2

The Periodic Table of the Elements

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P60252A0224*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112-116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58-71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90-103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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 Answer ALL questions.

1 This question is about the three states of matter, solid, liquid and gas.
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(a) Solids, liquids and gases can be changed from one state to another.
The box gives the names of some changes of state.

condensing    evaporation    melting    sublimation

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(i) The change from solid to liquid is called ..............................................................................................

(1)
(ii) The change from liquid to gas is called ..............................................................................................
(1)
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(iii) The change from solid to gas is called ..............................................................................................

(1)
(b) Describe the arrangement and the movement of particles in a solid.
(3)

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(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

3
*P60252A0324* Turn over
2 This question is about some elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
(a) The table gives some statements about the reaction of potassium with water.

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Place ticks () in three boxes to show which three statements are correct.
(3)

Statement

potassium reacts more vigorously than sodium when added to water

potassium sinks to the bottom of the water

bubbles of oxygen gas are produced

a lilac flame is seen

potassium moves around

a solution of potassium oxide is formed

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(b) After the reaction of potassium with water is complete, a few drops of universal
indicator are added to the solution formed. The universal indicator turns purple.
(i) Suggest a value for the pH of the solution.
(1)

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(ii) Give the formula of the ion responsible for this pH value.
(1)

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(c) Sodium burns in oxygen to produce sodium oxide.

Complete the equation for this reaction.

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(1)

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Na + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... O2 → ................................ Na2O

(Total for Question 2 = 6 marks)

4
*P60252A0424*
5 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the rate of reaction between
marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid.

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cotton wool

dilute hydrochloric acid

marble chips

balance

(a) During the reaction, the reading on the balance decreases because mass is lost
from the flask.
(i) Explain how using the cotton wool increases the accuracy of this investigation.
(2)

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(ii) Why is mass lost from the flask?

(1)
A acid particles are moving
B gas is given off
C heat energy is produced
D marble chips are dissolving

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10
*P60252A01024*
 (b) This is the equation for the reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid.
Complete the equation by adding the state symbols.
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(2)

CaCO3 (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + 2HCl (. . . . . . . . . . . . ........ ) → CaCl2 (.................... ) + H2O (.................... ) + CO2 (........ . . . . . . . . . . . . )

(c) The student uses large marble chips in the investigation.

This is a graph of his results.

Mass loss
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Time

The student repeats the experiment using the same total mass of smaller marble chips.
On the graph, draw the curve that would be obtained.
[assume the marble chips are in excess]
(2)
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*P60252A01124* Turn over
 (d) The rate of this reaction can be altered by increasing the temperature or by
increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid.

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(i) Explain, using the particle collision theory, how increasing the concentration
of the hydrochloric acid would affect the rate of this reaction.
(3)

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(ii) Explain, using the particle collision theory, how increasing the temperature

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would affect the rate of this reaction.

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(3)

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(Total for Question 5 = 13 marks)

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12
*P60252A01224*
6 Poly(chloroethene) is a polymer.
It is made from its monomer, chloroethene.

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(a) Chloroethene has the percentage composition by mass

C = 38.4%    H = 4.8%    Cl = 56.8%

Show, by calculation, that the empirical formula of chloroethene is C2H3Cl
(3)

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(b) The molecular formula of chloroethene is also C2H3Cl
Chloroethene can be prepared by a two‑stage process.
In stage 1, ethene reacts with chlorine in the presence of an iron(III) chloride
catalyst to form dichloroethane.
The reaction is exothermic.

C2H4 + Cl2 → C2H4Cl2

(i) Give the formula of iron(III) chloride.
(1)

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(ii) State the purpose of using a catalyst.

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(1)

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(iii) State the meaning of the term exothermic.

(1)

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14
*P60252A01424*
 (iv) What type of reaction occurs in stage 1 between ethene and chlorine?
(1)
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A addition
B displacement
C neutralisation
D substitution

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(Total for Question 6 = 13 marks)

15
*P60252A01524* Turn over
7 A student makes some magnesium nitrate crystals from magnesium oxide and
dilute nitric acid.

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The equation for the reaction is
MgO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)
(a) (i) Give the formula of each ion in magnesium nitrate.
(2)

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(ii) A student has a beaker containing dilute nitric acid.

Describe a method that she could use to prepare a pure, dry sample of
magnesium nitrate crystals from magnesium oxide.
(6)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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*P60252A01624*
 (b) Magnesium nitrate crystals contain water of crystallisation with the formula
Mg(NO3)2.6H2O
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(i) Show by calculation that the relative formula mass of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O is 256.
(1)

(ii) Show that the maximum mass of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O that could be made from
0.050 mol of nitric acid is about 6 g.
(3)
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(iii) The actual mass of crystals that the student obtains is 4.8 g.
Calculate the percentage yield of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O in this experiment.
(2)
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percentage yield = ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(Total for Question 7 = 14 marks)

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*P60252A01724* Turn over
8 A student investigates the neutralisation reaction between sodium hydroxide and nitric acid.
This is her method.

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• pour 20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution into a polystyrene cup
• record the temperature of the sodium hydroxide solution
• add 5 cm3 of dilute nitric acid to the cup
• stir the mixture and record the highest temperature reached
• add further 5 cm3 portions of dilute nitric acid, recording the highest
temperature reached each time, until a total of 40 cm3 of acid has been added

(a) (i) Give a word equation for this neutralisation reaction.

(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain why a polystyrene cup is used rather than a beaker.

(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Give a safety precaution that the student should take when using
sodium hydroxide solution.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) The table shows the student’s results.

Total volume of acid in cm3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Temperature of
20.5 22.5 24.4 26.4 28.5 28.3 27.5 26.7 26.0
reaction mixture in oC

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*P60252A01824*
 (i) Plot the results on the grid.
Draw a straight line of best fit through the first five points and another
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straight line of best fit through the last four points.

Make sure that the two lines cross.
(3)

30

Temperature of
reaction mixture 25
in °C
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20
0 10 20 30 40
Total volume of acid in cm3

(ii) The point where the lines cross shows

• the volume of acid needed to exactly neutralise the alkali
• the maximum temperature reached
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Use your graph to determine these values.

(2)

volume of acid = ............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

maximum temperature = ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C

(Total for Question 8 = 9 marks)

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*P60252A01924* Turn over
10 A student investigates the reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulfate solution.
The equation for the reaction is

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Zn + CuSO4 → Cu + ZnSO4
This is his method.
• add exactly 25.0 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution to a polystyrene cup
• record the temperature of the solution
• add about 5 g of zinc powder (an excess) and stir the mixture
• record the highest temperature reached

(a) (i) Suggest why it is not important to add an exact mass of zinc powder.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) State the colour change of the solution.
(2)

from ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ to .......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The table shows the student’s results

volume of copper(II) sulfate solution in cm3 25.0

initial temperature of copper(II) sulfate solution in °C 19.0

final temperature of solution in °C 31.5

(i) Show that the heat energy change (Q) is about 1300 J.
[for the solution, c = 4.18 J/g/°C]

cm3 of solution = 1.00 g]

[mass of 1.00 

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(3)

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*P60252A02224*
 (ii) The mass of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) used to make 25.0 cm3 of
solution is 2.00 g.
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Calculate the amount, in moles, of CuSO4 in 2.00 g.

[Mr of CuSO4 = 159.5]
(1)

amount of CuSO4 = ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(iii) Calculate the value of the enthalpy change (ΔH), in kilojoules per mole, for the
reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulfate.
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Include a sign in your answer.

(3)

ΔH = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(Total for Question 10 = 10 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 110 MARKS

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*P60252A02324*