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Progress in cold roll bonding of metals

Long Li, Kotobu Nagai & Fuxing Yin

To cite this article: Long Li, Kotobu Nagai & Fuxing Yin (2008) Progress in cold roll
bonding of metals, Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 9:2, 023001, DOI:
10.1088/1468-6996/9/2/023001

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IOP PUBLISHING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (2008) 023001 (11pp) doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/2/023001

TOPICAL REVIEW

Progress in cold roll bonding of metals

Long Li, Kotobu Nagai and Fuxing Yin
Innovative Materials Engineering Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science,
Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
E-mail: [email protected]

Received 13 November 2007

Accepted for publication 11 March 2008
Published 12 June 2008
Online at stacks.iop.org/STAM/9/023001

Abstract
Layered composite materials have become an increasingly interesting topic in industrial
development. Cold roll bonding (CRB), as a solid phase method of bonding same or different
metals by rolling at room temperature, has been widely used in manufacturing large layered
composite sheets and foils. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of a technology using
layered composite materials produced by CRB and discuss the suitability of this technology in
the fabrication of layered composite materials. The effects of process parameters on bonding,
mainly including process and surface preparation conditions, have been analyzed. Bonding
between two sheets can be realized when deformation reduction reaches a threshold value.
However, it is essential to remove surface contamination layers to produce a satisfactory bond
in CRB. It has been suggested that the degreasing and then scratch brushing of surfaces create
a strong bonding between the layers. Bonding mechanisms, in which the film theory is
expressed as the major mechanism in CRB, as well as bonding theoretical models, have also
been reviewed. It has also been showed that it is easy for fcc structure metals to bond
compared with bcc and hcp structure metals. In addition, hardness on bonding same metals
plays an important part in CRB. Applications of composites produced by CRB in industrial
fields are briefly reviewed and possible developments of CRB in the future are also described.

Keywords: cold roll bonding, bond strength, threshold reduction, surface preparation,
bonding mechanism

(Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)

1. Introduction rolling at room temperature [1]. CRB is also referred to cold

pressure welding by rolling [1–6], bonding by cold rolling [7],
Metallic composite materials, as part of a large group of clad sheet by rolling [8], and cold roll bonding [9, 10].
materials, have been used for several decades [1–13]. As CRB can be used on a large number of materials.
modern industries develop further, there is a continuous In addition, materials that cannot be bonded by traditional
increase in the production and use of composite materials. fusion often respond well to cold bonding [2]. CRB causes
Among composite material technologies, the production of bonding by adhesion and this requires the surfaces to
composite sheets by cold roll bonding (CRB) has also be clean and to be an interatomic distance apart [3, 4].
exhibited rapid growth and development in recent years However, surface cleanliness is difficult to achieve without
due to its unique service performance features [2–10]. A a controlled atmosphere [2, 14, 15]. Under industrial or
considerable amount of work has been performed on laboratory conditions without the provision of protective
CRB [1–10] and cold bonding by press, extrusion and environments, complete cleanliness is simply not achievable.
shear [2] commonly used in industries for cold bonding. CRB Therefore, the normal pressure is expected to be sufficiently
is a solid phase operation in which metals may be bonded by large to satisfy bonding. The process parameters affecting the

1468-6996/08/023001+11$30.00 1 © 2008 National Institute for Materials Science Printed in the UK

Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (2008) 023001 Topical Review

bond strength involve the surface preparation and deformation Surface

conditions [4–12, 16], specimen size [6], the storage time preparation Material preparation
between surface preparation and bonding [6], and the time
during which the normal pressure is applied [2].
In comparison with other methods, CRB is simple and Cold roll bonding
can be easily automated. CRB is also considered as one of the
promising methods of bonding materials from foils [17–19].
Rolling is capable of producing the high interfacial pressure Stacking
required to induce strong bonding between components. And/or post-heat
Recently, Tsuji et al [20, 21] have developed an accumulative treatment
roll bonding (ARB) technique, in which a severe plastic
deformation is applied in rolling. In this technique, two sheets
are bonded together in a single rolling pass. By repeating
this process on the same sample, a larger strain accumulation
can be achieved in a composite sample. The evolution of Figure 1. Schematic illustration showing principle of cold roll
bonding (CRB).
microstructures and mechanical properties during ARB at
room temperature was studied for composite sheets or strips,
Tensile direction
including Al [21], Al-based alloy [22], Cu–Ag alloy [23],
Zr-based alloy [24], IF steel [21, 25], Al/Ni [26, 27], and Interface
Al/steel [28], and multilayer foils, including Ti/Al/Nb [29],
Ti/Zr/Ni [30], Ti/Ni [31, 32], Al/Pt [33], Al/Hf [33], and
Cu/Nb [34]. However, interests in ARB are focused on Groove
mechanisms of grain refinement and the effect of strain on
microstructural evolution and there is a little discussion about
how to successfully bond two pieces of metals by rolling.
In this paper, the effects of process parameters on
bonding, including surface preparation, metal hardness,
crystal structure and deformation condition, as well as
Figure 2. Diagram of bond tensile shear test.
bonding mechanisms and theoretical models, are summarized
and analyzed. As a comparison, the successful bonding
by ARB operation has also been summarized for different processes, the composite materials can be further processed by
materials rolled at room temperature. Applications of CRB to any conventional manufacturing processes to required sizes.
the bonding of same or different metals in industrial fields are They can be roll-formed, drawn and joined into a required
specified and possible developments of CRB in the future are component or part. As composite materials can be produced
also described. by roll bonding and further processed in coil form, their
manufacturing has a high productivity and is economically
cost-effective.
2. CRB

