Class 12 Revision Notes Application of Integrals
Class 12 Revision Notes Application of Integrals
Class 12 Maths
Chapter 8 – Definite Integration and Area
Definite Integration
1. Definition:
If F x is an antiderivative of f x , then F b –F a is known as the definite
integral of f x from a to b , such that the variable x, takes any two independent
values say a and b .
b
This is also denoted as a
f(x)dx .
2a a a
VI. f(x)dx= f(x)dx+ f(2a x)dx
0 0 0
0 if f(2a x) f(x)
= a
2 f(x)dx if f(2a x) f(x)
0
a
2 f(x)dx if f( x) f(x)i.e.f(x)iseven
a
VII. f(x)dx 0
-a 0 if f( x) f(x)i.e.f(x)isodd
VIII. If f(x) is a periodic function of period 'a' , i.e. f(a x) f(x) , then
na a
(a) f(x)dx n f(x)dx
0 0
na a
(b) f(x)dx n 1 f(x)dx
0 0
b+na b
(c)
na
f(x)dx f(x)dx , where b R
0
b+a
(d)
b
f(x)dx independent of b .
b+na a
(e)
b
f(x)dx n f(x)dx , where n 1
0
b
IX. If f(x) 0 on the interval a,b , then f(x)dx 0 .
a
b b
X. If f(x) g(x) on the interval a,b , then f(x)dx g(x)dx
a a
b b
XI. f(x)dx f(x) dx
a a
XII. If f(x) is continuous on a,b , m is the least and M is the greatest value of f(x)
XIII. For any two functions f(x) and g(x) , integral on the interval a,b , the Schwarz-
Bunyakovsky inequality holds
b b b
a a a
XIV. If a function f(x) is continuous on the interval a,b , then there exists a point
c a,b such that
b
f(x)dx Lt hf(a+rh)
a
n
r 0
n-1
ba b ar
Lt
n
n
f a
r 0 n
Note:
(a) We can also write
Sn hf a h hf a 2h ..... hf a nh
ba ba
b n
f(x)dx Lt n
r 1 n
f a
n
r
a
n 1
1 r
1
(b) If a 0,b 1, f(x)dx Lt
n
n f n
r 0
0
r
Step 2. Evaluate Lt by putting least and greatest values of r as lower and upper
n n
limits respectively.
pn
1 r
For example Lt f f(x)dx
r 1 n n
n
0
0
π π
2 2
= n 1 sin n 2 xdx n 1 sin n xdx
0 0
In n 1 I n n 1 I n 2
n 1
In I n 2
n
Note:
π π
2 2
n 1 n 3 n 5 π
(b) In ....I0 or I1 according as n is even or odd, I0 ,I1 1
n n 2 n 4 2
n 1 n 3 n 5 1 π
n n 2 n 4 ..... 2 . 2 if n is even
Hence I n
n 1 n 3 n 5 ..... 2 .1 if n is odd
n
n 2 n 4 3
sec x 1 dx
4
tanx
n 2 2
0
π π
4 4
= tanx sec2 xdx tanx
n 2 n 2
dx
0 0
π
tanx n 1 4
I n 2
n 1 0
1
In I n 2
n 1
1
I n I n 2
n 1
π
2
m1
III. If I m,n sinm x.cosn xdx , then show that I m,n I ,n
0
m n m 2
π
0
π π
sin x.cos x
m 1
cos n 1 n 1 2 2
m 1 sin m2 xcosxdx
n 1 0 0 n 1
π
m 1
2
n 1 0
m 1
sin x.cos x sin x.cos x dx
2
m2
n m n
n 1 0
m 1 m 1
Im2,n Im,n
n 1 n 1
m 1 m 1
1 I m,n I m2,n
n 1 n 1
m 1
Im,n = I m2,n
mn
Note:
m 1 m 3 m 5
(a) Im,n .....I0,n or I1,n according as m is even or
m n m n 2 m n 4
odd.
π π
2 2
1
I0,n cos n xdx and I1,n sinx.cosn xdx
0 0
n+1
II. The area bounded by the curve x g(y) , y- axis and the abscissae y c and y d
(where d>c ) is given by
d d
A x dy g(y) dy
c c
IV. The area bounded by the curves y f(x) and y g(x) between the ordinates
x a and x b is given by
c b
A f(x)dx g(x)dx , where x c is the point of intersection of the two curves.
a c
V. Curve Tracing
It is necessary to have a rough sketch of the desired piece in order to locate the area
enclosed by many curves. The following steps are very useful in tracing a cartesian
curve f(x,y) 0 .
Step 2: Origin
If the algebraic curve's equation contains no constant term, the curve passes through
the origin.
The tangents at the origin are then calculated by equating the lowest degree terms in
the equation of the specified algebraic curve to zero.
