ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY THE PEOPLE OF

VILLAGE SHISHKAT GOJAL (1), HUNZA

BY
KHURSHEED BANO

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN
2022

1
ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY THE PEOPLE OF
VILLAGE SHISHKAT GOJAL (1), HUNZA

Master of Science
In
Botany

BY
KHURSHEED BANO

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN
2022

2
ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY THE PEOPLE OF
VILLAGE SHISHKAT GOJAL (1), HUNZA

The memoir capitulated in the sectional accomplishment of the requirement for the Postgraduate
degree of Science in Botany

BY
KHURSHEED BANO

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN
2022

3
 PANEL OF EXAMINERS
This is authenticate that this memoir tagged“Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants used
by the People of Village Shishkat Gojal (1), Hunza” compiled by Khursheed Bano in its
existing form is approved by the Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Islamabad,
Pakistan as rewarding the memoir fundamental for the degree of M.Sc. in Botany.

Research Supervisor: _______________

Dr. Sobia Kanwal
(Lecturer)

Head of Department: _______________

Dr. Hina Fatima
(Assistant Professor)

Program Coordinator: ______________

Dr. Muhammad Waseem
(Assistant Professor)

EXAMINERS: ______________

______________

Dated ______________

4
 DEDICATION

I devote this diligent toil to

My dearly loved children Fahad Karim and Fariba Karim
My big heart and caring husband Shahid Karim.

5
 Acknowledgements
Utmost praises and thanks to Allah Almighty who is the King of kings and King of this
Universe, for his showers of Blessings upon me throughout my research work to compile my
project successfully.

I owe a debt of gratitude and special acknowledgement to Dr. Hina Fatima, Head of Department
of Biology and Environmental Science, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, for providing
me the opportunity to do research and all possible facilities on the right time to complete my all
project work and thesis. I am greatly obliged to my supervisor Dr. Sobia Kanwal Professor,
Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, for taking pain in supporting and motivating me for
compilation of this thesis in presentable form. Her guidance and valuable suggestions give me
effort in all the time of research and writing up of this thesis. I am deeply inspired and find her a
best mentor for my research task.

I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to botanists, research workers,
professionals and publishers for providing valuable information.

My completion of this thesis could not have been accomplished without the moral, emotional
and financial support of my caring and loving husband, Shahid Karim. My heartfelt thanks for
allowing me time away from your busy routine. Your encouragement laid a pavement for me to
reach this level.

The generosity and expertise of my sincere friend Gul Karima have improved this research in
innumerable ways and saved me from many errors, those that inevitably remain are entirely my
own responsibility.

Lastly I am paying my gratefulness to my sister Nazia Mashroof for her assistance in every
stage, to bring this research into fruition.

6
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No CHAPTER Page. No
LIST OF FIGURES 9
LIST OF TABLES 9
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10
ABSTRACT 11

1. INTRODUCTION 12
1.1. Historical background of Ethnobotany 12
1.2. Ethnomedicinal Uses of Plants 13
1.3. Ethnoveterinary Uses of Plants 14
1.4. Objectives of the study 15

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 16

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 21

3.1. Study Area 21
3.2. Field Work 21
3.3. Major threats to Medicinal Plants 23
3.4. Documentation of Ethnobotanical Information 23

4. RESULTS 24

5. DISCUSSION 51
5.1. Conclusion 51
5.2. Recommendations 51

6. REFERENCES 52

7
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure. No Figure Showing Page No.
3.1 Map of Village Shishkat, Gojal, Hunza 22

4.1 Life form of the medicinal Plants of Village Shishkat 26

4.2 Number of different plant families use by people of Village Shishkat. 26

4.3 Plant parts used by the people of Village Shishkat. 27

4.4 No of plants for treatment of disease by people of Village Shishkat. 27

LIST OF TABLES
Table TOPIC Page
No. No.

