SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What is the difference between average velocity and instantaneous velocity?

2. What is the different between uniform and variable velocity? ( 2 times)
3. State Newton’s first and second law of motion?
4. Why Newton’s first law of motion is known as law of inertia?
5. Define momentum and write down its unit? ( 2times)
r pr
6. Show that F  Or show that the rate of changes of momentum is equal to force. Or Find the changes in the
t
momentum of an object subjective force for a given time? ( 7times)
7. State law of motion in terms of momentum? ( 2times)
8. Define elastic and inelastic collisions. ( 2times)
9. What is the change in total energy during elastic or inelastic collision?
10. State the law of conservation of linear momentum?
11. Find the velocity of a heavy body when it elastically collides with a station light body?
12. Find the value of v1 and v2 after elastic collision of light body with massive body at rest?
13. Define impulse and show that how it is related to linear momentum. ( 16imes)
14. Define impulse and derive its dimensions?
15. What are the factors upon which force due to water flow depends?
16. Define ballistics flight and ballistic trajectory?
17. At what point or point in its path does a projectile have its minimum speed, its maximum speed? ( 14times)
18. What is projectile motion? In what direction acceleration is zero in this motions?
r r
19. Explain the circumstance in which the velocity v and acceleration a of a car are: i) parallel ii) Anti parallel ( 9times)
20. Can the velocity of an object reverse the direction when acceleration is constants? If so, give an example.
21. An object is thrown vertically upward. Discuss the sign of acceleration due to gravity, relative to velocity, while the
object is in air? ( 8times)
22. When a body is dropped from a height 4m, calculate its velocity?
23. Motion with constant velocity is a special case of motion with constant acceleration. In this statement true?
r r
24. Explain circumstance in which acceleration a and v of a car?
25. Show that the range of projectile is maximum when it is thrown at an angle of 45o with the horizontal? ( 8times)
26. Derive expression for the range of projectile? ( 2times)
r r
27. Explain the circumstance in which the velocity v and acceleration a of a car are perpendicular to one another? ( 7times)
28. An athlete wishes to generate a long jump. At what angle he should jump?
29. Why a safely helmet of a motor cycle’s is padded? ( 3times)
30. A body is projected with the speed of 20 ms-1 with the angle θ=45o. Find the horizontal range?
31. Under what condition, the instantaneous and average velocities of a moving object become equal?
32. Discuss the sign of acceleration due to gravity relative to velocity, while the object is in air?
33. What is meant by instantaneous acceleration? Write is formula.
34. Define inertia and non-inertia frame of reference?
35. What is the effect on the speed of a fighter plane chasing another when it opens the fire? What happens to the speed of
pursued plane when it returns the fire?
36. What is ballistic missile? Define ballistic trajectory.
37. A 1500kg car has its velocity reduced from 20 ms-1 to 15 ms-1. In 3.0s. How large was the retarding force? ( 2times)
38. What is meant by projectile motion? Derive an expression for time of flight?
r r r r
39. Explain the circumstance in which velocity v and acceleration a of a car are (i) Antiparallel (ii) a = 0 but v ≠0.
40. Define and drive the formula of range of projectile?
41. State and explain Newton’s second law of motion? ( 2times)
42. Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collision? ( 3times)
Or Explain the difference between elastic and inelastic collision. Also give an example of each. (2times)
Or Explain the difference between Elastic and inelastic Collision. Explain how would a bouncing ball behave in each case?
43. Write solid reason for loss of kinetic energy in an inelastic collision?
44. How would you find the momentum of an explosive force? Explain with one example?
45. Find the relation for force due to water flow?
46. What is a Ballistic Fight?
47. Does a moving object have impulse?
48. How is the distance calculated from velocity time graph?
49. State Newton’s third law of motion and give at least two example?
50. Differentiate between distance and displacement?
51. Define time of flight and range of a projectile?