The schematic illustration of CRB for the production of 3. Evaluation of bonding quality
layered materials is presented in figure 1. In this process
(figure 1), two or more sheets, plates or strips of metals or There are several methods used for quantifying the bond
alloys are stacked together and then passed through a pair of strength of layered materials, such as tension test, tensile
rolls until an appropriate deformation is achieved to produce shear test [35–38], slide shear test [39], multistep shear
a solid state bonding between the original individual metal test [40], peeling test [16, 39], roller drum peel test [41],
pieces. Before roll bonding, the surfaces to be bonded must be and T-peel test [9, 42]. Also, there are some methods used
properly cleaned and prepared to remove any surface layers for the qualitative evaluation of the bond, such as bend test,
(figure 1) [1, 3, 4, 12]. During bonding, a high reduction in torsion test, impact test and fatigue test [17, 43]. Figure 2
the thickness of the materials (capable of up to 50% or more schematically illustrates the tensile shear test of bimetallic
in a single rolling pass) is achieved under a high pressure at composites, which is the most widely used method for
the roller [6]. The high reduction generates a great amount determining the bond strength.
of heat and creates virgin surfaces on the materials being The qualitative evaluation of the bond is performed
bonded. A bond (normally a mechanical bond) in the layered only to determine the relative bonding quality. Testing the
composite is thus obtained through interfacial mechanical bond strength of thin clad metals is difficult despite the
and atomic affinity between the two metals. In general, an fact that the peeling test has an advantage compared with
annealing treatment is performed after rolling (figure 1) in the other methods for assessing the bond strength [34].
order to increase the bond strength because the annealing Such a difficulty arises because of the number of different
treatment is expected to develop a strong metallurgical bond metal combinations. In addition, it should be noted that the
at the original interface of the metals [18, 21]. After the above bond strength is reduced by the mechanical forces exerted

2
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (2008) 023001 Topical Review

during sample preparation. The American Society of Testing 240

Materials (ASTM) and the American Society of Mechanical 1 Cu–Cu 1

Bond strength (MPa)

