SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1:

lim x 2 n f ( x )  g( x )
If F(x) = n  , find F(x) in terms of f(x) and g(x)
x 2n  1
Solution:

 0, if x 2  1  0, if 1  x 1

lim x 2n
  1, if x 2  1   1, if x  1
n 
, if x 2  1 , if x  1 or , x  1


x 2n .f ( x )  g ( x )
 F( x )  lim
n  x 2n  1




 0.f ( x )  g ( x ) , 1  x  1
 0 1  g( x ), if  1  x  1
 1.f ( x )  g( x )  f ( x )  g( x )
, x  1  F( x )   , if x  1
=  11  2
 if x  1or x  1
 f ( x)  g(x) f ( x ),
 x 2n , x  1or x  1
 1
 1  2n
 x

Example 2:
If [x] denotes the integral part of x, then find

lim
1 x  2 x  ...  n x
2 2 2

n  n3
Solution:
Let Sn = [12x] + [22x] + . . . + [n2x]
x – 1 < [x]  x
 12 x – 1 < [12x]  12x
22x – 1 < [22x]  22x
32x – 1 < [32x]  32 x
..................
..................
n2x – 1 < [n2x]  n2x
 (12 + 22 + . . . + n2 ) x – n < Sn  (12 + 22 + . . . + n2) x
n(n 1)(2n 1) n S n(n 1)(2n 1)
 3
x  3  n3  lim .x
6n n n n  6n3
 n ( n  1)(2n  1) 1 S n (n  1)( 2n  1)
 lim  3
x  2   lim n3  .x
n   6n n  n  n 6n 3
 x S x
  lim n3 
3 n  n 3
Sn x
Hence required limit i.e. nlim 3

 n 3
Example 3:
sin 2 x
Find xlim
0 1 
cos ec 2 x 2 2
 2 cos ec x  ...  n cos ec x 
Solution:
Let y = cosec2x
Required limit = lim (1y + 2y + ... ny)1/y (  0 form]
y 

1/ y 1/ y
 y y y   1  y  2  y y 
1  2  n 1   n 1
 lim n  
y 1/ y 
      ...     1  lim n       ...     1
y   n   n   n   y    n 
 n  n  
= n. 10 = n. 1 = n

Example 4:
A function f is defined by f(x2) = x3 for all x > 0. Show that f is differentiable at 4.
Solution:
we have

f (4)  lim
f ( 4  h )  f ( 4)
 lim

f ( 4  h ) 2  f 22   
h 0 h h 0 h
(4  h )3 / 2  8 8 [(1  h / 4) 3/ 2  1]
 lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h

 3h  3 3  h2  
81   .... 1 8 h     ...
 lim 
24   lim  8 8  16    limh0
3  0  ...  3 , which is a finite number..
h 0 h h 0 h
Hence f is differentiable at 4.
Example 5:
Find the value of a and b in order that
x 1  a cos x   b sin x
lim 1
x 0 x3
Solution:
x 1  a cos x   b sin x 0 
lim 3
 1  form
x 0 x 0 
1.1  a cos x   x  a sin x   b cos x
or lim  1 [By L’ Hopital Rule]
x 0 3x 2
Here numerator  1 + a – b and denominator  0 and limit is a finite number 1
 1 + a – b = 0, [If 1 + a – b  0, then limit will not be finite]
 1  a cos x  ax sin x  b cos x 0 
Now lim 2
 1  form 
x 0 3x 0 

0  a sin x  a sin x  ax cos x  b sin x 0 

or, lim  1  form
x 0 6x 0 
 a cos x  a cos x  a cos x  ax sin x  b cos x
or, lim 1
x 0 6
 3a  b
or, 1 or, – 3a + b = 6 . . . (ii)
6
5 3
Solving (i) and (ii), we get a =  , b  
2 2
Example 6:
 x ; 1  x  1
Draw the graph of the function ‘f ’ defined by f(x) =  3 . Discuss the continuity
4  x ;1  x  4
and differentiability of ‘f ’ at x = 1. Y
Solution:
The graph of the function is shown in the adjacent figure. 3
It is clear from the graph that it is continuous for
all x  [– 1, 4] and not differentiable at x = 1,
because at x = 1; LHD > 0 while RHD = – 1 < 0. 1

