ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION, INC.

V.V. Soliven Ave. II, Cainta, Rizal

THE TEACHING
PROFESSION
PROFED01 (INTEGRATION 01)

Name: Jalil, Ainah M

CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT

A.The Child and Adolescent Learner Childhood

Childhood is defines as a time for a boy or girl from birth until he or she is an adult. It is
more circumscribed period of time from infancy to the onset of puberty. The
Convention of the Rights if the child defines as “every human being below the age of
18years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier”.
Adolescence- According to Stuwart Judge, a noted educator and psychologist,
adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood . although
sometimes described as beginning in parallel with fertility or puberty and ending with
maturity and independence, adolescence has a very variable and imprecise duration.
B. Physical and Motor Development
a. Physical and Motor Development
- Infants need to learn how to move and to use their bodies to perform various tasks,
a process better known as motor development. Initially, babies movement are
simply the uncontrolled, reflexive movements are simply the uncontrolled, reflexive
movements they they are born with, over time,they learn to move their body parts
voluntarily to perform both gross and fine motor skills.
- The sucking reflex allow babies to drink milk and nourish themselves in the days of
life.
- The Moro response is another reflexthat is present during the first 6 months of life,
but doesn’t seem to have a purpose in modern life.
- The final reflex is Tonic Neck. During the first four months when babies liwe awake
on their backs with their heads facing to one side, they will extend the arm on the
side of their body that their facing and reflex the other arm at an angle, in a position
that resembles a fencing pose.
- between ages 2 and 3 years, young children stop “toddling”or using the awkward,
wide legged robort like stance that is the hallmark of new walkers.
- Children who are 3 to 4 years old cacn clomb up stairs using a method of
bringingboth feet together on each step before proceeding to the next step.
- by ages 4 to 5, children can go up and down the stairs alone in adult fashion. Their
running continues to smooth out and increase in speed. Children of this age can
also skip and add spinto their throws.
- During ages 5 t0 6, young children continue to refine easier skills. They’re running
even faster and can start to ride bicycles with training wheels for added stability.
b. Brain development
- the bran’s ability to change from experience is known as Plasticity. The human brain
is specially plastic early in life, which is why the “nurture” part of the equation is so
important.
- As a child’s brain develops. It goes through several critical periods, as a
developmental phase in which the brain requires certain environmental input or it
will not develop normally.
Early Milestone in Brain Growth
- 4 months: the infant’s brain responds to every sound produced in all the languages
of the world
- 8 to 9 months: Babies can form specific memories from their experiences, such as
how to push a ball to make it roll.
- 10 months: Babies can now distinguish and even produce the sounds of their own
language( such as “da da”) no longer pay attention to the sounds of language that
are foreign.
- 12 months : Babies whose parents say, for example “ Lookie at the Doggie “ will go
to the appropriate picture of a dog in a picture book mopre often than those babies
who are talked to normal.
- 12 to 18 months: Babies can keep in memory something that has been hidden and
find it again, even it has completely covered up.
- 24 months: Preschool children now clear picture in the mind of people who are dear
to them, and the get upset when separated from these people (even their peers)
- 30 months: Preschool children can hold in mind a whole sequence of spatial maps
and know where things are in their environment.
- 36 months: A preschool child can now two different emotions in his mind at the
same time, such as being sad that he spilled ice cream on his cloths but glad that
he’s at birthday party .
 CHAPTER 2: FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT
Nature and nurture both contribute to the growth and development of children.
Although what’s endowed by nature is constant, nurture tends to make a big difference
too. Here are a few factors affecting children’s growth and development.

1. Heredity
Heredity is the transmission of physical characteristics from parents to children through
their genes. It influences all aspects of physical appearance such as height, weight,
body structure, the colour of the eye, the texture of the hair, and even intelligence and
aptitudes. Diseases and conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, etc., can
also be passed through genes, thereby affecting the growth and development of the
child adversely. However, environmental factors and nurturing can bring the best out
of the already present qualities in the genes.

2. Environment

The environment plays a critical role in the development of children and it represents
the sum total of physical and psychological stimulation the child receives. Some of the
environmental factors influencing early childhood development involve the physical
surroundings and geographical conditions of the place the child lives in, as well his
social environment and relationships with family and peers. It is easy to understand
that a well-nurtured child does better than a deprived one; the environment children
are constantly immersed in contributes to this. A good school and a loving family
builds in children strong social and interpersonal skills, which will enable them to excel
in other areas such as academics and extracurricular activities. This will, of course, be
different for children who are raised in stressful environments.

3. Sex

The sex of the child is another major factor affecting the physical growth and
development of a child. Boys and girls grow in different especially nearing puberty.
Boys tend to be taller and physically stronger than girls. However, girls tend to mature
faster during adolescence, while boys nature over a longer period of time.

4. Exercise and Health

The word exercise here does not mean physical exercise as a discipline or children
deliberately engaging in physical activities knowing it would help them grow.
5. Hormones
Hormones belong to the endocrine system and influence the various functions of our
bodies. They are produced by different glands that are situated in specific parts of the
body to secrete hormones that control the body functions.
6. Nutrition
Nutrition is a critical factor in growth as everything the body needs to build and repair
itself comes from the food we eat. Malnutrition can cause deficiency diseases that
adversely affect the growth and development of children.
7.Familial Influence
Families have the most profound impact in nurturing a child and determining the ways
in which they develop psychologically and socially.
8.Geographical influences
Where you live also has a great influence on how your children turn out to be , the
schools they attend the neighbourhood they live in, the opportunities offered by the
community and the peer circles are some of the political factors affecting a child’s
development.

9. Socio-Economic status
The socio-economic status of a family determines the equality of the opportunity a
child’s gets. Studying in better schools that are more expensive definitely has benefits
in the long run.

10. Learning and Reinforcement

Learning involves much more than schooling. It is also concerned with building the child
up mentally, intellectually, emotionally, and socially so they operate as healthy
functional individual in the society