displaced to (6,8), the field becomes:

where

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.23
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

Sheet Charge Electric Field

Uniform surface charge of density s covers the entire y-z plane.
We begin by writing down the line charge field on the x axis for a strip of
differential width dy’, where we consider
the x component of that field:

The total field on the x axis is:

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.24
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

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VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

Exercises
1. A charge QA = −20 µC is located at A(−6,4,7), and a charge
QB = 50 µC is at B(5,8,−2) in free space. If distances are given
in meters, find: (a) RAB; (b) RAB. Determine the vector force
exerted on QA by QB if ε0= (c) 10−9/(36π) F/m; (d) 8.854∙10−12
F/m.

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.25
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

Exercises

2. Three point charges are positioned in the x-y plane as follows:

5 nC at (0,5 cm), −10 nC at (0,−5 cm), and 15 nC at (−5 cm,0).
Find the required x-y coordinates of a 20-nC fourth charge that
will produce a zero electric field at the origin.
3. Point charges of 50 nC each are located at A(1,0,0), B(−1,0,0),
C(0,1,0), and D(0,−1,0) in free space. Find the total force on the
charge at A.
4. Let a point charge Q1= 25 nC be located at P1(4,−2,7) and a
charge Q2 = 60 nC be at P2(−3,4,−2).
a) In free space, find E at P3(1,2,3).
b) At what point on the y axis is Ex= 0?

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.26
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

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VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

Exercise
5. A uniform line charge of 16 nC/m is located along a line defined
by y = -2, z = 5. If ε = ε0
a) find E at P(1,2,3).
b) find E at that point in the z = 0 plane where the direction of E
is given by (1/3)ay – (2/3)az.
6. Two small identical spheres have charges of 20 nC and −5 nC,
respectively.
a) What is the force between them if they are apart by 10 cm?
b) The two spheres are brought into contact and then
separated again by 10 cm. What is the force between them
now?

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.27
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

Exercise

7. Refer to the figure below. Find the force F on a 100-µC charge

at (x = 0, y = 0, z = 3 m) if four like charges of 20 µC are located
on the x and y axes at ±4m.

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.28
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

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VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 14 & 21 March 2022

End of Lecture 1

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 1.29
Spring 2022
14/03/2022

For personal use only! 15