Chemistry: The Central Science, 14e (Brown, et al.

)
Chapter 12 Solids and Modern Materials

12.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) A solid has a very high melting point, great hardness, and poor electrical conduction. This is
a(n) ________ solid.
A) ionic
B) molecular
C) metallic
D) covalent network
E) metallic and covalent network
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.1
LO: 12.1
GO: G2

2) All of the following are a type of solid except ________.

A) supercritical
B) ionic
C) molecular
D) covalent network
E) metallic
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.1
LO: 12.1
GO: G2

3) Crystalline solids differ from amorphous solids in that crystalline solids have ________.
A) appreciable intermolecular attractive forces
B) a long-range repeating pattern of atoms, molecules, or ions
C) atoms, molecules, or ions that are close together
D) much larger atoms, molecules, or ions
E) no orderly structure
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.2
LO: 12.2
GO: G2

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4) The unit cell with all sides the same length and all angles equal to 90° that has lattice points
only at the corners is called ________.
A) monoclinic
B) body-centered cubic
C) primitive cubic
D) face-centered cubic
E) spherical cubic
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.2
LO: 12.3, 12.4
GO: G2

5) All of the following can form a solid with a lattice structure similar to that of sodium chloride
except ________.
A) NaF
B) CuBr2
C) LiCl
D) KI
E) MgO
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.2
LO: 12.3, 12.4
GO: G2

6) Consider the following statements about crystalline solids:

(i) Molecules or atoms in molecular solids are held together via ionic bonds.
(ii) Metallic solids have atoms in the points of the crystal lattice.
(iii) Ionic solids have formula units in the point of the crystal lattice.
(iv) Molecules in covalent-network solids are connected via a network of covalent bonds.

Which of the statements is true?

A) (i)
B) (ii)
C) (iii)
D) (iv)
E) none
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.2
LO: 12.3, 12.4
GO: G2

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7) The ________ of light waves upon passing through a narrow slit is called diffraction.
A) diffusion
B) scattering
C) grating
D) adhesion
E) incidence
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.2
LO: 12.2
GO: G2

8) What fraction of the volume of each corner atom is actually within the volume of a face-
centered cubic unit cell?
A) 1
B) 1/2
C) 1/4
D) 1/8
E) 1/16
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

9) What portion of the volume of each atom or ion on the face of a unit cell is actually within the
unit cell?
A) 1/2
B) 1/4
C) 3/4
D) all of it
E) none of it
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

10) A metallic material that is composed of two or more elements is called a(n) ________.
A) homogeneous mixture
B) pure metal
C) nonmetal
D) alloy
E) mineral
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

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11) Which one of the following is a property of most metals?
A) low melting point
B) brittleness
C) high electronegativity
D) thermal conductivity
E) acidic oxides
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

12) All of the following statements about steel are true except ________.
A) it is an alloy of iron
B) it can have different percentages of carbon
C) it is a monomer
D) it can be made so it resists rust
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

13) For a substitutional alloy to form, the two metals combined must have similar ________.
A) ionization potential and electron affinity
B) number of valance electrons and electronegativity
C) reduction potential and size
D) atomic radii and chemical bonding properties
E) band gap and reactivity
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

14) The addition of an interstitial element to a metal ________ the overall hardness and strength
while ________ the ductility.
A) decreases, increasing
B) increases, increasing
C) increases, decreasing
D) decreases, decreasing
E) Adding an interstitial element to a metal has no affect on its properties.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

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15) ________ have properties that depend on the manner in which the solid is formed.
A) Pure metals
B) Heterogeneous alloys
C) Homogeneous alloys
D) Pure alloys
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

16) ________ are examples of homogeneous alloys.