4.1 Ethnobotanical Inventory of the explored flora of Village Shishkat Gojal (1), Hunza. 28

4.2 List of Plants used as medicine by the people of Village Shishkat Gojal (1), Hunza. 42

8
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/SIGN

S.No. Serial Number

GB Gilgit-Baltistan

WHO World Health Organization

ICS Index of Cultural Significance

FiC Informant Consensus Factor

FL Fidelity Level

GPS Global Positioning System

M.Sc. Master of Science

Dr. Doctor

N, E North, East

Etc. Et cetera

No. Number

e.g For example

i.e That is

% Percent

º Degrees

9
 ABSTRACT

Shishkat Village of Gojal, Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), Pakistan is gifted with enormous natural
wealth. Among this plant resource is one of the top ranked gifts. Human use this resource to cure
various diseases and to fulfill other basic necessities. This survey was performed to document the
traditional and indigenous uses of medicinal plants by the local people; identify their threats and
issues for conservation and management of this vegetation. Field visits were conducted and data
was gathered on the basis of direct interviews and questionnaires from 64 local people. The
present work documents the therapeutic knowledge of 50 species including both cultivated and
wild ones, belonging to 27 families. Rosacea was the leading family with 8(16%) species
members of the explored area. Herbs (68%) were the dominant plant life form; and most
common part for medicinal use was seeds (34%) that are followed by fruit (14%). The common
names are provided in the locally spoken language "Burushaski"; as the indigenous people
recognize the plant species by the local names. Aged people were found more knowledgeable
than young generation regarding the traditional use of plants as medicine. Medicinal plants of the
surveyed area are under pressure of natural disasters, overgrazing, construction, fuel and climate
change impacts. To provide consciousness and promote indigenous knowledge to the young
generation exploration and research activities should be encouraged.

10
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The term Ethnobotany refers to the field of scientific study of plants in relation to their
use by humans. Thus an ethnobotanist strives to document the local customs involving the
practical uses of native flora for many aspects of life such as food, medicines, clothing and
intoxicants (Father of Ethnobotany; Richard Evans Schultes). That part of ethnoecology which
concerns plants is termed as ethnobotany (Martin, 1995).It is the scientific study of people’s
interaction with plants over time and space. It includes knowledge, uses, beliefs, management,
and classification systems both in modern and traditional societies (Turner, 1996).In the progress
of health care and conservation program in the various parts of the world the ethnobotanical
studies have become immensely valuable (Back, 1996). People gradually abandon the traditional
uses of local plants with modern education, accessibility to modern products and better income
including food and medicine (Hyder et al., 2013). Ethnobotany is the study of how local people
use local traditional knowledge to utilize many parts of plants (Cita and Waluyo, 2021).

1.1 Historical Background of Ethnobotany

The word “Ethnobotany” was first time introduced by Dr. J. W. Harshberger in 1895, at a speech
in urban center to describe his field of survey, which he drawn as a result of the study of “Plants
used by primitive and aboriginal people”. He recommended “Ethnobotany” to be a field that
explains the “culture position of the tribes World Health Organization used the plants for food,
clothing” (Chavda et al., 2022). The use of plant by human is dated back to the existence of man
on earth. Wild plants have always been the matter of extreme concern and have always been
used for their potential of man welfare (Ali et al., 2003). The oldest and perhaps the most varied
of all medicine systems is African traditional medicine. Africa is considered to be the cradle or
mankind rich with a biotic and traditional variety marked regional variance in therapeutic
practices. The systems of medicines are poorly documented and persist so to date unfortunately.
Because of the quick loss of natural habitats of several of plants due to anthropogenic activities
documentation of medicinal uses of African plants is becoming increasingly urgent (Fakim,
2006). Nearly 80%of the country’s inhabitants in general and the people in far-flung areas in

11
specific have been directly reliant on herbal medicines for all types of curative needs since late
50s (Hocking, 1958).

The historic background of Hunza is extent over many centuries. From that period to date the use
of plants is part of the tradition. The people of Hunza use herbs for various purposes such as food
medicine, fodder fuel wood and for making traditional objects. In Pakistan about 6000 flowering
plants have been reported to occur very large numbers of species are found in Northern part of
Pakistan. 10% of all these plants are known to be used for different medicinal purposes
(Shinwari et al., 2002).