SHORT ANSWERS
1. Average velocity: The ratio between the total displacement and the total time taken by the body is called average
r
velocity. v av  d
t
r
lim d
Instantaneous velocity: Velocity at any instant of time is called instantaneous velocity. v av 
t  0 t
2. Uniform velocity: A body is said to have a variable velocity if it covers unequal displacement in equal intervals of
time.
3. Newton’s 1st law of motion: A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body moving with uniform velocity will
continue to do so, unless acted upon by some unbalanced external force.
Newton’s 2nd law of motion: A force applied on a body produce acceleration in its own direction. The acceleration
v r
produced varies directly with the applied force and inversely with the mass of the body. F  ma
4. Newton’s first law of motion is a body at rest and a body moving with uniform velocity will continue to do so
unless acted upon the by some unbalanced external force. It is based on mass and inertia is the quantitative measure
of an object’s mass. So Newton’s first law of motion is also known as law of inertia.
5. The product of mass and velocity of an object is called the linear momentum. It is a vector quantity. The SI unit of
momentum is kilogram per second (Kgms-1). It can also expressed as newton second. (NS).
6. Since acceleration is
r r r
v v vf  vi
a 
t t
And Newton’s 2nd law of motion is
r
F  ma
r
r F
a
m

Comparing gives
r r
F v f  vi

m t
r m (v f  v i )
F
t
r mv f  vi
F
t
r Pf  Pt
F
t
r
r P
F
t
Hence proved
7. Law of motion in terms of momentum can be stated as “The time rate change of momentum of a body is equal to the
r
r 
applied force. F
t
8. Elastic collisions: A collision in which the K.E. of the system is conserved is called elastic collision.
Inelastic collision: A collision in which the K.E. of the system is not covered is called inelastic collision.
9. The total energy of the system remains covered during both type of collision but in an inelastic collision, some of the
kinetic energy is lost.
10. It states that the total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant. i   f
11. In this case, initial velocity v2 = 0 and m1 >> m2. Under these condition, m2 can be neglected as compared to m1.
m1  m 2 2m2
v1'  v1  v2
m1  m 2 m1  m 2
m1  0 1(0)
v1'  v1  ( 0)
m1  0 m1  0
v1 '  v1
Thus, there will no change in the velocity of massive body, and the lighter body will move in forward direction with
twice the velocity of incident body.
12. In this case, initial velocity v2 = 0 m2 >> m1. Under these condition, m1 can be neglected as compared to m2.
m1  m 2 2m 2
v1'  v1  v2
m1  m 2 m1  m2
0  m2 2m 2
v1'  v1  ( 0)
0  m2 0  m2
v1 '  v1
And
2m1 m  m1
v 2'  v1  2 v2
m1  m 2 m1  m 2
2( 0) m 0
v 2'  v1  2 ( 0)
0  m2 0  m2
v2 '  0
13. When the force is acted on a body for a very short time ∆t, the product of force and time is called impulse.
r r
I  F  t According to the Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of linear momentum is equal to
r
r 
F
t
r
the equal to the applied force. F  t  
r r
I  F  t
v r
I  
Impulse is equal to the change in momentum of the body.
14. When a force is acted on a body for a very short time  t , the product of force and time is called impulse.
r r
I  F  t
Dimensions
 [ I ]  [ F ][t ]
[ I ]  [ MLT  2 ][T ]
[ I ]  [ MLT  21 ]
[ I ]  [ MLT 1 ]
This dimension is same as that of momentum.
15. Force due to water flow depends upon viscosity of the media and velocity of the fluid.
16. The flight in which projectile is given an initial push and is then allowed to move freely due to inertia and under the
action of gravity is called ballistic flight and the path followed by it is called ballistic trajectory.
17. The speed of the projectile is minimum at the maximum height of projectile. It is because of the reason that; at
maximum height the vertical component velocity becomes zero. The speed of the projectile is maximum at the point
of projectile and also before it strikes the ground the vertical component of velocity maximum at these points.
18. It is the two dimensional motion in which the object moves under component acceleration due to gravity. The
acceleration in horizontal direction is zero in projectile motion.
r r
19. Parallel: When the velocity of the car is increasing along a straight line then v and a of the car will be each other.
r r
Anti- Parallel: When the velocity of the car is decreasing along a straight line then v and a of the car will be each other.
20. Yes, the velocity of a body can reverse its direction with constant acceleration. For example: when a body is thrown
vertically upward under the action of gravity the velocity of the object will go on decreasing because force of gravity
is acting downward. When the object reaches the maximum height, its velocity becomes zero, and then the object
reverse its direction of motion and start moving vertically downward. During the whole process, the magnitude of
the acceleration due to gravity remains constant.
21. When the object is thrown vertically upward, it will move against the direction of gravity. The sign of acceleration
due to gravity relative to velocity will be taken negative. When the object is moving downward, the sign of
acceleration due to gravity will be positive.
22. As
v  2 gh
v  2  9.8  4
v  78.4
v  8.85ms 1
23. Yes, this statement is true, when a body moves with constant velocity in straight line, its acceleration is zero. Hence,
the acceleration of the body always remain constant during such motion. As the zero is a constant quantity, therefore
this is a special case of motion.
r r
24. a is zero but v is not zero : When the car is moving in straight line with uniform velocity, then
r r
a is zero but v is not zero .
r r
v is zero but a is not zero : When the brake is applied on a moving car, it shows down and comes to rest due to
r r
negative acceleration in opposite direction. Then v is zero but a is not zero
25. Range of the projectile is given by:
2
vi
R sin 2
g
The horizontal range will be maximum when the factor sin 2θ is maximum. So
sin 2  1
2  sin 1 (1)
2  90 
  45
Hence for the maximum horizontal range, the angle of projectile should be 45o.
26. Since
R  v ix  t
 When v ix the horizontal component of velocity and t is is the time of flight of projectile.
 2v sin  
R  vi   i 
 g 
2
So vi
R 2 sin  cos 
g
2
vi
R sin 2
g
This is the expression for range of projectile.
r
27. When a car moves along circular path, then a will be direction towards center of the circle while its velocity will be
r r
along the tangent. Thus v and a of the car will be perpendicular to each other when it moves on a circular path.
28. Range of the projectile is given by
vi 2
R sin 2
g
The horizontal range will be maximum when the factor sin 2θ is maximum. So

