SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1 :

xdx
Evaluate I =  (a 2 cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x) 2
0

Solution:
a a 
(  x)dx
Applying  f (x) dx   f (a  x)dx , I   (a 2 cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x)2
0 0 0


dx
adding, 2I  
0
(a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x)2
2 2

Here f(2a–x) = f(x). Thus, we have

/ 2
dx
2I = 2 
0
(a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x)2
2 2

/ 2 / 2
or dx sec 4 xdx
I    0 (a 2  b2 tan 2 x) 2
0
(a 2 cos 2 x  b2 sin 2 x)2
Put b tanx = a tan  , bsec2xdx = asec2 d

a2 a
/ 2 (1  2
 tan 2 ) sec 2  d
I=  b b
0
a 2 (1  tan 2 )2

a2
/ 2 a(1  2
tan 2 )
=  b d
0
ba sec 2 
4

 / 2 a2  / 2

= a 3b  (1  2
tan 2 ) cos 2 d = 3 2  (b
2
cos 2   a 2 sin 2 )d  3 2 I1 (say)
0
b ab 0 ab
/ 2
2
Now I1 =  (b cos 2   a 2 sin 2 ) d
0

a a

Applying  f (x) dx   f (a  x) dx ,
0 0

/ 2
2
=  (b sin 2   a 2 cos2 )d
0
 /2
 2
adding 2I1 =  (a
2
 b 2 )d   (a  b 2 ) or I =  (a 2  b 2 )
0
2 1
4

  2 2 2
 I 3 3   (a  b )  (a2 + b2)
a b 4 4a 3b3

Example 2 :

xdx
Evaluate  1  cos2 x
0

Solution:

x
Let I  0 1  cos 2 x dx
  
(  x) dx xdx
0 1  cos 2 (  x) dx  
0 1  cos 2 x 0 1  cos2 x

dx
I   I
0
1  cos2 x

 / 2
dx dx
2I    = 2 
0
2
1  cos x 0
1  cos 2 x (as f(2a – x) = f(x))

/ 2
sec2 x
 I  dx
0
1  sec2 x
Let tanx = t, sec2x dx = dt
 
dt   1 t 
 I =  2  t 2 = tan
0 2  2  0
2
   
I   0  
22  2 2

2
 I
2 2

Example 3 :
x2
t 2  5t  4
Find the points of maxima/minima of 0
2  et
dt .
Solution:
x2
t 2  5t  4
Let f(x) = 
0
2  et
dt

x 4  5x 2  4
 f (x)  2 2x  0 –2 –1 0 1 2
2  ex
(x  1) (x  1) (x  2) (x  2) 2x
= 2
2  ex
From the wavy curve, it is clear that f (x) changes its sign at x = 2, 1, 0 and hence the
points of maxima are –1, 1 and that of the minima are –2, 0, 2.

Example 4 :
4
[ x]
Evaluate  ({x})
1
dx, where {.} and [.] denote the fractional part and the greatest integer functions

respectively.

Solution:
4
I   ({x})[x ] dx
1

4
[x]
=  (x  [x]) dx
1

2 3 4
[x] [x] [x]
=  (x  [x]) dx   (x  [x]) dx   (x  [x]) dx
1 2 3

2 3 4
1 2 3
=  (x  1) dx   (x  2) dx   (x  3) dx
1 2 3

2 3 4
 (x  1) 2   (x  2)3   (x  3) 4 
=      
 2 1  3  2  4  3

1  1  1  13
 2  0    3  0    4  0  12
     

Example 5 :
x y
2 dy
If  3  sin t dt   cos t dt  0 , then evaluate .
/3 0
dx
Solution:
Differentiating the given equation w.r.t. to x, we get

d 
x
2
 d y 
 3  sin t dt     cos t.dt   0
dx   / 3  dx  0 

dy
 3  sin 2 x  cos y 0
dx

dy 3  sin 2 x
 
dx cos y

Example 6 :
2
2x 7  3x 6  10x 5  7x 3  12x 2  x  1
Compute the integral  dx
 2
x2  2
Solution:
Break the integrand as the sum of two functions, one being even and the other being odd.
2 2
3x 6  12x 2  1 2x 7  10x 5  7x 3  x
I  x2  2 dx   2
dx
 2  2
x  2
Now using property
a a