1.2 Ethnomedicinal Uses of Plants

In the improvement of human culture medicinal plants have been playing an important role. As a
source of medicine, medicinally essential plants have always been at forefront almost in all
cultures of civilizations (Dar et al., 2017). Plants have formed the foundation of sophisticated
traditional medicinal systems that have been way of life for thousands of years and remain to
provide mankind with new therapies (Fakim, 2006). Among 258,650 species of higher plants
reported from the world; more than 10% are used to cure ailing populations (Shinwari, 2010).
The uses of various medicinal plants in management of infectious diseases containing bacteria
are well known and verified in many cases (Zahin et al., 2010).About 80% people among world
population rely on use of medicinal plants, which solely derives from medicinal plant materials
(WHO, 1993). Pakistan possess a valuable custom of herbal therapeutics, for health associated
problems its rural inhabitants rely on traditional medicine system (Zaman et al., 2013). Out of
around 6000 plant species in Pakistan 600-700 are reported to have medicinally significant.
Among them 456 plant species are used in the preparation of nearly 350 synthetic medicines
(Ahmad and Husain, 2008). Medicinal plants used to treat human disease since remote times
contain compounds of therapeutic values (Nostro et al., 2000). For developing new medicines
based on traditional knowledge of the indigenous people ethnobotanical studies on medicinal
plants are essential (Heinrich and Gibbons, 2001; Mesfin et al., 2009; Vitalini et al., 2013).

Various herbs were used as healing agents from very early times. Herbal remedies are like food
supplements and vitamins. Many of them have been used for centuries to boost up immunity,
combat against infection and reinstate lost vigor. Modern drugs are often meant to work like
“bullets,” depending on extremely sanitized and effective chemicals to achieve specific effects.

12
Their effectiveness is suspect and unproven; few have been as carefully tested as modern
medicines (Lewis III, 2001). World Health Organization (WHO) has also recognized the
significance of traditional medicine and has designed guiding principles, policies,
recommendations and standards for botanical drugs. Agro-industrial technologies need to be
applied for the husbandry, processing of medicinal plants and the production of herbal medicines
(WHO, 1993). The resources of novel medicines are medicinal plants and several modern drugs
are produced indirectly from plants. Medicinal plants are under serious issues of overgrazing by
livestock, fodder, timber and fuel, disasters by Nature. Climatic change will be a serious threat in
near future (Shedayi et al., 2014).

1.3 Ethnoveterinary medicines

Ethno veterinary medicine is the application of indigenous knowledge to treat animal diseases. It
can be defined as an aboriginal animal healthcare scheme that comprises the traditional beliefs,
facts, abilities, procedures and practices of a particular society (McCorkle 1986; Yineger et al.,
2008). Plants having dynamic ingredients are used to cure many diseases in both human and
animal (Shinwari, 2010). Veterinary care and animal welfare is builton ethnomedical veterinary
practices by rural inhabitants even in advanced conturies, mostly when western veterinary
products are too expensive for local farmers or difficult to access those (Nyamanga et al., 2008).
Traditional veterinary medicines provide an inexpensive treatment and ease of access in
comparison with western medicines (Ganesan et al., 2008). As compared to women, men had
better knowledge while female are responsible for family care. And aged males had more
knowledge than young generation therefore, it is essential to document these ethno veterinary
practices for the conservation of such knowledge before its extermination (Tariq et al., 2014).
Veterinary ethnomedicine knowledge is firmly associated to people in work with livestock and to
curing practices. Traditional veterinary medicine appears to be the part of and is originated from
the traditional human medical practices (Martinez and Lujan, 2011).

13
1.4 Objectives of the Study

The current study was conducted in Village Shishkat Gojal (1), Hunza.

The objectives of the current study are to

 Recognize the local plants used as traditional medicine by the people.

 Knowing the indigenous knowledge about plant uses.
 Providing a fundamental study for herbal pharmaceutical industries, researchers and
agencies working on conservation.
 Identifying main threats for the plant resources in the study area for conservation and
management.

14
Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A latest study was investigated by Chavda et al., (2022) to summarize the historical background
of ethnobotany and indigenous culture of India. This paper revealed the Ethnobotanical studies
on association between man and plants, regarding their healthy, religious, indigenous, beliefs and
usages along with its scope with life support species, medicines use, food, rural health,
industries, public customs, conservation methods and energy. Their study focused on
ethnobotany, its introduction, history, significance, approach to ethnobotany, role of ethnobotany
within conservation of vegetation and ethno medicinal of the street seasoning dealers for
medicinal plants. Their research reflected on the historical and newly established ways for
conservation of widespread data on plants employed by ancient therapists and past services by
ancient people.