Engineering (ASME) have defined a variety of acceptance 200 2 Cu–Ni 2
tests for thick clad metals used in the pressure vessel 3 Cu–Fe 3
industry [44], but these are not applicable to thin materials. 160 4 Cu–Ag 4
Manesh has recently proposed a new method, namely, an 5 Cu–Al
electrical resistivity test, which is used to assess the bonding 120 6 Zn–Zn
quality of Cu/Al [39] and Al/steel [44]. The difference 7 Al–Al 5
80 8 Pb–Pb 7 6
between the experimental and theoretical resistivities may be
9 Sn–Sn
considered as the inherent resistivity of the bond, which would
approach zero for ideal bonding. More details of the resistivity 40 8
test have been described by Manesh [44]. It is also shown 9
that the resistivity test can be used as a nondestructive test for 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
evaluating the bonding quality of Cu/Al [39] and Al/steel [44],
Deformation reduction (%)
and a calibration diagram has been established for the
evaluation of the bonding quality. However, it is the shear Figure 3. Bond strength as function of deformation reduction for
strength of the bond that determines the usefulness of the bonds formed by CRB.
layered composites in subsequent metal forming processes,
such as deep drawing, stretch forming and combining the 4.1. Basic parameters
two metals [25]. Thus, the bond strength mentioned in
this paper is determined by a tensile shear test, unless Although many important factors affect the bonding quality,
for practical purposes, the following can be readily controlled:
otherwise indicated. Kendall [45] addressed several methods
the rolling load, rolling speed, reduction in thickness and
for measuring interface properties using fracture mechanics
shape factor in rolling.
by a cracking test, and much work has also been performed to
calculate and predict the interface properties using the theory
of material mechanics [46–50]. When applied, it will benefit 4.1.1. Rolling conditions. It is obviously impossible for
greatly the development of new bonding processes and the bonding to occur only by placing metal surfaces in contact;
thus, the rolling pressure was regarded as the most important
improvement of bonding evaluation.
parameter [4, 6, 66]. The metals must be pressed together with
a sufficient force to plastically deform and insure large contact
4. Parameters affecting bonding areas [66]. The distribution of normal pressure in the roll
gap has been measured experimentally using a photoelastic
Many research studies on the parameters governing bonding dynamometer [67]. Results for the bond strength as a function
have been carried out to understand the complex nature of of distance from the center of the bond were compared with
those for a normal rolling pressure [6]. It was found that
the bonding mechanisms, and the conditions of the process
increasing pressure up to a certain value increased the bond
have been well defined empirically. It has been reported that
strength, but further increases in pressure had no effect.
the roll bonding of metals is affected by various factors,
Early experiments showed that there was a relationship
such as the amount of deformation [3, 15, 16, 35, 51–53],
between the maximum theoretical bond strength and the
the type of metal under consideration [54], the temperature
percentage reduction [6]. It was found that the maximum
of bonding [8, 55, 56], the amount of enforcement pressure strength did not develop until reduction greatly exceeded the
[57, 58], the time of bonding [6, 41, 57], the metal purity [54], threshold deformation, which is called the threshold reduction
the lattice structure [54], the surface preparation conditions Rt [2–6]. Rt is defined as the minimum percentage reduction
[1–4, 8, 16, 35, 51–53, 57, 59], the geometry of the that consistently results in bonding emerging from the roll
deformation zone (shape factor) [60], the stacking gap [4].
sequence [61], the number of layers [62], the layer Figure 3 shows the bond strength in shear as function
thickness [63, 64] and the type of post-heat treatment [28, of deformation reduction for bonds produced by CRB
41, 59, 65]. The difference in bonding condition leads [6, 57]. It can be found that bonding is not realized until
immediately to expansion and divergence of the technological a certain threshold deformation is reached. Beyond Rt , the
bonding methods. The main problem of this divergence is the bond strength increases rapidly with deformation and then
difficulty in the genera1 analytical description, which is based slightly increases corresponding to the strength of the weaker
mostly on the analysis and synthesis of existing processes metal for different materials [57]. A previous work has also
and on experimental results. A new system model as a type shown that in all cases, the bond strength can reach a base
of classification model is advanced and the technology is or maximum value at about 60–70% deformations, whereas
applied in industries for the production of bars, sheets and Rt for bonding varies from one metal to another. However,
plates [54]. The present article simply classifies parameters bond strengths at very large deformations were difficult to
according to their effects into two groups: basic parameters obtain. Multipass rolling, instead of one-pass rolling, was
and surface conditions. carried out using aluminum and copper [6], and it was found

3
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (2008) 023001 Topical Review