 f (x) dx  0 , if f(x) is odd and 2 f (x) dx , if f(x) is even

a 0

2 2
3x6 12x2  1 3x 2 (x 4  4)  1
 I2  dx  0  2 0 x2  2 dx
0
x2  2

2 2
2 2 dx
= 2  3x (x  2)dx  2 x 2
0 0
2

2
2
 6x 5 3  2 x
=  5  4x  + tan 1
 0 2 2 0

 16
= 2 
2 2 5

Example 7 :
/ 4
x2 4
Prove that  2
dx  .
0
(x sin x  cos x) 4
Solution:
/ 4
x cos x
 .x sec x dx
0
(x sin x  cos x)2
/4 /4
 x sec x  sec x  x sec x.tan x
 
 x sin x  cos x  0
 
0
(x sin x  cos x)
dx

/ 4
( / 4) 2. 2 1 cos x  x sin x
   2
. dx
  cos x x sin x  cos x
  1
0
4

2  / 4 2 2
  tan x 0   2  1  4  
/ 4
   sec xdx  
4 0 4 4 4

Illustration 8 :
/ 4

Evaluate  ln(1  tan x)

0
dx [IIT- 1997C]
Solution:
Let f(x) = ln (1 + tanx)
       1 tan x  2
f   x   ln 1 tan   x   ln 1   ln
4    4   1 tan x  1  tan x

  2
 f(x) + f   x  = ln (1 + tanx) + ln = ln2
4  1  tan x
/4 / 4
1    1
 I    f (x)  f  4  x   dx  2  ln 2dx
2 0    0

1  
= ln2  ln2
2 4 8
Example 9 :
1
1 2
Evaluate  cot (1  x  x) dx [IIT- 1998-8M]
0

Solution:
1
1
1 1
Let I   cot (1  x  x) =  tan 1  x 2  x dx
1 2

0
0

1 1
1 1 1  x  (x  1) 
=  tan 1  x(x  1) dx =  tan   dx
0 0 1  x(x  1) 
 1 1
1
=  tan xdx   tan 1 (x  1) dx
0 0

1 1 1
1 1
1
=  tan x dx   tan x dx = 2 tan x dx
0 0 0

1
 1    ln 2  
 2  x tan 1 x  ln (1  x 2 )   2      log 2
 2 0 4 2  2

Example 10 :
2
1
Evaluate  [cot x ]dx , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
0

Solution:
2 cot 1 2 cot1 2

Let I    cot  1 x  dx =  [cot 1 x]dx   [cot 1 x]dx =  1.dx   0.dx = cot1

0 0 cot1 0 cot1

Example 11 :
1/ n
 n 1 n  2 n  n 
Find lim
n   n
...
 n n 
Solution:
1/ n
Let L  lim  n  1 n  2 ... n  n 
n   n n n 

1/ n
 1   2   3   n 
= lim   1   1   1   .....  1   
n 
 n   n   n   n 

1  1  2  n 
ln L  lim  ln  1    ln 1    ...  ln  1   
n  n
  n  n  n 
1
1 n  r
= nlim

 ln  1   =
n r 1  n  ln (1  x) dx
0

1 1
1 x  1 
= [x ln (1  x)]0   x  1 dx = ln 2    1   dx
0 0
1 x 
 L = 4/e
Example 12 :
x x
2 2
xt  t x /4  t2 / 4
Prove that  e .e dt  e e dt
0 0

Solution:
x
2
Let I   e xt .e  t dt
0

xz 1  xz  xz

Let t  , dt  dz [we want to convert t(x –t) to   ]
2 2  2  2 
2 2 2
x ( xz) x  x z  x
x z
tx  t2 1 .x  
2 
 1 
I   e .e dt   e 2 e  dz   e 4 4 dz
0
2 x 2 x
2 2 2
x
1 x4  z4
x
1 x2 / 4  t4 1 x2 / 4 x t 2 / 4 x2 / 4
x
2

= e  e dz  e  e dt = 2 e 2  e dt = e  e  t / 4 dt
2 x 2 x 0 0

x x
2 2
xt  t x /4  t2 / 4
  e .e dt  e
0
e
0
dt

Example 13 :

 1 dx
Evaluate  ln  x  x  . 1  x
0
2

Solution:

 1  dx
Let I =  ln  x  x  . 1  x 2
0  
Let x = tan   dx = sec2 d
/2
sec 2 
 I  ln (tan   cot ) d
0
1  tan 2 

/2 /2
(sin 2   cos 2 )
 ln (tan   cot )d  
0 0
ln
sin  cos 
d

/2 /2
     
=   ln sin  d    ln cos  d  =    ln 2     ln 2  =  ln 2
0 0  2   2 
Example 14 :
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b]. Prove that there exists a number x  [a, b] such that
x b

 f (t) dt   f (t)dt
a x

Solution:
x b

Let g(x) =  f (t) dt   f (t)dt, x [a, b]

a x

2
b b b 
We have g(A) = –  f (t) dt and g(B) =  f (t) dt  g(A). g(B) = –   f (t) dt   0
a a a 
Clearly g(x) is continuous in [a, b] and g(A). g(B)  0
x b
It implies that g(x) will become zero at least once in [a, b]. Hence  f (t) dt   f (t) dt for at least
a x

one value of x  [a, b] .