Earlier another study was conducted by Cita and Waluyo (2021) to explore the therapeutic worth
of medicinal plants used by the people of Sundanese Ethnic at Nyangkewok Hamlet, Kalaparea
Village, Sukabumi District through interview and questionnaire, then all information was
recorded on spot. The information on traditional folklore uses 103 species of medicinal plants
belonging to 42 families. The result indicated that leaf (52.02%) was the part used with
maximum frequency. They used ICS analysis to categorized plants according to their
significance. Spilathes acmella was having lowest ICS value while Zingiber officinale having
highest.

Earlier, another study was carried out by shah et al. (2019) on quantifiable ethnobotanical
knowledge and practices utilizing local plants for various diseases from Namal Valley of
Pakistan. The ethnomedicinal data was collected through semi-structured interviews of 350
informants. They documented 217 taxa belonging to 166 genera and 70 families. Most cited
families were Fabaceae and Asteraceae, life forms were herbs (71%) and the flower was most
extensively used part (34.8%). Their study suggested that the medicinal vegetation of study area

15
that will function as reference line for sustainable operation and conservation, on bio prospecting
of prospective species to develop new medications.

In the same way another study was conducted by Shedayi et al. (2014) on ethno botanical
appraisal and medicinal uses of plants in Ghizer district of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. For this
purpose field visits were conducted also collected data through direct interviews questionnaires
and showing photographs from local communities and herbalists. They consulted different
taxonomists and existing literature particularly following the flora of Pakistan for identification
and nomenclature of the plant species. The results showed that 34 species belonging to 18
families were used as medicine. Regarding uses of these plants, males above 40 years were
found more knowledgeable than females and youngsters. The most common used plant parts as
medicine were leaves. It was concluded that medicinally important plants are under pressure of
deforestation, overgrazing and climate change effects. Thus, they recommended the conservation
of these plants through awareness and promotion of aboriginal knowledge by encouraging
activities.

Moreover another ethno botanical survey was investigated in a Tribal Society of Suleiman Range
by Tariq et al., (2014) which focused to explore the ethno veterinary aspects of medicinal plants
in an unexplored region of Pakistan. They followed methodology which based on interviews of
60 informants using semi-structured questionnaire. The results of this survey showed that a total
of 41plant species, belonging to 30 families were used in ethno- veterinary practices by the
inhabitants. Mostly leaves (47%) were used in the form of decoction to formulate recipes.
Informant consensus factor (Fic) results have shown a high degree of consent for respiratory,
gastrointestinal and reproductive infections. They concluded that Asparagus gracilis has highest
Fidelity level (FL); nomads and aged farmers had more knowledge than young generation.
Therefore they recommended plants with high Fic and FL values could be further investigated
for in vitro and educating youngsters regarding ethno veterinary practices.

Similarly, in 2013 another ethnobotanical survey was conducted by Zaman et al., (2013) in
Tehsil Dagrai, District Malakand, Pakistan. They carried out this survey to explore the medicinal
plants along with their local names and collected data through direct questionnaire. The result
showed that about 40 plant species belonging to 26 families were used as medicinally by
inhabitants of the region. The locals used these medicinal plants for various purposes such as

16
burning, fodder, furniture and timber. Medicinal plants of this region have been clustered under
seven therapeutic classes on the basis of this study.

Another study was conducted by Hyder et al., (2013) in Hunza-Nagar district of Gilgit-Baltistan,
Pakistan on the uses of plants by the indigenous people. All the ethno-botanical information was
obtained by interviewing people in different villages. Their study showed utilization of different
plant species for various purposes. 106 plant species belonging to 92 genera and 46 families were
recorded. Among which 27 were trees, 13 shrubs and 63 were herbs. It was for the first time the
common names were provided in locally spoken language “Burushaski”. It was recommended in
the study that a common name is the key to the treasure of ethno-botanical knowledge; because
this is the tool by which the locals recognize the plant species concerned. They noticed that with
the modernization of society the ethno botanical knowledge available at present must be
documented.