that no bonding could be achieved unless the first pass was chemical compounds remaining after pickling, and adsorbed
sufficient to initiate bonding. A large deformation requires moisture, which inhibit bonding, at least at room temperature.
an enormous rolling force, which often exceeds the load Consequently, the significance of the surface before CRB
capacity of conventional mills. Asymmetrical rolling gives is another important variable factor influencing the bond
distinct indications of the possibility of reducing the load by strength. Different forms and significance levels of surface
cross-shear cold rolling [10]. preparation processes in CRB, including mechanical, thermal
Experiments of different rolling speeds were also carried and chemical treatments, have been extensively investigated
out by Vaidyanath et al [6], and the effect of strain rate on the and discussed [1–4, 53, 70, 71].
deformation of aluminum produced by ARB was studied [68].
Results revealed that lowering the roll speed decreased the 4.2.1. Adsorbed contaminants. The existence of a
threshold reduction [6]. It can be related to, to some extent, the contaminant film would inhibit but would not prevent
insufficient extrusion of virgin metals through cracks resulting bonding and the decrease in bond strength [3, 4, 6, 12]. To
from the fracture of the oxide film or work-hardening layer in determine the importance of adsorbed contaminants, a series
a short time; thus, there was difficulty in bringing two surfaces of tests were performed to relate the baking-out temperature
with large areas into contact. In addition, high speeds can of the surface to the increase in bond strength [3]. Results
result in width changes on the top and in the following parts revealed that the bond strength increased progressively with
of specimens [68]. baking-out temperature with heating in air at temperatures
above 250 ◦ C or above 180 ◦ C in vacuum. The marked
4.1.2. Shape factor in rolling. The geometry of the increase in bond strength brought about by heating suggests
deformation zone or the shape factor in rolling has a great that the major action of good surface preparation is the
effect on bond formation and bond strength [39, 60]. Abbasi removal of layers of adsorbed contaminants. However, baking
et al [39] defined the shape factor as out at a temperature as high as 600 ◦ C did not produce
strong bonds, such as those related to scratch brushing [3].
(2 − r ) h 0
r
h It therefore indicated that there were other significant factors
1= = , (1)
L 2 rR affecting bonding, since heating at 600 ◦ C did not completely
where L is the chordal length of the roll contact arc, h = (h 0 + remove all adsorbed materials.
h f )/2 is the mean thickness of the strip, r = (h 0 − h f )/ h 0 is Johnson and Keller [14] examined the adhesion of
the reduction in thickness, h 0 and h f are respectively the initial small specimens under light loads in an ultrahigh-vacuum
and final thicknesses of the strip, and R is the roller radius. In system, contaminants being removed from the surfaces and
cold rolling, it is possible to provide various shape factors by the pressure being reduced to maintain cleanliness during
changing the parameters. the experiments. When the surfaces were brought together
An investigation of the effect of varying the initial under light loads, many, but not all, metals bonded together.
thickness of aluminum showed that the bond strength Sherwood and Milner [15] have also investigated the effect
decreased with increasing initial thickness. However, it was of vacuum machining on the cold bonding of some metals
found that the strength increased until the width/thickness and found that the threshold deformation required for bonding
ratio attained a value of about 6, and thereafter, the strength decreases practically to zero when the surface contamination
remained constant [6]. Another investigation [69] showed decreases below a critical level with aluminum, copper,
that a large width/thickness ratio produced a small interfacial cadmium and nickel. The threshold deformation for the
extension for a given overall deformation, and bonding was bonding of harder metals, such as iron and titanium, also
more difficult. Results for the impact behavior of composites markedly decreases, but not to zero.
indicate that the impact energy increases with the number
of layers [62]. Also, it can be concluded that the impact 4.2.2. Oxide films. Composites of aluminum, copper, lead
energy of the composite is more sensitive to the number and tin were rolled after scratch brushing the surfaces and
of layers than to the adhesive composition. In addition, the being exposed to the atmosphere for periods of 2 min to
crack growth resistance of the layered materials is related 10 days [6]. The resulting bond strengths were found to
to the layer thickness to some degree [63]. The effects of decrease markedly with exposure for the first 15 min. Another
layer number and layer dimensions may be related to the investigation [13] also indicated that Rt decreased with
features of materials to be bonded and the stress or strain state; decreasing oxide thickness. It seemed that the decrease in
thus, a strong relationship should be established among the bonding ability was relative to the increase in the thickness of
dimensions of the specimen, rolling parameters and material the oxide film; however, a different investigation has shown
features. that the aluminum surface with a thick anodized layer has in
fact good bonding properties [5].
4.2. Surface conditions From the results of earlier work, it appeared that
the ratio of the hardness of the oxide film to that of
Metal surfaces are typically rough, and when two absolutely the metal might be an important factor determining the
clean surfaces are pressed together, contact is expected. In bonding ability [3]. In a previous investigation, it was
practice, metal surfaces are covered with oxide films and suggested that a weak relationship exists between the hardness
other surface contaminants [1, 3, 4, 11], such as grease, ratio of oxide to metal and the threshold deformation for

4
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (2008) 023001 Topical Review

some non-work-hardening metals [53]. For work-hardening

metals, such as aluminum and copper, there is also a weak 80 Scratch brushing

Bond strength (MPa)