Example 15 :
a
dx
Let f(x) be a continuous function such that f(a – x) + f(x) = 0 for x  [0, a] . Find  1  ef ( x )
0

Solution:
a a a a
dx dx dx ef (x )
Let I =  1  ef ( x)   1  ef (a  x ) =  1  ef (x) =  1  ef (x ) dx
0 0 0 0

a a
dx ef (x )
 
I + I =  1  ef ( x)  1  ef (x ) dx
0 0

a
a
2I   1.dx  a  I =
0
2
 SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1 :
/ 4
2
If I = x
0
cos 2x dx then

2 1 2 1
(A)  (B) 
32 4 32 4
2 1 2 1
(C)  (D) 
32 8 32 8
Solution:
Integrating by parts
/ 4 /4
 2 sin 2 x 
I = x   x sin 2xdx
 2  0 0

/ 4 / 4 /4
 2  cos 2x  2x 2 1  sin 2 x  2 1
=  x.
32  2  0
 
0
cos
2
dx =
32
0 
2  2  0
 
32 4

Example 2 :

cos 2 x
If I =  dx then

1 a x


(A) (B) 
4
 
(C) (D)
3 2
Solution:
 
cos 2 ( x) a x cos 2 x
I   dx : I   dx

1  ax 
1 ax
 
2 2
adding 2I =  cos x dx = 2  cos xdx [ f(x) = cos2x = f(–x)]
 0

 
 sin 2x 
= 2  cos .xdx   x 
2
 
0
 2 0
2I  
 I = / 2
Example 3 :
1
Let f(x) = x – [x], for every real number x, where [x] is integral part of x, then  f (x) dx is
1

(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) –1 (D) 2
Solution:
1

Let f(x) = x – [x], I =  (x  [x])dx

1

0 1 0 1 0 1
 x2   x2 
=  (x  [x]) dx  0 (x  [x])dx   (x  1) dx  0 x.dx =  x     1
1 1 2  1  2  0
Example 4 :
100
1
 [tan
0
(x)]dx is( [.] denotes the greatest integer function).

(A) (100 – tan2) (B) (100 + tan 1)

(C) (100 + tan2) (D) (100 – tan 1)
Solution:
tan1 100
1 1
 [tan x]dx 
0
 [tan
tan1
x]dx

tan 1 100

=  0 .d x   1 .d x  1 0 0  ta n 1
0 ta n 1

Example 5 :
If f, g and h be continuous function on [0, a] such that f(a –x) = f(x), g(a – x) = – g(x) and
a

3h(x) – 4h (a–x) = 5, then  f (x). g(x). h(x) dx =

0

(A) 0 (B) – 1
(C) 2 (D) 1
Solution:
a
I   f (a  x) g(a  x).h (a  x) dx
0

a a

7I = 3I + 4I =  f (x)g(x) {3h(x)  4h (a  x)} dx = 5 f (x) g(x) dx  0

0 0

 f(a – x) g(a – x) = – f(x) g(x)  I = 0

Example 6 :
3
x
Definite integration of  dx is
2 5 x  x

1 1
(A) (B)
3 4
1
(C) (D) 0
2
Solution:
b b

Using property  f (x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx

a a

3 3
2 3 x 5 x
I=  dx   dx
2 5  (2  3  x)  5  x 2 x  5 x

3
x
I  dx adding
2 5 x  x

3 3
 5x x 
2I      dx =  1.dx  3  2  1
 ( x  5 x 5  x  x 
2 2

I = 1/2

Example 7 :
If f : R  R is continuous and differentiable function such that
x 0 x x 3
3 2
 f (t)dt  f (3)  dt   t dt  f (1)  t dt  f (2)  t dt then the value of f (4) is
1 x 1 0 x

(A) 48 – 8 f (1)  f (2) (B) 48 – 8f (1) – f (2)