x
–1 0 1 4

Example 7:
Let f (x) = x3 – x2 + x + 1 and
max {f ( t ); 0  t  x}, 0  x  1
g(x) = 
 3  x; 1 x  2
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function g(x) in the interval (0, 2).
Solution:
f(t) = t3 – t2 + t + 1
 f ( t )  3t 2  2 t  1
its disc = (– 2)2 – 4.3.1 = – 8 < 0
and coefficient of t2 = 3 > 0
Hence f ( t )  0 for all real t.  f(t) is always increasing
Thus f(t) is maximum when t is maximum and tmax = x
 x 3  x 2  x  1;0  x  1
 max f(t) = f(x)  g(x) = 3  x ;
 1 x  2
Now it can be easily seen that f(x) is continuous in (0, 2) and differentiable in (0, 2) except at x =
1. because at x = 1 LHD > 0 while RHD = - 1 < 0.
Example 8:
Let f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) – 2xy – 1 for all x and y. if f  (0) exists and f  (0) = – sin  , then find
f{ f  (0)}.
Solution:
f x  h   f ( x ) f x   f (h )  2xh  1  f (x )
f ( x )  lim  lim (Using the given relation)
h 0 h h 0 h
f (h )  1 f ( h )  f ( 0)
 lim  2 x  lim  lim  2x  lim
h 0 h0 h h 0 h 0 h
[Putting x = 0 = y in the given relation we find f(0) = f(0) + f(0) + 0 - 1  f(0) = 1]
 f ( x )  2x  f (0)  f(x) = – x2 – sin  .x + C
f(0) = – 0 – 0 + C  C=1
2
 f(x) = – x – sin  .x + 1
So, ff (0)  f (  sin  )   sin 2   sin 2   1
 f f  (0)  1
Example 9:
Show that the transformation z = log tan (x/2) reduces the differential equation
d2 y dy 2 d2y
 cot x  4 y cos ec x  0 int o  4y  0
dx 2 dx dz 2
Solution:
dz 1 sec 2 ( x / 2) 1
   cos ecx
dx 2 tan( x / 2) sin x

dy dy dz dy
 .  cos ecx
dx dz dx dz
d 2 y d  dy  d  dy  dz d  dy 
2
        cos ecx  cosec x
dx dx  dx  dz  dx  dx dz  dz 

 2 
 cos ecx d y  cos ecx cot x dx dy  cos ecx d2 y dy
= 2  = cosec2
x  cos ecx cot x
 dz dz dz  dz 2 dz
Putting these values in the given differential equation, we have
d2 y dy
2
 cot x  4 y cos ec 2 x  0
dx dx

d2 y dy dy
 cosec2x 2
 cos ecx cot x  cot x cos ecx  4 y cos ec 2 x  0
dz dz dz

 d2y  d2 y
 cos ec 2 x  2  4 y   0   4y  0
 dz  dz 2
 
 SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1 :

If lim (1  a sin x ) cosecx  3 , then a is

x 0

(A) ln 2 (B) ln 3
(C) ln 4 (D) e3
Solution :
3 = lim (1  a sin x ) cosecx [1 form]  lim ecosecx.asinx = ea
x 0 x 0

 ea = 3  a = loge3 = ln 3.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

Example 2 :
x sin {x}
lim , where {x} denotes the fractional part of x, is equal to
x 1 x 1
(A) –1 (B) 0
(C) 1 (D) does not exist
Solution :
lim {x} = lim (x – [x]) = 1 – 0 = 1
x 1 0 x 1 0

lim {x} = lim ( x  [ x ])  1 1  0

x 1 0 x 1 0

x sin{x} x
 lim  lim sin{x} = – 
x 1 0 x 1 x 1 0 x  1

x sin{ x} x  1
lim =1×1×1=1
x 1 0 {x} x  1
Since, L.H. limit  R. H. limit. Hence (D) is the correct answer..

Example 3 :
Let f(x) = lim
x 
sin2nx, then number of point(s) where f(x) is discontinuous is
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) infinitely many
Solution :

 
2n 2 n
1, x  (2n  1) 2
, n I
lim
f(x) = n  sin x  lim (sin x ) =
n 
0, x  (2n  1) 
, n I
 2


Clearly, f(x) is discontinuous at x = (2n + 1) , nI
2
Hence (D) is the correct answer.
Example 4 :
 p 1
x sin , x 0
Let f(x) =  x
 0 , x0
Then f(x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0 if
(A) p < 0 (B) p = 0
(C) 0 < p  1 (D) p  1
Solution :
f(0) = 0
1
For lim f(x) = 0  lim xp sin  0
x 0 x 0 x
This is possible only when p > 0 ... (i)
1
f (0  h)  f (0) hp sin  0 1
f (0)  lim  lim h = lim h p 1 sin
h0 h h0 h
h 0 h

f ( 0) will exist only when p > 1

 f(x) will not be differentiable if p  1 ... (ii)
From (i) and (ii), for f(x) to be not differentiable but continuous at x = 0, possible values of p are
given by 0 < p  1.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