relationship between the hardness ratio and the threshold followed by degreasing
deformation in the case of hardening aluminum and copper
with different amounts of deformation [53]. More extensive 60
Degreasing and then
tests demonstrated that the ratio of film hardness to metal scratch brushing
hardness, in the majority of common metals and alloys, is 40
likely to be an unimportant factor in determining the bond Machined surface
ability [53].
Placing oxide free metals in contact does not result in 20
Electropolished
bonding unless there is also some shear displacement as the
two surfaces come into contact. Gold was selected owing to
0
the complete absence of the oxide film [12]. It was found
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
that, at the pressure where bonding occurred in wire-brushed
specimens, highly polished specimens degreased in acetone Deformation reduction (%)
did not bond. This behavior should be associated with the
Figure 4. Effects of different types of surface preparation on
local deformation. Agers and Singer [69] considered that bonding of aluminum composites [3] (reproduced with permission
the local deformation at the interface is more important than from TWI Ltd).
the macroscopic deformation. It seems that the importance
of the shear displacement, besides increasing the contact area,
is that it destroys the continuity of any adsorbed contaminants,
which may contaminate the surface due to adsorbed air or normal lubrication (µ ≈ 0.11). It was found that the maximum
water vapor. peeling force increased with increasing coefficient of friction.
Moreover, the results showed that at a small deformation and
4.2.3. Surface preparation methods. To produce a satis- a small coefficient of friction, bonding was not successful.
factory bond in CRB, it is essential to remove the layers The results also showed that Rt decreased with increasing
between the surfaces of two metals to be bonded [1, 3, 4, coefficient of friction. Manesh [44] has also studied the effect
12, 71]. These layers are composed of oxides, adsorbed ions of friction on the bond strength of an Al clad steel strip,
(ions of sulfur, phosphor and oxygen), grease, and humidity and the obtained results indicated that the bond strength of
and dust particles [44]. A large number of surface preparations the Al clad steel strip increased with an increase in friction
have been investigated [3, 4, 12, 71], which can be classified factor. This is because the mean roll pressure increases with
into three groups [71]: (a) chemical cleaning (b) mechanical increasing coefficient of friction between the outer layers and
cleaning and (c) the establishment of a brittle cover layer. the rolls [57, 58]. However, it should be noted that a large
Figure 4 shows the effects of different types of surface friction typically results in an excessive load and damage to
preparation on bonding of aluminum composites [3]. It was the surface of the work piece.
found that degreasing followed by scratch brushing gave the
best bonding properties. When the procedure was reversed,
Rt was higher and a lower bond strength was obtained, 4.3. Post-heat treatment of CRB
while electropolished surfaces did not bond even with an
approximate 80% deformation. Scratch brushing is not only CRB followed by heat treatments has been carried out
for cleaning but also for providing rough surfaces [8], which for aluminum, copper and steel in the temperature range
provide a greater amount of surface asperities and promote of 50–900 ◦ C depending on the type of metal [73, 74].
a localized shear deformation that breaks unavoidable surface
In all cases, it has been shown that short-time heating at
oxide films during roll bonding, contributing to the bonding of
low temperatures can produce an increase in bond strength
two metals [53]. Consequently, surface roughening by scratch
before the onset of recovery and recrystallization. The degree
brushing greatly improved the bonding quality, reduced the
pressure required to initiate bonding and gave some of the of improvement was marked for bonding achieved with
highest bond strengths. However, it has also been suggested a small deformation, and it was suggested that thermally
that there exists an optimum surface preparation method for activated short-range atomic movements were responsible
a combination of different metals with different properties for producing an improved bond. If the metallic regions are
[35, 72]. For example, semibright and electroless Ni platings only partially bonded, heat treatment will complete bonding.
were optimum for the roll bonding of Al/Al, the electroless If the oxide film is soluble in the metal, the treatment at
Ni plating of Cu/Cu, and the scratch brushing of Al/Cu a sufficiently high temperature will cause complete failure
and Al/steel. of the interface [68]. In addition, brittle phases will be
formed and will grow at the contact interface for some
4.2.4. Lubricant conditions. An investigation on CRB has metals with increasing temperature [65]; thus, an optimum
been carried out under three lubrication conditions [9]: no time-dependent annealing temperature will be determined in
lubrication (µ ≈ 0.15), poor lubrication (µ ≈ 0.13) and the metals, achieving suitable formability and bond strength.

5
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (2008) 023001 Topical Review

5. Bonding mechanisms and theoretical models

5.1. Bonding mechanism

Over the past decades, many attempts have been made to
explain the mechanism of CRB [4, 11, 12, 66, 69, 75, 76].
Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) and others analytical methods have shown that there
are several bonding mechanisms involved in CRB [10–13, 53,
66]. Four theories have been proposed thus far to explain the
mechanism of CRB, i.e. the film theory [4, 10, 12, 16, 54, 77],
energy barrier theory [4, 12], diffusion bonding theory [78]
and recrystallization theory [75].
Vaidyanath et al [6] have expressed that the film
theory is the major mechanism of CRB because of the low
rolling temperature. It has been found that bonding can
be obtained when deformation causes fresh metal surfaces
to be exposed and that the deformation reaches a value
sufficiently large to establish contact bonding between two
sheets. The fracture of the work-hardened surface layer Figure 5. Schematic illustration of fracture and extrusion of surface
or oxide film and the extrusion of virgin metals through layer during CRB [1, 4] (reproduced with permission from Maney
Publishing).
the cracks played very important roles in the real contact
between metals. Such a mechanism has been confirmed by
optical and scanning electron microscopies [10–13]. Bay [11] developed for roll bonding [1, 6, 9, 11, 52, 76]. Vaidyanath
suggested two mechanisms, namely, the fracture of the et al [6] have proposed the following equation for predicting
work-hardened surface layer and that of the contaminant the bond strength:
film of oxides and water. Mohamed and Washbush [12] σB
established a basis indicating that the bonding ability was η= = Rf (2 − Rf ), (2)
σ0
attributed to differences in stacking fault energy and hardness
ratio and plastic properties of the oxide. Regarding the where σB is the bond strength, σ0 is the strength of the
energy barrier theory, Parks [75] considered that the barrier base metal, and Rf is the final reduction at the end of the
is recrystallization, because even when clean surfaces were rolling pass. In this model, the bonded area is proportional
brought into contact, no bonding occurred, indicating the to Rf . Subsequently, Wright et al [1] have proposed another
presence of an energy barrier that must be overcome before relationship between the bond efficiency and the rolling
bonding. deformation:
Figure 5 [1, 4] shows the simplified illustration of the
(1 − Rf )2
 