sin 2  1
2  sin 1 (1)
2  90
  45
Hence he should jump at 45o
29. A motor cycle’s safety helmet is padded so as extend the time of collision to prevent serious injury.
30. The horizontal range is given as
2
v
R  i sin 2
g
(20) 2
R sin 2(45)
9 .8
R  40.82 meter
31. For a body moving uniform velocity, its average and instantaneous velocity are equal.
32. When the object is thrown vertically upward, it will move against the direction gravity. The sign of acceleration due
to gravity relative to velocity will be taken negative. When the object is falling downward, it will move along the
direction of gravity. The sign of acceleration due to gravity relative to velocity will be taken positive.
r
v
33. The limiting value of as the time interval ∆t, following the time t, approach zero is called of instantaneous
t
r
lim v
acceleration. Mathematically, ains
 
t  0  t
34. Inertia frame of reference: The frame of reference in which Newton’s first hold is called inertia frame of
reference. It is not an acceleration frame reference. e.g. space ship etc.
Non-inertia of reference: the frame of reference in which Newton’s first law does not hold true is called non-inertia
frame of reference. It is an acceleration frame of reference e.g. space ship etc.
35. When the fighter plane opens fire, its momentum will be in back direction due to reaction force in backward
direction and therefore its speed will decrease. When the pursued plane opens fire in the backward direction, the
momentum act on the plane in forward direction due to reaction and therefore its speed will increase.
36. The missile in which it given an initial push and is then allowed to move freely due to inertia and under the action of
gravity is called ballistic missile and path followed by such a projectile is called ballistic trajectory.
37. Since
mass of car  m  1500kg
initia velocity  vi  20ms 1
time  t  3.0 sec ods
force  F  ?
F  t  mv f  mvi
F  t  m (v f  v i )
m (v f  v i )
F
t
1500(15  20)
F
3
F  2500 N  2.5kN
The negative sign indicates that the force is retarding one.