Example 5 :
 1  1  1  
lim  tan   tan  2 tan 2  .....  n tan n 
n 
 2 2 2 2 2 2 
1 1
(A) (B)  2 cot 2
 
(C) 2cot 2  (D) none of these
Solution :
tan  = cot  – 2cot 2 
1  1 
 tan  cot  cot 
2 2 2 2
1  1  1 
n
tan n  n cot n  n 1 cot n 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

 
 
 1
lim  2 cot 2  1  2 cot 2
 Required limit = lim S n
= n   2 n tan  / 2 n  =
 
n 
 n
. n
 /2 2 
Hence (B) is correct answer.
Example 6 :
In order that the function f(x) = (x + 1)cotx is continuous at x = 0, f(0) must be defined as
(A) 0 (B) e
(C) 1/e (D) None of these
Solution :
x
1/ x tan x
lim f (x )  lim (1  x ) ]  e1
x 0 x 0

So, f(0) = e . Hence (B) is the correct answer.

Example 7 :
The function f(x) = |x3| is
(A) differentiable everywhere (B) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(C) not a continuous function (D) none of these
Solution :
f is clearly differentiable except possibly at the point x = 0.
Now, clearly by definition Rf  ( 0 ) = L f ( 0) = 0
So, f is differentiable at x = 0 and hence every where
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
Example 8 :
 1
 for | x | 1
Let f(x) =  | 2x | . If f(x) is continuous and differentiable everywhere, then
ax  b for | x |  1

1 3 1 3
(A) a = , b=– (B) a = – , b =
2 2 2 2
(C) a = 1, b = –1 (D) a = b = 1
Solution :
The given function is clearly continuous at all points except possibly at x =  1. As f(x) is an even
function, so we need to check its continuity only at x = 1.
lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )  f (1)
x 1 x 1

1
 lim (ax 2  b)  lim  a  b 1 ... (i)
x 1 x 1 |x|
Clearly, f(x) is differentiable for all x, except possibly at x =  1. As f(x) is an even function, so we
need to check its differentiability at x = 1 only.
1
f ( x )  f (1) f ( x )  f (1) 2 1
lim  lim  ax  b 1 |x|
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 lim  lim
x 1– x 1 x 1 x 1
ax 2  a 1
 lim  lim  2a = – 1  a = – 1/2
x 1 x  1 x 1 x

Putting a = –1/2 in (i), we get b = 3/2.

Hence (B) is the correct answer.
Example 9 :
tan {[ x  ]}
The function f(x) = , where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x,
1  [x ]2
is
(A) discontinuous at some x
(B) continuous at all x, but f  (x) does not exist for some x
(C) f  ( x ) exists for all x, but f  (x) does not exist
(D) f  (x) exists for all x
Solution :
Since [x –  ] is an integer for all x, therefore  [x–  ] is an integral multiple of  for all x. Hence
tan {  [x –  ]} = 0 for all x. Also 1 + [x]2  0 for all x. Therefore f(x) = 0 for all x.
Hence, f(x) is continuous and derivable at all x.
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

Example 10 :
1
Let g(x) be the inverse of the function f(x) and f  (x) = . Then g (x) is equal to
1 x3
1 1
(A) 3 (B)
1  (g ( x )) 1  (f (x ))3
(C) 1 + (g (x))3 (D) 1 + (f (x))3
Solution :
Since g(x) is the inverse of f(x), therefore g(x) = f –1 (x)  f{g(x)} = x
Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x
f {g ( x )} g( x )  1
1
 g(x )  = 1+ (g(x))3
f (g ( x ))
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
Example 11 :
If f (x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x, y  R, f (5) = 2 and f  (0) = 3. Then f  (5) equals
(A) 6 (B) 5
(C) 4 (D) 3
Solution :
f (5  h )  f (5) f (5) f ( h )  f (0) f (5)
f (5)  lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
 f ( 0  h )  f ( 0) 
= lim f (5)   = f(5). f  ( 0) = 2 × 3 = 6
h 0
 h 
Hence (A) is the correct answer.