film theory mechanisms suggested by researchers, namely, η = H 1− , (3)
the fracture and extrusion of the work-hardened surface (1 − Rt )2
layer. In fact, the bond strength and mechanical properties where H is the empirical hardening factor and Rt is the
of the composite are generally governed by both the rolling reduction in threshold deformation.
conditions and materials. Previous studies [1–6, 53, 75, 76, On the basis of the oxide and contaminant film
79] on the CRB of metals suggested that the reactions between mechanisms, Bay [11] proposed a theoretical model showing
metal bonds involved a three-stage process of (i) development the basic effects of both surface and normal pressures on the
of physical contact, (ii) activation of the surfaces in contact bond strength, and the equation is:
and (iii) interaction within the materials being bonded. It
is believed that the mechanical bond between the metals σB p − pE Y −Y0 p
= (1 − ψ 2 )Y + ψ2 , (4)
first develops during rolling and then a strong metallurgical σ0 σ0 1 − Y 0 σ0
bond develops at the interface of the metals during CRB or
following the heat treatment. However, the complex interface where ψ is the fraction of the film layer with respect to
formed during rolling after surface preparation is not yet fully the total area, Y the surface exposure of the bond interface
understood. There also exist more difficulties in analyzing the surface, p the normal pressure on base metal surfaces, pE the
process and bonding mechanisms in detail. extrusion pressure, and Y 0 the threshold surface exposure for
the contaminant film.
Recently, Hosseini and Kokabi [9] have developed a
5.2. Bonding theoretical models
new approach for estimating bond efficiency from peel test
Although several hypotheses on the nature of the controlling results for a 5754-aluminum alloy used as the testing material.
parameters have been made and some theoretical models Das and Nafari [80] suggested that the electronic interaction
have been developed for CRB, a quantitative decision is still has an important role in bonding two metals and developed
difficult to make. Thus far, some theoretical models have been a theoretical model using the density functional formalism.

6
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (2008) 023001 Topical Review

Figure 6. Map including different metals for successful cold bonding by rolling and/or by applying pressure and ARB according to lattice
structure and hardness of metals.

However, the general mechanism of bonding during rolling independently of each other, as opposed to coherent break up
is still unclear; thus, there are some difficulties in precisely with the cubic metals, thus inhibiting bonding over a larger
determining the bond strength using theoretical models, extended interface [53]. In addition, the work hardening at
particularly in the case of bonding different metals. the interface possibly becomes pronounced or fracture occurs
elsewhere in the piece for hcp or bcc metals compared with
fcc ones.
6. Discussion

6.1. Cold bonding map of metals 6.2. Hardness and hardness ratio
Figure 6 shows the map including different materials for Figure 7 shows the relationship between hardness and Rt
successful cold bonding by rolling and/or by applying for same metals [6, 53] and figure 8 shows the relationship
pressure [2–6, 12, 57, 68–71, 76, 79, 81–84] and ARB [20–33, between hardness ratio and Rt for different metals during
85] according to the lattice structure and hardness of the metal rolling at room temperature [4, 57]. It should be noted that
at room temperature. the hardness is an approximate value.
From figure 6, it can be found that metals with a Figure 7 indicates that Rt for bonding varies from one
face-centered-cubic (fcc) lattice structure are best suited for metal to another, and it is noted that Rt generally increases
cold bonding, provided that they do not work-harden rapidly. with an increase in hardness for the same materials. Thus,
Aluminum and copper are most easily cold bonded. Other fcc it is necessary to increase the deformation reduction in the
metals that may be cold-bonded readily are gold, silver, and bonding of harder materials. However, the trend disagrees
platinum. Hexagonal metals, namely, magnesium, cadmium with the results of Tylecote et al [53], who showed that
and zirconium, have bonding properties considerably inferior increasing the hardness of a metal by prestraining made
to those of cubic metals, namely, aluminum, copper, iron and small-tool bonding easier. For this reason, the effects of
lead. This is shown by a higher threshold deformation and prestraining on the bond strengths of aluminum and copper
a lower maximum strength. The reason suggested for this is were investigated [6]; it was found that aluminum increasing
that with the hexagonal metals, the two oxide films break up the initial hardness caused no effect, whereas copper made

