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Work, Energy Power PDF

1. Work is the product of force and displacement along the line of force application. Positive work is done when force and displacement are in the same direction, while negative work is done when they are in opposite directions. 2. Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion, calculated as one-half mass times velocity squared. Potential energy is energy due to an object's position or deformation, including gravitational potential energy calculated as mass times gravitational field strength times height. 3. The work-energy theorem states that work done on an object causes a change in its kinetic and potential energy, with work equal to the change in kinetic energy plus the change in potential energy.

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FRANCES VISAYA
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295 views36 pages

Work, Energy Power PDF

1. Work is the product of force and displacement along the line of force application. Positive work is done when force and displacement are in the same direction, while negative work is done when they are in opposite directions. 2. Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion, calculated as one-half mass times velocity squared. Potential energy is energy due to an object's position or deformation, including gravitational potential energy calculated as mass times gravitational field strength times height. 3. The work-energy theorem states that work done on an object causes a change in its kinetic and potential energy, with work equal to the change in kinetic energy plus the change in potential energy.

Uploaded by

FRANCES VISAYA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Work, Power & Energy

Explaining the Causes of


Motion in a Different Way
Work
The product of force and the amount of
displacement along the line of action of
that force.

W ork  F orce  displacem e nt

Units: Newton•meter (Joule)


ft . lbs (horsepower)
Work = F x d
To calculate work done on an object, we
need:
The Force
The average magnitude of the force
The direction of the force
The Displacement
The magnitude of the change of position
The direction of the change of position
Calculate Work
During the ascent phase of a rep of the
bench press, the lifter exerts an
average vertical force of 1000 N
against a barbell while the barbell
moves 0.8 m upward
How much work did the lifter do to the
barbell?
Calculate Work
Table of Variables:
Force = +1000 N
Displacement = +0.8 m

Force is positive due to pushing upward


Displacement is positive due to moving
upward
Calculate Work
Table of Variables:
Force = +1000 N
Displacement = +0.8 m
Select the equation and solve:
Work  Force  displaceme nt
Work   1000 N    0.8m 
Work  800 Nm  800 Joule  800 J
- & + Work
Positive work is performed when
the direction of the force and
the direction of motion are the
same
 ascent phase of the bench press
 Throwing a ball
 push off (upward) phase of a jump
Calculate Work
During the descent phase of a rep of
the bench press, the lifter exerts an
average vertical force of 1000 N
against a barbell while the barbell
moves 0.8 m downward
Calculate Work
Table of Variables
Force = +1000 N
Displacement = -0.8 m

Force is positive due to pushing upward


Displacement is negative due to movement
downward
Calculate Work
Table of Variables
Force = +1000 N
Displacement = -0.8 m
Select the equation and solve:
Work  Force  displaceme nt
Work   1000 N    0.8m 
Work  800 Nm  800 Joule  800 J
- & + Work
Positive work
Negative work is performed
when the direction of the force
and the direction of motion are
the opposite
 descent phase of the bench press
 catching
 landing phase of a jump
Work performed climbing
stairs

 Work = Fd
 Force
 Subject weight
 From mass, ie 65 kg
 Displacement
 Height of each step
 Typical 8 inches (20cm)
 Work per step
 650N x 0.2 m = 130.0 Nm
 Multiply by the number of steps
Work on a stair stepper
Work = Fd
Force
 Push on the step
????
Displacement
 Step Height
8 inches
“Work” per step
 ???N x .203 m = ???Nm
Work on a cycle ergometer
Work = Fd
Force
 belt friction on the flywheel
mass (eg 3 kg)
Displacement
 revolution of the pedals
Monark: 6 m
“Work” per revolution
Work on a cycle ergometer
 Work = Fd
 Force
 belt friction on the flywheel
 mass (eg 3 kg)
 Displacement
 revolution of the pedals
 Monark: 6 m
 “Work” per revolution
 3kg x 6 m = 18 kgm
Similar principle for wheelchair
…and for handcycling
ergometer
Power
The rate of doing work
 Work = Fd