A) Covalent compounds
B) Interstitial compounds
C) Intermetallic compounds
D) Intrametallic compounds
E) Ionic compounds.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

17) ________ generally differ from compounds in that the atomic ratios of the constituent
elements in the former are ________ and may vary over a wide range.
A) Pure metals, fixed
B) Alloys, not fixed
C) Pure metals, not fixed
D) Alloys, fixed
E) Solids, not fixed
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

18) Of the following, ________ may be added to steel to modify its properties.
A) carbon only
B) carbon and nickel
C) nickel only
D) copper only
E) none of the above
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

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19) Metallic solids exhibit all of the following except ________.
A) thermal conductivity
B) brittleness
C) electrical conductivity
D) variable melting point
E) variable hardness
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.4
LO: 12.8
GO: G2

20) Trends in melting points for metals can be explained with the ________.
A) intermolecular model
B) electron-sea model
C) thermal conductivity model
D) covalent bonding model
E) ionic bonding model
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.4
LO: 12.8
GO: G2

21) If the electronic structure of a solid substance consists of a valence band that is completely
filled with electrons and there is a large energy gap to the next set of orbitals, then this substance
will be a(n) ________.
A) alloy
B) insulator
C) conductor
D) semiconductor
E) nonmetal
Answer: B
Diff: 4 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.5
LO: 12.10a, 12.11
GO: G2

22) CsCl crystallizes in a unit cell that contains a Cs+ ion at the center of a cube and a Cl- ion at
each corner. The unit cell of CsCl is ________.
A) close packed
B) body-centered cubic
C) face-centered cubic
D) amorphous
E) primitive cubic
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.5
LO: 12.10a, 12.11
GO: G2

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23) NaCl crystallizes in a face-centered cubic cell. What is the total number of ions (Na+ ions
and Cl- ions) that lie within a unit cell of NaCl?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 6
E) 5
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.5
LO: 12.10a, 12.11
GO: G2

24) KF crystallizes in a face-centered cubic cell. What is the total number of ions (K+ ions and
F- ions) that lie within a unit cell of KF?
A) 2
B) 8
C) 6
D) 5
E) 4
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.5
LO: 12.10a, 12.11
GO: G2

25) CsCl crystallizes in a unit cell that contains the Cs+ ion at the center of a cube that has a Cl-
at each corner. Each unit cell contains ________ Cs+ ion(s) and ________ Cl- ion(s),
respectively.
A) 1, 8
B) 2, 1
C) 1, 1
D) 2, 2
E) 2, 4
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.5
LO: 12.10a, 12.11
GO: G2

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26) The process of ________ can produce an n-type semiconductor, which can greatly increase
intrinsic conductivity.
A) melting
B) fusing
C) doping
D) mixing
E) infusing
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.7
LO: 12.15
GO: G2

27) The ________ for Ge shows it to be a semiconductor, because the gap between the filled
lower and empty higher energy bands is relatively small.
A) molecular-orbital model
B) quantum mechanics model
C) atomic-orbital model
D) valence bond model
E) intermolecular model
Answer: A
Diff: 5 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.7
LO: 12.13
GO: G2

28) How many valence electrons do inorganic compounds contain if they are considered
semiconductors?
A) 2
B) 1
C) 4
D) 5
E) 3
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.7
LO: 12.13
GO: G2

29) Which one of the following is an addition polymer with the same structure as polyethylene
except that one hydrogen on every other carbon is replaced by a benzene ring?
A) polyvinyl alcohol
B) polystyrene
C) polyethylene
D) polyethylene glycol
E) Teflon
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2
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30) All of the following are natural polymers except ________.
A) silk
B) starch
C) nylon
D) protein
E) cellulose
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

31) The empirical formula of an addition polymer ________.

A) is the same as that of the monomer from which it is formed except that 2 H and 1 O have been
subtracted
B) is the same as that of the monomer from which it is formed except that 1 H and 2 O have been
subtracted
C) is the same as that of the monomer from which it is formed except that 2 H and 1 C have been
added
D) is the same as that of the monomer from which it is formed
E) is different than that of the monomer from which it is formed
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

32) An elastomer will fail to regain its original dimensions following a distortion beyond its
________.
A) glass transition
B) phase boundary
C) London force
D) crystallinity
E) elastic limit
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

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33) What happens to a polymer as it becomes more crystalline?
A) its melting point decreases
B) its density decreases
C) its yield stress decreases
D) its stiffness decreases
E) None of the above is correct.
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

34) Natural rubber is too soft and chemically reactive for practical applications. ________ of
natural rubber entails crosslinking reactive polymer chains with sulfur atoms.
A) Addition
B) Conversion
C) Vulcanization
D) Condensation
E) Polymerization
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

35) The formation of a ________ polymer generally involves the elimination of a small
molecule.
A) conversion
B) vulcanization
C) monomeric
D) condensation
E) polymerization
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

36) All of the following are classified as a nanomaterial except ________.

