Asst griment DMBAID3 - Statistics foot Management Ans + Accootding to Seligman, Statistics L5 a slerce which deals with the method oF col Lecting, Classifying potesenting compasxtting and intestporeting the niumesticat data +o thetow Light On ermurtory. According to Hostace Secortst, Stattstics may be defined as an aggregate of facts affected #0 4 masiked extent by mutttptlictty oF causes, mumestical Ly exporessed, enrrmestated ost estimated accosiding #0 a steasonable stardastd oF accarstacy, coLLecked In a systematic marnest fot a Potedetesrmined propose and PLaced tm viehatton +o each othest. This definttton 15 both compstehensive and exhaustive. Imposttant oF stats tn Modesty Bustness Pv lovonment- l Accounting Public accounting floms use statistical sampling porocedustes when conducting audits fax thetot cl tents. 2 Flnance- Findretatl dWvisots use a vastlery oF statistical Infostmatton +0 gutde thelot Investment oecommerylat ons. 3 Mastketing ELhectstonic scores at stetatt checkout countests aste beng sed £0 col Lect data Foot a vauttety OF maniketing otescastch applications. Scanned with CamScannerAsst grment DMBAID3 - Statistics fot Management 4. Poroductlon- Todays emphasis 5 on wuattty. Quality Is OF utmost Impostctarce In poroductton. A vastlety OF statistical quality contotol chastts ave srseq, $0 monitor the avestage output oF a PEHOAMCELON PotLocess. 5. Ecoromics- Economists ase farequentt y asked +0 Potovide Footecasts about the Furtaote oF the economy. They t1se a vasttety oF statistical Infosematton tn making sch Fostecasts. 6 Desoitptive Statrstics Desorrphive Stattskics 1s srseq #0 potesent the genestal desortptton of data which Is summaxized qrantttativel y This £5 mostly usefut In clinical vteseastch white communtcating the otesutts oF expeottments. 8. Infestential StatisticsInfetential Statistics As used to make valtd Infesterces Forom the data Fos effective declsion Making AMOng MANAGeHS Ost potoFesstonat Ss. Pins 2- A Stavtch Fox KnowLedge by analyzing mmumeotical data IS Known a5 Statistical Suswey on Statistical Investigation. A Stattottcat Susvey Is a SclentiFle porocess oF cot Lectlon ary arat ySls OF numestical data, Statistical sustveys aste used +0 cOL Lect Infostmatton about units tn Scanned with CamScannera popuLaAtLOn and IF IrvOl ves acing yrestlons +0 Individuals. Sustvess oF human poputlatlons ase common In govestnment, health social sclerce and masiket lng Sectors. Methods oF data co Lecttor | Ditovect Personal Obsestvatton — In the dtocect Persoratl obsertvatton method, as I tucstsrated tn Figuote 25, the Investigatar col tects data by having diotect contact with the units of tnvestt gation. The accastacy OF data depends 4p0n the ablttty tetatlning and atbitude oF the Investt gator. 2. Impltotect onal Intestview — Indiotect otal Intestvlew IS used when the astea +0 be covested £5 Lastge. The Lrvestigato cot Lects the data fotom a thiotd pasty art a witness dot the head of an Institutlon This method 1s genestat Ly arsed by the poltce department In cases vtelated t0 enqirtotles On the cause of Fiotes, thefts Ot mustdests. 3 Questlonnatete- Often, Infomation ts cot ected thtaugh presklonnatstes. The qrestklonralnes dse FLLLed with questions pesttalning £0 the Investigation. They arte sent to the stespondents with a covesting Lette soliciting coopescatton Fatom the stespordents 4. Schedue- InFosrmation can be cot ected +htough Scanned with CamScannerschedules Fitted by Lrvestigntots theraugh Pestsora contact. Tn dstdest +0 get vtel table Infootmatton the tnvestigaton should be wel tetained, tactFirt, Anplased and hastd woking. Ans = Techniques of Sampling L Quota sampling It 15 a type oF judgment sampling Urdest this design quotas ase set up accosiding £0 some spectfted chastactevtistic such as age GlrOoungps Ot Income OUP. 2 Systematic sampling This design 1s srecommended It we have a complete List of sampling units astotanged tn some Spstematic Grideot Such as seogpeaphical, checonoLogical ost alphabetical ovtdest. 