Power  Work / time


Power  Fd / t
Power  Force  velocity
Units: Fd/s = J/s = watt
Calculate & compare power
During the ascent phase of a rep of the
bench press, two lifters each exert an
average vertical force of 1000 N
against a barbell while the barbell
moves 0.8 m upward
Lifter A: 0.50 seconds
Lifter B: 0.75 seconds
Calculate & compare power
Lifter A Lifter B’s time would
Table of Variables be .75 sec instead
F = 1000 N of .5 sec
d = 0.8 m
t = 0.50 s
Fd
Power 
t
1000 N  0.8m
Power 
0.50 s
800 J
Power   1600 w
0.50 s
Energy
 Energy (E) is defined as the capacity to do
work (scalar)
 Many forms
 No more created, only converted
 chemical, sound, heat, nuclear, mechanical

 Kinetic Energy (KE):


 energy due to motion
 Potential Energy (PE):
 energy due to position or deformation
Kinetic Energy
Energy due to motion reflects
 the mass
 the velocity of the object

KE = 1/2 mv 2
Calculate Kinetic Energy

How much KE in a 5
ounce baseball (145 g)
thrown at 80 miles/hr
(35.8 m/s)?
Calculate Kinetic Energy
Table of Variables
Mass = 145 g  0.145 kg
Velocity = 35.8 m/s
Calculate Kinetic Energy
Table of Variables
Mass = 145 g  0.145 kg
Velocity = 35.8 m/s
Select the equation and solve:
KE = ½ m v2
KE = ½ (0.145 kg)(35.8 m/s)2
KE = ½ (0.145 kg)(1281.54 m/s/s)
KE = ½ (185.8 kg m/s/s)
KE = 92.9 kg m/s/s, or 92.9 Nm, or 92.9J
Calculate Kinetic Energy
How much KE possessed by
a 68.1 kg female volleyball
player moving downward at
3.2 m/s after a block?
Calculate Kinetic Energy
Table of Variables
 68.18 kg of mass
 -3.2 m/s
Select the equation and solve:
KE = ½ m v2
 KE = ½ (68.18 kg)(-3.2 m/s)2
 KE = ½ (68.18 kg)(10.24 m/s/s)
 KE = ½ (698.16 kg m/s/s)
 KE = 349.08 Nm or J
Calculate Kinetic Energy
Compare KE possessed by:
 a 220 pound (100 kg) running back
moving forward at 4.0 m/s
 a 385 pound (175 kg) lineman moving
forward at 3.75 m/s
Calculate Kinetic Energy
Table of Variables Table of Variables
m = 100 Kg m = 175 kg
v = 4.0 m/s v = 3.75 m/s
Select the equation Select the equation
and solve: and solve:
KE = ½ m v2 KE = ½ m v2
KE = ½ (100 kg)(4.0 KE = ½ (175)(3.75)2
m/s)2 KE = 1230 Nm or J
KE = 800 Nm or J
Potential Energy
Two forms of PE:
Gravitational PE:
energy due to an object’s position
relative to the earth
Strain PE:
due to the deformation of an
object
Gravitational PE
Affected by the object’s
 weight
mg
 elevation (height) above reference point
 ground or some other surface
h
GPE = mgh
Calculate GPE
How much gravitational potential energy
in a 45 kg gymnast when she is 4m
above the mat of the trampoline?

Trampoline mat is 1.25 m


above the ground
Calculate GPE
GPE relative to mat GPE relative to ground
Table of Variables Table of Variables
m = 45 kg m = 45 kg
g = 10 m/s/s g = 10m/s/s
h=4m h = 5.25 m
PE = mgh PE = mgh
PE = 45kg * -9.81 PE = 45kg * -9.81
m/s/s * 4 m m/s/s * 5.25 m
PE = 1765.8 J PE = 2317.6 J
Conversion of KE to GPE and
GPE to KE and KE to GPE and …
Strain Energy
When a fiberglass vaulting pole
bends, strain energy is stored in
the bent pole
Bungee jumping
When a tendon/ligament/muscle is
stretched, strain energy is stored
in the elongated elastin fibers

.
Work - Energy Relationship
The work done by an external force
acting on an object causes a change in
the mechanical energy of the object
Fd  Energy
Fd  KE  PE

Fd  m v f  vi   mg ( r f  ri )
1 2

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