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Lecture 10-Phasor Algebra

This document discusses phasor algebra and its application in circuit analysis. Some key points: 1) Phasors are complex numbers that represent the amplitude and phase of sinusoids, making them more convenient to work with than sine and cosine functions for AC circuit analysis. 2) Phasor diagrams graphically represent voltages and currents as phasors. Phasor algebra allows representing phasors algebraically through rectangular and polar coordinate systems using complex numbers. 3) Phasor algebra simplifies mathematical manipulation of phasors, allowing quick solutions for AC circuits. Common operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are described. 4) Relationships between voltage, current, resistance, inductance,

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330 views31 pages

Lecture 10-Phasor Algebra

This document discusses phasor algebra and its application in circuit analysis. Some key points: 1) Phasors are complex numbers that represent the amplitude and phase of sinusoids, making them more convenient to work with than sine and cosine functions for AC circuit analysis. 2) Phasor diagrams graphically represent voltages and currents as phasors. Phasor algebra allows representing phasors algebraically through rectangular and polar coordinate systems using complex numbers. 3) Phasor algebra simplifies mathematical manipulation of phasors, allowing quick solutions for AC circuits. Common operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are described. 4) Relationships between voltage, current, resistance, inductance,

Uploaded by

MAENYA BRUCE OYONDI
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EEE/ETI 1202

CIRCUITS & NETWORK THEORY I

LECTURE 10

1
Phasor algebra
• Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasors, which are more convenient to work with
than sine and cosine functions.
• A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
• A phasor diagram is a graphical representation of the phasors (i.e. voltages and currents) of
an a.c. circuit and may not yield quick results in case of complex circuits.
• However some techniques have been developed to represent a phasor in an algebraic (i.e.
mathematical) form.
• Such a technique is known as phasor algebra or complex algebra.
• Phasor algebra has provided a relatively simple but powerful tool for obtaining quick
solution of a.c. circuits.
• It simplifies the mathematical manipulation of phasors to a great extent.
2
Notation of Phasors on Rectangular Coordinate Axes

• j is an operator which rotates the


phasor through 90° in CCW direction
without changing the magnitude of the
phasor
• Since and its value cannot be
determined, it is called an imaginary
number. For this reason, any phasor (or
its component) associated with j is
called the imaginary part.
• A phasor (or its component) along X-
axis is not associated with j and is
called the real part. 3
The j operator and phasors
Polar or exponential form
Practice

• Express the polar form of voltage V = 50∠36.87o V in trigonometrical and


rectangular forms.

7
Practice
• Express the following in polar form
(i) 3 + j 7
(ii) –2 + j 5

8
Sinusoid-phasor Transformation

9
Application of complex numbers in arithmetic

• The rectangular form is best suited for addition or subtraction of phasors.

• If the phasors are given in polar form, they should be first converted into rectangular form.

• Once the phasors are in rectangular form, the in-phase components and the quadrature
components can be algebraically added or subtracted.

Addition.

• Consider two voltage phasors

represented as:

10
Subtraction

• Like addition, the subtraction of phasors is done by using ordinary rules of


phasor algebra.

11
Practice

• Determine the resultant voltage of two sinusoidal generators in series whose


voltages are V1 = 25 ∠15°V and V2 = 15∠60°V.
• Solution

12
Practice

• Given two currents i1 = 10 sin (wt + π/4) and i2 = 5 cos (wt – π/2), find the r.m.s.
value of i1 + i2 using the complex number representation.

• Solution

13
Practice

• Evaluate the expression below using phasor analysis.

𝑖 = 15cos (𝜔𝑡 + 45o)−10sin (𝜔𝑡 + 45o)A

Solution

14
Multiplication and Division of Phasors

• It is easier to multiply and divide the phasors when they are in polar or
exponential form than in the rectangular form.

15
Division

16
APPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS IN ARITHMETIC
•
Powers and Roots of Phasors

• Powers and roots of complex numbers can be found very conveniently in

polar form.

• If the complex number is not in polar form, it is always advisable to convert

the number to this form and then carry out these algebraic operations.

18
19
Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

• The circuit passive elements involve:


– Resistor (R)

– Inductor (L)

– Capacitor (C)

• Circuit variables include voltage and current. Now that we know how to represent a
voltage or current in the phasor or frequency domain, one may legitimately ask
how we apply this to circuits involving the passive elements R, L, and C.

• What we need to do is to transform the voltage-current relationship from the time


domain to the frequency domain for each element.

20
Resistor

21
Inductor

22
Capacitor

23
Summary of voltage-current relationships

24
Practice Question

25
Practice problem

• If voltage v = 6 cos(100t − 30◦) is applied to a 50 μF capacitor, calculate the


current through the capacitor.

• Answer: 30 cos(100t + 60◦) mA.


Impedance and Admittance

27
28
Practice Question

• Find v(t) and i(t) in the circuit shown in Fig. below.

29
Solution

30
Practice Question
• Find v(t) and i(t) in the circuit shown in Fig. below.

Answers
• v(t)=8.94 sin(10t + 93.4o) V,

• i(t) = 4.47 sin(10t + 3.4o) A. 31

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