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    S - 2.a Measurement of Distance, Angles, Bearings

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    qet
    This document discusses the measurement of directions and angles. It defines vertical angles as angles formed by two lines intersecting the same two lines and defines the horizon as parallel to the earth's surface and the zenith as perpendicular to the horizon. It also provides sample problems calculating errors in measurements taken using a theodolite and leveling rod at different distances. It further discusses measuring horizontal angles clockwise or counterclockwise, interior angles inside closed polygons, and exterior angles outside closed polygons. Bearings are defined as angles between north/south and a direction, while azimuths are computed clockwise from geographic north. Sample problems calculate distances and back azimuths between stations using bearings and azimuths. Magnetic declination is defined as the angle

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    S - 2.a Measurement of Distance, Angles, Bearings

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    qet
    38 views13 pages
    This document discusses the measurement of directions and angles. It defines vertical angles as angles formed by two lines intersecting the same two lines and defines the horizon as parallel to the earth's surface and the zenith as perpendicular to the horizon. It also provides sample problems calculating errors in measurements taken using a theodolite and leveling rod at different distances. It further discusses measuring horizontal angles clockwise or counterclockwise, interior angles inside closed polygons, and exterior angles outside closed polygons. Bearings are defined as angles between north/south and a direction, while azimuths are computed clockwise from geographic north. Sample problems calculate distances and back azimuths between stations using bearings and azimuths. Magnetic declination is defined as the angle

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    S_2.a Measurement of distance, angles, bearings

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    This document discusses the measurement of directions and angles. It defines vertical angles as angles formed by two lines intersecting the same two lines and defines the horizon as parallel to the earth's surface and the zenith as perpendicular to the horizon. It also provides sample problems calculating errors in measurements taken using a theodolite and leveling rod at different distances. It further discusses measuring horizontal angles clockwise or counterclockwise, interior angles inside closed polygons, and exterior angles outside closed polygons. Bearings are defined as angles between north/south and a direction, while azimuths are computed clockwise from geographic north. Sample problems calculate distances and back azimuths between stations using bearings and azimuths. Magnetic declination is defined as the angle

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views13 pages

    S - 2.a Measurement of Distance, Angles, Bearings

    Uploaded by

    qet
    This document discusses the measurement of directions and angles. It defines vertical angles as angles formed by two lines intersecting the same two lines and defines the horizon as parallel to the earth's surface and the zenith as perpendicular to the horizon. It also provides sample problems calculating errors in measurements taken using a theodolite and leveling rod at different distances. It further discusses measuring horizontal angles clockwise or counterclockwise, interior angles inside closed polygons, and exterior angles outside closed polygons. Bearings are defined as angles between north/south and a direction, while azimuths are computed clockwise from geographic north. Sample problems calculate distances and back azimuths between stations using bearings and azimuths. Magnetic declination is defined as the angle

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    Module 2: Measurement of Directions & Angles

    Prepared by: Engr. Adrian D. Viloria


    TOPIC: Measurement of Directions & Angles
    Measurement of Directions & Angles

    Vertical Angles
    • Horizon is parallel to the earth surface, and
    • zenith is perpendicular to the horizon
    Measurement of Directions & Angles

    Sample Problems
    A level rod is situated 10 m away from the station A, in which a theodolite was set up. Assuming that the line of
    sight of the theodolite is 0.12° below the horizontal line, determine the error in the measurement. If the reading
    taken on the levelling rod was 1.53 m, determine the correct reading. If the levelling rod is transferred 15 m away
    from the station A, and that the theodolite is still not properly aligned, determine the new error, and reading taken
    by the instrument.
    Ans: 2.09 cm
    1.5509 m
    3.135 cm
    1.5196 m
    Measurement of Directions & Angles

    Horizontal Angles
    Angle can be measured
    • clockwise (angle to the right) or
    • counterclockwise (angle to the left).
    • Interior angle is measured inside closed polygon,
    • exterior angle is measured outside close polygon.
    • Sum of interior and exterior angle is 360°
    TOPIC: Bearing and Azimuth
    Bearing and Azimuth

    Bearing
    • a bearing is the clockwise or counterclockwise angle between north or
    south and a direction.
    Bearing and Azimuth

    Bearing
    • Azimuths are computed clockwise from geographic north..
    Bearing and Azimuth

    Sample Problems
    • Station B is located N45°E of Station A. Station C is located at a forward azimuth of 110°
    from Station B. If the distance between Stations A and B is 95 m, and the distance
    between Stations B and C is 130 m, determine the distance between Stations A and C.
    Express your answer as a back azimuth AC.
    TOPIC: Magnetic Declination
    Magnetic Declination

    Magnetic Declination
    • The Earth acts like a large spherical magnet: it is surrounded by a magnetic field that changes with
    time and location.
    • sometimes called magnetic variation, is the angle between magnetic north and true north.
    • Declination is positive east of true north and negative when west.
    • True north is a fixed point on the globe. Magnetic north is the direction that a compass needle
    points to as it aligns with the Earth’s magnetic field.
    Magnetic Declination

    Sample Problems
    In 1955, the magnetic bearing of a line was N25°45’W. The declination of the needle was
    1°28’E. Annual variation is 5’E.
    TN

    Determine the declination of the needle in 1968.


    Answer: 2°33’E

    Determine the magnetic bearing of the line in 1968.


    E
    Answer: N26°50’W
    Magnetic Declination

    Sample Problems
    A line has a magnetic bearing of S 43°55’E when the declination was 1°15’W. What is the
    true bearing of the line if a local attraction is 2°45’ to the east of the vicinity?
    TN

    Answer: S 42°25’E

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