(C) 48 + 8f (1)  f (2) (D) none of these
Solution:
x 0 x x 3
3 2
 f (t) dt  f (3)  dt   t dt  f (1)  t dt  f (2)  t.dt Differentiable w.r.t. ‘x’ both side
1 x 1 0 x

f(x).1 – 0 – f (3) = x3 – f  (1). x2 – f  (2).x

 f (x)  3x 2  f (1).2x  f (2)

 f  (4) = 48 – f  (1) 8 – f  (2)
Example 8 :

 n 
0, where x  , n 1, 2,3...
If f(x) =  n 1 
1, else where 

then the value of  f (x) dx

0

(A) 1 (B) 0
(C) 2 (D) 
Solution:
n
2 1/ 2 2/3 3/ 4 n 1 2

 f (x) dx   1.dx   1.dx   1.dx  ...  1.dx  ...   dx

0 0 1/ 2 2/3 n 1 1
n

1 2 1 3 2  n n 1 n
        ...      ...  1
= 2  3 2  4 3  n 1 n  =  ...  1
as n   n 1
we take n  
2

 f (x) dx 1 1 2
0

Example 9 :

2
 (cos px  sin qx)

dx where p, q are integers is equal to

(A) –  (B) 0
(C)  (D) 2
Solution:

I   (cos 2 px  sin 2 qx  2cos px sin qx)dx


 sin2qx, cos2 px are even functions of x and cospx .sinqx is an odd function.
 
2 2
  cos px dx  2 cos pxdx
 0

  
2 2
 sin qx dx  2 sin qx dx and
 0
 cos px sin qx dx = 0

  

 I  2  cos px dx  2  sin 2 qx dx  0
2

0 0

 
 1  cos 2px   1  cos 2qx 
 2  dx  2    dx
0
2  0
2 
   
 sin 2px   sin 2qx 
 0 (1 cos 2px) dx  0 (1  cos 2qx) dx =  x  2p    x  2q  = 2
0 0

Example 10 :
/ 2
(x)
The value of integral  dx is
0
(x)  ( / 2  x)

 
(A) (B)
4 2
(C)  (D) none of these
Solution:

 
/ 2
(x) / 2   x 
Let I  dx then I  2  dx
    
0 (x)     x  0  
 x   (x)
 2  
2 

 
/ 2 (x)     x  / 2
2  dx  1.dx  x  / 2 = 
adding 2I   0  0 2
 I = / 4
 
0    x    (x)
2 

Example 11 :


 x sin x cos x dx =
0
4

 
(A) (B)
10 5

(C)  (D) none of these
5
Solution:

I   x sin x cos 4 xdx
0
  
4 4
=  (  x) sin (  x) cos (   x) dx   (   x) sin x cos xdx
0 0


4
=  sin x cos x dx  I
0


  cos 5 x   2
 
2I =   = (1  1) 
 5 0 5 5


I
5

Example 12 :
tan x
t.dt cot x dt
The value of  1  t 2   t(1  t 2 ) is equal to
1/ e 1/ e

(A) 1 (B) 1/2

(C)  / 4 (D) none of these
Solution:
tan x
tdt cot x dt
I(x)   
1/ e
1  t 2 1/e t(1  t 2 )
Diff. w.r.t x.
dI (x) tan x 1
 sec 2 x  2
dx 2
(1  tan x) cot x (1  cot 2 x) (–cosec x) = 0
I(x) = constant
1 1 t 1
   tdt dt t2 1 dt 1
Let x = Thus  4   1  t 2  t(1  t 2 ) =  t(t 2  1) dt   t  [ln t]1/e  1
I  
4   1/ e 1/ e 1/ e 1/ e

Example 13 :
1 1 1 1 
lim     ...   is equal to
n  na
 na  1 na  2 nb 

b  a 
(A) ln   (B) ln  
a  b 
(C) ln a (D) ln b
Solution:
1 1 1 
lim    ... 
n  na
 na  1 na  n(b  a) 
 n (b  a ) n (b  a ) b a
1 1 1 1 b
lim
n 

r 1
 lim 
na  r n  r 1 a   r / n  n =  ax
dx  ln  
a
0

Example 14:
a
The values of ‘a’ for which  (3x 2  4x  5) dx  a 3  2 are
0

1 1
(A) a 2 (B) a 2
2 2
1
(C) a  (D) a  2
2

Solution:
a
 3x 3 4x 2  3
 3  2  5x   a  2
 0
 a3 + 2a2 – 5a < a3 – 2
 2a2 – 5a + 2 < 0
 2a (a –2) – 1 (a –2) < 0
1
 a2
2

Example 15:
 
 x2  2
If  e dx  , then  eax dx where a > 0 is
0
2 0

 
(A) (B)
2 2a

 1 
(C) 2 (D)
a 2 a

Solution:

 ax 2 dz
I =  e dx put a x = z, dx =
0 a

 z2 dz 1   z2  1 
Ie   e dz  
0 a a 0 2 a 2 a