10 Levels of Organization • Each level of organization builds on the level below it but often demonstrates new features • Emergent properties: new properties present at one level that are not seen in the previous level • New properties emerging may be greater than the sum of the parts.
6 Points to Ponder
What does “form fits function” mean? Points to Ponder What is the relation of form (structure) to function?
• Anatomy is the study of structure.
• Physiology is the study of function. Points to Ponder HAMMER IT DOWN! Scenario: Suppose you are building a bookshelf for your room. You cut the wood, sand it, and join the pieces together then mount it on the wall. Now, imagine you only have one tool to complete the job, a hammer. What would you do? Do you think you will be able to perform the job? Points to Ponder Are cells in the body exactly the same in structure and function? Why is this so? Why are cells in the body specialized? How do different cells in the body keep you alive? TISSUES PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for
Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Basal surface Basal lamina extracellular matrix, separates epithilium from the next tissue
40 µm 2. Connective Tissue Connective tissue mainly binds and supports other tissues • It contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix • The matrix consists of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation • There are three types of connective tissue fiber, all made of protein: • Collagenous fibers provide strength and flexibility • Elastic fibers stretch and snap back to their original length • Reticular fibers join connective tissue to adjacent tissues • Connective tissue contains cells, including • Fibroblasts that secrete the protein of extracellular fibers • Macrophages that are involved in the immune system Connective Tissue Collagenous fiber Loose Chondrocytes connective Cartilage
120 µm tissue
100 µm Elastic fiber Chondroitin sulfate
Nuclei Fat droplets
Fibrous connective Adipose
150 µm tissue tissue 30 µm
Osteon White blood cells
Bone Blood 700 µm
55 µm Central canal Plasma Red blood cells 2. Connective Tissue • In vertebrates, the fibers and foundation combine to form six major types of connective tissue: 1. Loose connective tissue binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
2. Cartilage is a strong and flexible support material
– found in nose, ear, trachea 2. Connective Tissue 3. Fibrous connective tissue is found in tendons, which attach muscles to bones, and ligaments, which connect bones at joints 2. Connective Tissue 4. Adipose tissue stores fat for insulation and fuel 2. Connective Tissue 5. Blood is composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma 2. Connective Tissue 6. Bone is mineralized and forms the skeleton 3. Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals • It is divided in the vertebrate body into three types: • Skeletal • Smooth • Cardiac 3. Muscle Tissue 3. Muscle Tissue 3. Muscle Tissue 4. Nervous Tissue • Nervous tissue senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal • Nervous tissue contains: • Neurons, or nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses • Glial cells, or glia, that help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