For example, the curve y3 x 3 axy passes through the origin and the tangents at the
origin are given by axy 0 i.e. x 0 and y 0 .
Step 4: Asymptotes
Find out the asymptotes of the curve.
(i) The vertical asymptotes of the given algebraic curve, or asymptotes parallel to the
y- axis, are derived by equating the coefficient of the highest power of y in the
equation of the supplied curve to zero.
(ii) The horizontal asymptotes of the given algebraic curve, or asymptotes parallel to
the x- axis, are derived by equating the coefficient of the highest power of x in the
equation of the supplied curve to zero.
Step 5: Region
Find out the regions of the plane in which no part of the curve lies. To
Step 7: Trace the curve with the help of the above points.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
DEFINITE INTEGRATION
Example-1
Evaluate the following integrals:
3
(i) x 2dx
2
3
x
(ii) x 1 x 2 dx
1
Ans:
3
(i) x 2dx
2
3
x3
3 2
27 8
3 3
19
3
x 1 2
(ii) [Partial Fractions]
x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2
Example-2
π
4
1 sinx
Evaluate: secx. dx
0
1 sinx
Ans:
π
4
1 sinx
I secx. dx
0
1 sinx
π
4
1 sinx 1 sinx
secx. . dx
0
1 sinx 1 sinx
π
4
1 sinx
secx dx
0 1 sin 2 x
π
4
1 sinx
secx dx
0
cosx
π
sec2 x secxtanx dx
4
0
π π
4 4
sec2 xdx secxtanxdx
0 0
Example-3
1
Evaluate: 5x 4 x 5 +1dx
-1
Ans:
1
Let I 5x 4 x 5 +1dx
-1
Example-4
π
2
64
Prove that
0
sincos 5 d
231
Ans:
π
2
I sincos5 d
0
0
Put sin t so that cos d dt .
When 0,sin 0 t t=0
π π
When ,sin t t 1
2 2
1 1
I t 1 t
2 2
dt t 2t 2 t 4 dt
0 0
1
1 5 9
t 2 2t 2 t 2 dt
0
1
3 7 11
t 2
t 2
t2
2
3 7 11
2 2 2 0
1
2 32 4 72 2 112
t t t
3 7 11 0
2 4 2
1 1 1 0 0 0
3 7 11
2 4 2
3 7 11
154 132 42 64
231 231
Example-5
x 1 1 1
2 2
1 1
.e x dx 2 .e x dx
x x
1 1 1
.e x 2 e x dx 2 .e x dx [Integrating first integral by parts]
x x x
1
.e x F x
x
2
2
x 1 x ex
1 x 2 e dx x
1
1 2 1 1 1 2
.e e e e .
2 1 2
Example-1
Find the area bounded by the curve y x 2 5x 6 , X- axis and the lines x 1 and
4.
Ans:
For y 0 , we get x 2 5x 6 0 x 2,3
Hence the curve crosses X- axis at x 2,3 in the interval 1,4 .
2 3 4
Bounded Area = ydx + ydx + ydx
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 1
3 3
2 1
2 2
5
A1 5 2 6 2 1 6
3
33 23 3 2
2 2
1
A2 5 6 3 2
3 2 6
43 33 42 32 5
A3 5 6 4 3
3 2 6
5 1 5 11
A sq.units
6 6 6 6
Example-2
Find the area bounded by the curve: y 4 x, X- axis and Y- axis.
Ans:
Trace the curve y 4 x .
1. Put y 0 in the given curve to get x 4 as the point of intersection with X-axis.
Put x 0 in the given curve to get y 2 as the point of intersection with Y-axis.
2. For the curve, y 4 x ,4 x 0
x4
curve lies only to the left of x 4 line.
3. As any y is positive, curve is above X-axis.
Example-3
AOBA is the part of the ellipse 9x 2 y 2 36 in the first quadrant such that
OA 2 and OB 6 . Find the area between the arc AB and the chord AB .
Ans:
The given equation of the ellipse can be written as
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
1i.e. 2 2 1
4 36 2 6
0 0
2
x 4 x 2 4 1 x 3x 2
2
3 sin 6x
2 2 2 0 2 0
Example-4
Find the area bounded by the curves y x 2 and x 2 y 2 2 above X-axis.
Ans:
Let us first find the points of intersection of curves.
Solving y x 2 and x 2 y2 2 simultaneously, we get:
x2 x4 2
x 2 1 x 2 2 0
x 2 1 and x 2 2 [reject]
x 1
A 1,1 and B 1,1
+1
Shaded Area 2 x 2 x 2 dx
1
1 +1
2 x 2 dx x 2dx
1 -1
1 1
2 2 x dx 2 x 2dx
2
0 0
1
x 2 x 1
2 2 x 2 + sin 1 2
2 2 2 0 3
1 π 2 1 π
2 + sq. units
2 4 3 3 2