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Week 1

This document introduces control systems and their components. It discusses James Watt's centrifugal governor, an early automatic control system. It also describes closed-loop and open-loop control systems, providing examples like an automobile steering system and fluid tank level control. The key components of a general control system are identified as the reference input, controller, actuator, process, sensor and feedback signal.

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Hassan El Sayed
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37 views8 pages

Week 1

This document introduces control systems and their components. It discusses James Watt's centrifugal governor, an early automatic control system. It also describes closed-loop and open-loop control systems, providing examples like an automobile steering system and fluid tank level control. The key components of a general control system are identified as the reference input, controller, actuator, process, sensor and feedback signal.

Uploaded by

Hassan El Sayed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Introduction to Control
Systems
Introduction to Control Systems
• Automatic control has played a vital role in the advance of engineering and
science. Automatic control has become an important and integral part of modern
manufacturing and industrial processes.
• The first significant work in automatic control was James Watt’s centrifugal
governor for speed in the eighteenth century as shown in the following figure

Fig. 1 Speed control system


Introduction to Control Systems
In such system (Speed control system):
• The plant (controlled system) is the engine.
• The controlled variable is the speed of the engine.
• The control signal (the amount of fuel) to be applied to the plant (engine) is
actuating signal.
• An unexpected change in the load is a disturbance.

Types of Control Systems


(a) Closed-loop control system

Feedback control systems are often referred to as closed-loop control system. In such
system, the output signal has a direct effect upon the control action. Figure 2 is an
example of such feedback control system.
Types of Control Systems

Fig. 2 (a) Automobile steering control system

Fig. 2 (b) The driver uses the difference between the actual and the desired direction of
travel to generate a controlled adjustment of the steering wheel
Types of Control Systems

Fig. 2 (c) Typical direction-of- travel response

Manually controlled closed-loop system for regulating the level of fluid in a tank as
shown in Fig. 3.
Types of Control Systems

Fig. 3 A manual control system for regulating the level of fluid in a tank by adjusting the
output valve. The operator views the level of fluid through a port in the side of the tank.

H.W. Draw the block diagram representing the closed-loop system shown in Fig. 3.

Note: The automatic control is used to replace the human in such systems
Types of Control Systems
(b) Open-loop control system

Those systems in which the output has no relation effect on the control action. In
other words, in an open-loop control system the output is neither measured nor fed
back for comparison with the input. A common example of an open-loop control
system is an electric toaster in the kitchen and washing machine.

Control system components

• System, plant or process to be controlled.


• Actuators, convert the control signal to a power signal
• Sensors, provide measurements of the system output.
• Reference input, represents the desired output.
Types of Control Systems
General control system

Disturbance

Reference Controlled Manipulated +


input + Error signal variable
Controller Actuator Process
+
-

Feedback
signal
Sensor

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