7
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (2008) 023001 Topical Review

60 mechanisms depend on metallurgic bonding, others depend

Zn on mechanical force and metal bonding. Therefore, more data
Threshold reduction (%)

50 and information are necessary to support the regularity and

Cu further study is needed in the future.
40
Al 7. Applications of composites produced by CRB
30
Tl CRB is applicable to most of the ductile metals and their
20 alloys, such as copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, silver,
Sn
platinum, gold, palladium, and cadmium. Published reports
10 Cd indicate that various methods have been used in bonding same
Bi
Li Pb and different metal combinations for at least 50 years. Layered
0 composite materials have been widely used in industries as
0 10 20 30 40 well as in our daily life.
Hardness (HB) Cold bonding has many advantages over hot roll bonding;
for example, it is carried out at low temperatures, and thus,
Figure 7. Relationship between hardness and Rt for same metals. undesirable phase transformations and/or microstructures can
be avoided. Moreover, it yields good surface quality and is
low cost, which has recently become possible, because of the
60 Cu/Ni new materials that can be made. As it is performed at room
Threshold reduction (%)

50 temperature, there are no thermal effects on the parts being

Cu/Fe bonded, and it is fast, simple and inexpensive to operate.
40 Cu/Al Metallic composite materials can be produced in
plate, strip, foil, tube, rod and wire forms. Traditionally,
Cu/Ag
30 layered composites have provided many solutions in terms
of functionality or cost saving or both. Functionalities
20 provided by different metals can be grouped into structural,
thermal, electrical, magnetic, corrosion resistant, joining
10 and cosmetic applications [87]. For example, in corrosion
resistant applications, layered composite metals can be
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 divided using the following systems [87, 88]. (1) Noble
Hardness ratio of two metals metal system, which is a relatively inexpensive base metal
covered with a corrosion-resistant metal on the surface,
Figure 8. Relationship between hardness ratio and Rt for different for examples, stainless steel/steel, Ni alloy/steel, Pt/steel,
metals. and Au/brass. (2) Corrosion barrier system, which is a
combination of two or more metals to form a barrier
bonding more difficult. Thus, the results of Tylecote et al [53] to prevent perforation galvanically, which otherwise will
were not fundamental to CRB but specific to small-tool occur on each of the metals owing to pitting corrosion,
bonding, which was probably due to the alternation of the for example, low-carbon steel/304 stainless steel for
deformation pattern and/or the bonding area [6]. chloride-ion-containing environment applications, Cu/430
It should be pointed out that the hardness ratio is the value stainless steel/Cu for communication cable shields buried
of high to low hardness in the two different metals in figure 8. in acidic soil. (3) Sacrificial metal system, in which an
Different materials exhibit different ductilities, indicating that active metal (Zn, Al, or Mg) of the galvanic series is
plastic deformation differs in metals during rolling. Only bonded to protect a more noble metal. Al/stainless steel
by increasing the amount of deformation during CRB, the composites are good examples of this system [43, 89].
process can introduce a deformed region into the interior of (4) Diffusion-alloyed system, in which a new alloy surface
the harder material, maximally exposing the fresh metal to is formed by diffusion where such an alloy surface is
potential bonding. Decreasing the hardness or hardness ratio difficult to produce by conventional methods. The FeCrAl
of metals to be bonded can decrease Rt , which is helpful alloy produced by the diffusion annealing of an Al/FeCr/Al
for bonding. However, for different hardness ratios, the composite is a good example of such a system. Finally, a
bonding experiment of metals was only performed between complex multilayer system is used for dual environments or
copper and other metals; thus, the nature of bonding may multiple requirements. The Ti/stainless steel/Ni composite
be not necessary for bonding many other metals. Although sheet used as the bipolar electrode in a fuel cell is one
there are many research studies on the bonds of different such application [87]. The Ni/stainless steel/Cu composite
metals [2, 16–18, 39, 58, 78], hardness data for the tested used for a bottom battery cap is another example, where the
materials have not been indicated in the literature. A previous outer Ni surface layer provides low contact resistance and
investigation [86] indicated that different metal combinations atmospheric corrosion resistance; cosmetic appearance thick
have different interfacial bonding mechanisms: some bonding stainless steel in the core is for strength and deep drawing,

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Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (2008) 023001 Topical Review

Table 1. Some applications of different metals produced by CRB.