A) carbon nanotubes
B) buckminsterfullerene
C) isoprene
D) graphene
E) All of the above are classified as nanomaterials
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.9
LO: 12.19
GO: G2

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37) The properties of graphene include ________.
A) large thermal conductivity
B) high strength
C) a zero energy gap
D) A and B
E) A, B and C
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.9
LO: 12.20
GO: G2

12.2 Bimodal Questions

1) Molecular solids consist of atoms or molecules held together by ________.

A) dipole-dipole forces only
B) Metallic bonds only
C) London dispersion forces and hydrogen bonds only
D) hydrogen bonds only
E) dipole-dipole forces, London dispersion forces, and/or hydrogen bonds
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.1
LO: 12.1
GO: G2

2) An unknown metal crystallizes in a primitive cubic unit cell. The length of the unit cell edge is
2.85 Å. The radius of the unknown atom is ________ Å.
A) 5.70
B) 1.43
C) 1.85
D) 1.01
E) Insufficient data is given.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3, 12.5
LO: 12.6
GO: G2

3) An unknown metal crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure with a unit cell edge length
of 4.35 Å. The radius of the unknown atom is ________ Å.
A) 1.88
B) 3.77
C) 2.18
D) 8.70
E) 4.35
Answer: A
Diff: 5 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3, 12.5
LO: 12.6
GO: G2
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4) What is the percent gold in a 14 karat gold ring?
A) 86
B) 58
C) 14
D) 42
E) 1.0 × 102
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3, 12.5
LO: 12.6
GO: G2

5) What is the percent gold in a 10 karat gold necklace?

A) 10
B) 58
C) 90
D) 1.0 × 102
E) 42
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3, 12.5
LO: 12.6
GO: G2

6) What is the percent gold in a 24 karat gold bracelet?

A) 100
B) 24
C) 75
D) 25
E) 76
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3, 12.5
LO: 12.6
GO: G2

7) What is the percent gold in a 6 karat gold link?

A) 94
B) 6.0
C) 75
D) 25
E) 1.0 × 102
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3, 12.5
LO: 12.6
GO: G2

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8) Which group of transition metals have the highest melting points?
A) 4B
B) 6B
C) 3B
D) 2B
E) 8B
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.4
LO: 12.8
GO: G2

9) The class of ________ has a diamond crystal structure.

A) molecular semiconductors
B) elemental conductors
C) elemental semiconductors
D) nonmetal semiconductors
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.7
LO: 12.13
GO: G2

10) Blue LEDs are usually made of ________.

A) gallium arsenide
B) gallium phosphide
C) gallium nitride
D) gallium oxide
E) gallium sulfide
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.7
LO: 12.14
GO: G2

11) Which category of plastics is the most difficult to recycle?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 5
E) 7
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

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12) Which category of plastics will generally be the most easily recycled?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

13) When the size of a semiconductor particle or crystal decreases, the band gap energy
________.
A) decreases
B) remains the same
C) increases
D) becomes 1
E) goes to zero
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.9
LO: 12.19
GO: G2

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12.3 Algorithmic Questions

1) Which of the following lattices is one of the five two-dimensional lattices in which the lattice
vectors a and b are equal and the γ angle between them is 90°?
A) hexagonal
B) rectangular
C) square
D) rhombic
E) oblique
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Var: 5 Page Ref: Sec. 12.2
LO: 12.3, 12.4
GO: G2

2) Which of the following lattices is one of the seven primitive three-dimensional lattices in
which the relationship between the lattice vectors a, b, and c can be written as: a ≠ b ≠ c?
A) rhombohedral
B) hexagonal
C) tetragonal
D) monoclinic
E) cubic
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Var: 7 Page Ref: Sec. 12.2
LO: 12.3, 12.4
GO: G2

3) Which statement best describes the classification of Sterling silver?

A) It is pure silver.
B) It is oxidized silver.
C) It is an alloy of silver.
D) It is a mixture of silver and gold.
E) It is a liquid at room temperature.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Var: 5 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

4) All of the following are alloys except ________.