38. The two dimensional motion under the constant acceleration due to gravity and inertia is called projectile motion.
Examples:
o A football kicked by a player.
o A missile fired from a launching pad.
Time of flight:
The time taken by a body to cover a distance from the projectile to a place where it is just to hit the ground is called
the time of flight.
Since the projectile covers no vertical distance after its total time of flight. So S= h=0. If vi sin θ is the vertical
component of initial velocity, then
1 2
S  vi t  at
2
1 2
0  (vi sin  )t  gt
2
1 2
gt  (vi sin  )t
2
2vi sin 
t
g
39. When velocity of the car is decreasing, its acceleration will be negative and both velocity and acceleration are anti-
parallel. When the car is moving with uniform velocity, its acceleration will be zero but velocity is not zero.
40. Range of the projectile: Maximum distance which a projectile covers in the horizontal direction is called the range
of projectile. If vi cos θ is horizontal component of initial velocity then range of projectile R for the total time of
flight t can be expressed as,
R=vix xt
Putting values, we get
2v sin 
R  vi cos   i
g
v (2 sin  cos  )
R i
g
vi sin 2
R
g
(2 sin  cos   sin 2 )
41. Newton’s 2nd law of motion: A force applied on a body produced acceleration in its own direction. The acceleration
r r
produced varies directly with the applied force and inversely with the mass of the body. Mathematically, F  ma
42. Different between elastic and inelastic collision: In case of elastic collision the K.E. of the system is covered
while in case of inelastic collision the K.E. not covered. But the total linear momentum and the total energy of the
system remains constant in both types of collision.
Behavior of a bouncing ball:
When a hard ball is dropped into a marble floor, it rebounds to very nearly the initial height. It loses neglible amount
of energy in the collision with the floor. Then such collision is approximately an elastic collision. But if the ball is
not able to reach the initial height such as collision with the sand then there is a loss of kinetic energy and such
collision is called inelastic collision.
43. In case of elastic collision the loss of kinetic energy is due to
i. Friction of ball with floor ii. Fraction of ball with air iii. Sound
44. One of the examples of explosive force is the force experienced in firing a bullet of mass m from a rifle of mass M.
Initial momentum is zero, so momentum after fire, if v is the recoil velocity of rifle then final momentum
r r
final momentum  mv  Mv
According to law of conservation of momentum,
Intitail momentum  final momentum
r r
0  Mv  ( mv )
r r
Mv   m v
r
mv
v'  
M
It is the velocity of recoil of rifle, since mass of rifle is very large so recoil velocity is very small.
45. Force due to water flow depends upon viscosity of the media and velocity of fluid.
Initia velocity  v1  v
final velocity  v f  0
r r r r
Change in velocity  v  v f  vi  0  v  v
mass hitting the wall in time t  m
v r r
Change in momentum  p  mv  mv
According to Newton’s second law of motion,
r changein momentum
F
r time
r   mv 
F  
 t 
According to Newton’s third law of motion.
r  mv r
F  
 t 
r mvr
F
t
r  mr
F   v
 t 
46. The flight in which projectile is given an initial push and is then allowed to move freely due to inertia and under the
action of gravity is called ballistic flight and path followed by it is called ballistic trajectory
47. No, when the body is moving with uniform or variable velocity then the force is acting continuously; hence no
impulse is produced because no force acts for short body.
48. Area under the velocity time graph line is equal to the distance covered body.
49. It states that every action has a which is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. An ideal elastic collision and
propulsion of a rocket are two good examples of third law of motion.
50. Displacement: the change in positon of a body from its initial position to final position is called displacement. It
vector quantity denoted by a which tells us how far and in which direction its SI unit is meter.
Distance: the change in position of a body is called distance. It is a scalar quantity denoted by S. A body may cover
without having any displacement. Displacement coincides with distance when a body moves along straight line. Its
SI unit is also meter.
51. Time of flight: Time taken by a projectile to cover a distance from the place projectile to a place where it is just to
2vi sin 
hit the ground is called the time of flight time of flight can be expressed as, t
g
Range of the projectile: Maximum distance which a projectile covers in the horizontal direction is called the range
2vi sin 
of projectile. Range of projectile R for the total time of flight can be expressed as, R
g