Metals Applications Reference
Al/Cu Cooking utensils; roof and wall plate; heat exchangers; [2, 39, 42, 73, 93]
special engraving plates; electrical components
Al/Cu/steel Cookware; roast and bowl for induction heater [90]
Al/Fe Reflectors in electric heaters; automobile silencers [91]
Al/stainless steel Automobile trims [2]
Al/steel/Al In automotive exhaust systems [92, 93]
Ag/Cu Electrical components and appliances [94]
Cu/Fe Bullet jacket [2]
Cu/stainless steel Commutator plate; armature winding wire; cooking utensils [2, 95]
Cu/stainless steel/Cu Communication cable shields buried in acidic soil [88]
Ni/stainless steel/Cu Bottom battery cap [87]
Ti/stainless steel/Ni Bipolar electrode in fuel cell [87]
Ag/Cu/Ag Coin (warm rolled) [96]
Ni/Cu/Ni Coin (warm rolled) [97]
Al/Zn Printing plate for high-speed wrap-around press [98]

perforation corrosion resistance and total low cost, and the produced by CRB, such as drawing quality, compatibility
Cu surface layer provides an electrode contact surface for of deformation and anisotropic property.
electrochemical cell performance [87]. 3. Attention should be paid to the recycling, particularly
Table 1 shows some applications of composites produced for different metal bonds, and lowering of the cost
by CRB. By using composites, such as an Al/Cu plate with of composites, depending on the material design and
80% Al, the weight of building plates is reduced by half requirement.
compared with those of conventional Cu plates [2]. On the
other hand, composites, such as the Al/steel used for an It is believed that the range of CRB applications will
automotive trim, possess good combination of properties; the increase considerably and that the process will be enhanced
steel provides strength and good appearance, whereas the if the threshold deformation can be reduced and the process
aluminum can be easily fabricated and can protect the auto made less sensitive to surface preparation. The use of
body from galvanic corrosion [2, 92]. Mechanical behaviors cross-shear cold rolling (CSCR) has shown the advantage
and formability of multilayer composite materials have been of significantly reducing the rolling load compared with
studied, and mechanisms responsible for many of their unique conventional cold rolling while still ensuring the same
properties have been proposed [89, 99–101]. The evaluation of primary bond strength [10, 102, 103]. In cross-shear roll
the composites would be beneficial for better understanding bonding, two identical work rolls are driven at different
of the deformation mechanism and would greatly promote the peripheral speeds; thereby, a shear zone in the central region
applications of the composites in industrial fields. of the roll gap is established in the latter case. The relative
All metals are surrounded by surface layers (such as sliding at the interface between the two metals is enhanced
oxide layers), which must be disrupted if they are to be at the entrance, whereas the plastic flow of the two metals
bonded. Cold roll bonding, carried out at room temperature, becomes more homogenous at the exit of the roll gap [102].
relies upon the use of high compressive pressures. This The application of the cross-shear roll bonding of an Al–Zn
provides interfacial deformations of 50% to 60% that break alloy to a mild steel was shown to yield a higher bond strength
the oxide layers to expose a fresh, uncontaminated metal that than conventional roll bonding [103]. Improvements of up to
makes contact. However, it is highly specialized with respect 20–23% in bond strength were observed, and the strongest
to design and materials to be bonded. As the bonds are formed bond was obtained at a reduction of 50%, whereas 65% was
in the solid state and are difficult to inspect, reliance must be required in the case of conventional roll bonding [103].
placed on process control. However, there are many gaps to fill
in the knowledge of the fundamentals of cold bonding and it is
8. Conclusions
hoped that an extensive research work should be carried out.
For the development of new methods of production and new In this paper, we provide a brief overview of CRB and its
forms of products, it is necessary to carry out a wide range of applications, and discuss the feasibility of this technology
theoretical and experimental investigations on deformation in in the fabrication of metallic layered-structure interconnects.
rolling. Our general conclusions are as follows: good bonds can be
Currently, there are some problems to be solved and some formed only if there is an intimate contact between metals,
limitations to be overcome to produce composites by CRB. which allows an interatomic attractive force to operate. An
1. There are some difficulties in explaining the mechanism adequate pressure must be applied to provide a sufficient
of CRB and evaluating bond quality by relating deformation so that surface films or contaminants are broken
mechanical properties to interface behaviors. or removed. The scratch brushing of surfaces to be bonded
2. A few research studies or reports are focused on can improve CRB; thus, it may be reasonable to conclude that
the service performance characteristics of composites roughness is one of the important factors affecting bonding.

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Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (2008) 023001 Topical Review

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