A) sterling silver
B) 14-karat gold
C) ceramic
D) dental amalgam
E) yellow brass
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Var: 50+ Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2
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5) Which of the following can be used as an elemental semiconductor?
A) Au
B) H
C) Ge
D) Li
E) Ne
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Var: 50+ Page Ref: Sec. 12.7
LO: 12.13
GO: G2

6) Which of the following will have a larger band gap: GaN, GaP, GaAs, or GaSb?
A) GaAs
B) GaP
C) GaN
D) GaSb
E) All choices have identical band gaps.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Var: 4 Page Ref: Sec. 12.7
LO: 12.13
GO: G2

7) All of the following are polymers except ________.

A) nylon
B) cellulose
C) bronze
D) starch
E) protein
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Var: 50+ Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

8) Which monomer is polymerized to make natural rubber?

A) urethane
B) ethylene
C) styrene
D) isoprene
E) propylene
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Var: 3 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

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9) Which of the following is an addition polymer?
A) polyethylene terephthalate
B) polyurethane
C) Nylon 6,6
D) polyvinyl chloride
E) polycarbonate
Answer: D
Diff: 4 Var: 4 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

10) Which of the following is a condensation polymer?

A) polyvinyl chloride
B) polyethylene
C) polypropylene
D) Nylon 6,6
E) polystyrene
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Var: 4 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

11) What is the correct abbreviation for the polymer low-density polyethylene?
A) P
B) PP
C) PETE
D) LDPE
E) HDPE
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Var: 6 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

12.4 Short Answer Questions

1) Define a primitive cubic lattice.

Answer: when lattice points occur only at the corners of a unit cell
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.2
LO: 12.3, 12.4
GO: G2

2) Define a body-centered cubic lattice.

Answer: when lattice points occur at the corners and at the center of a unit cell
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.2
LO: 12.3, 12.4
GO: G2

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3) Define a face-centered cubic lattice.
Answer: when lattice points occur at the center of each face, as well as each corner of a unit cell
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.2
LO: 12.3, 12.4
GO: G2

4) What is an alloy?
Answer: a material that contains more than one element and has the characteristic properties of
metals
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

5) A face-centered cubic unit cell contains contains ________ atoms.

Answer: 4
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

6) An unknown metal crystallizes in a body-centered cubic unit cell. There are ________ atoms
of the unknown metal per unit cell.
Answer: 2
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

7) What two primary metals are alloyed to produce bronze?

Answer: copper and tin
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

8) Semiconductors are ________ conductive than metals because of a band gap.

Answer: less
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.7
LO: 12.13
GO: G2

9) What are semiconductors?

Answer: materials characterized by an energy gap between a filled valence band and an empty
conduction band
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.7
LO: 12.13
GO: G2

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10) What is doping in the semiconductor field?
Answer: the process of adding controlled amounts of impurity atoms to a material
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.7
LO: 12.15
GO: G2

11) The dopant atoms in an ________ semiconductor have more electrons than the host material.
Answer: n-type
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.7
LO: 12.15
GO: G2

12) Quantum dots can be found as particles in semiconductors. What is the average diameter of
quantum dots?
Answer: 1-10 nm
Diff: 4 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.9
LO: 12.19
GO: G2

13) What is the chemical formula for the monomer that forms polyethylene?
Answer: H2C=CH2
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

14) What two compounds react to form the polymer Nylon?

Answer: hexamethylen diamine and adipic acid
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

15) When two different monomers combine to form a polymer, the resulting compound is called
a ________.
Answer: copolymer
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

16) HDPE stands for ________.

Answer: high-density polyethylene
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

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17) ________ are solid-state materials that can be made either semiconducting or metallic
without any doping.
Answer: Carbon nanotubes
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.9
LO: 12.20
GO: G2

12.5 True/False Questions

1) The type of solid that is characterized by low melting point, softness, and low electrical
conduction is a molecular solid.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.1
LO: 12.1
GO: G2

2) Many metals are ductile, which means that they can be drawn into thin wires.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.3
LO: 12.5
GO: G2

3) An insulator does not conduct electricity.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec 12.7
LO: 12.13
GO: G2

4) Polyethylene is formed by a condensation reaction.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

5) Vulcanization of natural rubber entails crosslinking reactive polymer chains with sulfur atoms.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

6) Thermoplastics cannot be reshaped.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.8
LO: 12.16, 12.17, 12.18
GO: G2

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