3 SmoxraLt Sampling Srobalt sampling is 4 andr potcbabiLity sampling method wheste new uuntts axe otecourtted by athest units to form part of the samp_Le. 4 Chustet sampling The total poputatton 25 divided Into otecognizabLle subdiviclons Known as chistes such that within each chiurstest, umtts aste moste heterogeneous and between clLustests they are homogendu.s. Scanned with CamScannerAns + Business Fostecasting weferts £0 the andt ysts OF past ard potesent ecOndmic conditions with the object oF qotaning tnfesterces about potcbable fustisce business COonditlons. The poocess oF making deFinite estimates OF Futiste cOurotse OF events S35 steFestoted 40 as Faecasting and the Figuote ox statements Obtatned Fotom the Process LS Known as ‘Fosecast?; Futile cOustse OF events IS vtaste ty Known In Ootdeot £0 be assusted OF the coming cOustse OF events, an ost ganised Szstem OF Fovtecasting he Les. Steps trvosved tn Birsiness Fosecasting |. Uneleotstanding why changes in the past have Orcarotated. Ome of the baste pottinciples of statistical fosecasting ts that the fostecastest choutd use past pestFoxmance data, The custotent stake and changes In the state constitute the basls oF Footecasting. 2, Determining which phases oF business activity MUSE be measusted After undeststanding the vteasons OF accuototence OF budciness FhLuctudattons LF L5 mecessaty $0 measiste cesitain phases OF birsiness activity In ovidest +0 poredict what changes wilt Porcbabl y FOLLOW the potesent Level of ackivits. Scanned with CamScanner3 Selecting and compititng data £0 be used as measoting devices- Theote £35 an Independent oteLlattonship between the selection of statistical data and detestminatton OF why biisiness Ff Linctirattons occu. Statistical data carmot be coLLected ard analyzed fn an Intel Ligent marnest tnless these IS SuFFiclent sndeststarding OF business FLurctuat tons. 4. Ara ying the data- Lastty the data 23 analyzed to urdeststanding the steason why change OCCA Se Ams 5 An Inde nuambest 25 a numbest which 25 used to measuoce the Level oF a ceottain phenomenon as compasted $0 the Level oF the same Phenomenon at some standastd pesttod. In othest woods an Snder mumbet 25 a miumbest which L5 wsed asa device Fost compaxtson between the Poctce, qyrontity ot vatire oF a Gone OF articles In diffestent sitaatlons fot example, at a cesitain place Ox a pesttod oF time and thet oF anothest pace on pesttod of time. MALS Sey OF Tndew nuurbests- The Potimacty pustpose OF Ladex nurmbests [5 +0 measuse stelattve temporal oot cross-sectional changes In a vastable ox a group oF seated vaxtables which axe nok capable of being ditoectty measuoted. The gteatest pustpase OF Iader numbeots Scanned with CamScannerhas been +0 measuste and compaote the changes In Pertces and pirotchasing Povest oF money which have otecetyed gpteat attentlon Fatom economists Fox Many Fats. Today trder numbet 25 nok Only used fot measitoting Petice changes atone. Factoois Like wages, employment, porodirction, torade, demand, supply business COnditlon Lrustouat activity Flnanctat PotthLems etc. aste aL SO studied thetough thts statistical device. Just as a bastometest measuotes the Portessuste OF atmospheste Ot gases, the trex TULIMENS MeASUIle the Prtessuste OF economic behavtaxt. Thus, Inder rumbests ate cat ted economic baxometests. Ans © Totend- This vtefests £0 the smooth Oot ategutast Long testm gtonth oo dectine of the seIles. This movement con be chasactestized by a toterd cutive. TF this crwtve IS a stotaignt Line, then 24 25 catLed a totend Line. TF the vasttable Inaneases ovest a Long pesttod of time, then I+ t5 cal Led an upwastd toten|. LF the vasttable decsteases Ovest a Long peottod oF time, then IF Is called a downwaeid torend. IF the vasttable moves upwastd ov dowmwand along a stotatigné Aine then the tetend Is cat ted a L.tneat totem, othestwise I+ 25 calted a rorLineast totend. Scanned with CamScannerMethods OF Measiuoting Toterd b Fovee hand 0s gtaphtc method This £5 the simplest method of dotawlng a toend caotve. We pLOt the vaLates OF the vaxitable against time on a gptaph papest and ply these Points. The toterd Aine 25 then fitted by Inspecting the gtaph of the time seottes. Futting a toverd Line by this method Le artbitvtasty The toterd Line £5 detawn such that the numbests oF Fi uctiuatlons On elthet side axe appotortmatet ys the same. The totend Line chowld be a smooth cawtve. 2 Semt Avestages method The methods of Fitting a Ltneast tovend with the hele oF semi avestage method ate as FOLLOWS a When the numbest oF yeasts IS even then the data of the tlme sestles Is divided Into two equal pastts. The total Im each of the past ts catcutated and then divided by the numbest of ttems +0 cbtatn aottthmetic means of the two pasts. Pach avestage Ls then centeted In the pesttod oF time Fotom which LF has been computed and pLotted on the paph apes. \ stotarght Aine Is dotawn passiing thotough these polnts. This 15 the seqirtored torend Line. Lt. When the numbest oF yeasts 25 odd, then the value oF the middle yea £35 omitted £0 divide the +tme sevttes tnto two equal pasts. Then the poteceding prtoceduote 5 FOL Lowed Scanned with CamScanner