In 2011 an ethnobotanical analysis was carried out by Martines and Lujan, in Argentina, to
categorize the uses of curative plants for traditional veterinary practices. They compared
therapeutic uses of plants in veterinary medicine, with those used in human medication in the
same area. They used the technique by open and semi-structured interviews from 64 informants
and got knowledge on the traditional practices of identification and healing, directing on the
veterinary usages known to plants. The results of this survey presented a total of 127 therapeutic
uses were recorded, consistent to 70 species of plants belonging to 39 families. Indigenous plants
were often used as antiseptics, skin cicatrizants and for curing digestive ailments. Traditional
veterinary knowledge appeared to be related or else is involved in the human ethno medicine,
sharing a collective group of plants. They concluded that knowledge on therapeutic uses of
native plants will permit future proofs and investigations for new homeopathic preparations.

Another study was carried out by Shinwari in 2010, on the status of medicinal plants research in
Pakistan. Among 258,650 species of higher plants reported from the world, more than 10% were
used for treatment of minor or even in certain cases major diseases. Majority of people depend
on medicinal plants to cure both human and animals. The survey indicated that local collectors,
vendors, herbal drug sellers and others play their part to warn the flora of Pakistan. Therefore
this article recommended finding ways to harvest medicinal plants through various conservation
techniques.

17
Similar ethnobotanical survey was performed by Qureshi et al. (2007) in Gilgit District and
surrounding areas of northern Pakistan. This was done to find medicinal plants and recognize
their uses. They aimed to find out distribution of knowledge about medicinal plants between men
and women; whether knowledge is retained or lost. Aged people knew more about medicinal
plants. Their study showed that 27 species were identified as to be used for range of purposes. It
was concluded that there is a need for development of conservation strategies, perspectives and
economic development opportunities.

Similarly, another study was conducted by Fakim, (2006), about the use of plants by man for his
needs in terms of shelter, clothing, food, flavors fragrances and medicines. Their study showed
that plants have formed the basis of traditional medicine system that have been remain for
thousands of years and still provide man with new remedies. Their survey provides an overview
of the classes of molecules present in plants and gives some examples of the kinds of molecules
and metabolites that have led to the development of these pharmacologically active extracts.
Some data was also presented on the use of plant products in the development of functional
foods, addresses the needs for validation of plant extracts and always stress and safety, efficacy
and quality of phyto- medications.

Another ethno botanical research was conducted by Wazir et al. (2004) on the use of medicinal
plants in Chapursan Valley, District Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. The data were collected
through questionnaire from local people. The results showed that about 41 species, belonging to
29 families of wild herbs, shrubs and trees were common and of medicinal use by inhabitants of
the valley.

18
Chapter 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study is carried out to explore and document the medicinal plants used by the people of
Village Shishkat Gojal (1), Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), Pakistan. It contains the medicinal uses
of indigenous plants by the inhabitants of the region. The data presented was compared with
available ethno botanical literature of Pakistan; and record provided is based on the plants
species and its usage.

3.1 Study Area

This survey was conducted in Village Shishkat, located in Tehsil Gulmit, Gojal(1), District
Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), Pakistan. It is the first village of Gojal Valley situated in the north
western part of Pakistan at an elevation of 2,465 meters (8,087feet); which borders Gojal (upper
Hunza) with central Hunza. The GPS of current study area is 36.35483º E, 74.86425º N.Shishkat
is one of the worst affected villages of Gojal Valley; half of it is submerged in the Atta Abad
Lake. This is dominantly a Burushaski-speaking village; however a sizeable population of Wakhi
and Domaaki speakers also lives in the village. The climate is intensely cold in winter, with
stormy wind and heavy snowfall. Summer is pleasant and it is rarely that there is anything of
down pour. Soil is fertile and plant diversity is high in the area.

3.2 Field Work

The information about the medicinal uses of the plants was obtained from the local people
through direct interviews, questionnaire and taken photographs of the selected curative species.
The people of different age groups were interviewed and information like: local names of the
plants, its nature, their uses, parts used and distribution across the area were asked. For direct
interview of the informants their own local language "Burushaski" was used. Out of 64
informants 39 were male and 25 were female from variety of professions. The study span was
almost a year and it essentially focused on gathering traditional information of the selected
region (Village Shishkat) about therapeutic uses of plants by the inhabitants in their daily life.

19
Figure 3.1 Map of Village Shishkat, Gojal, Hunza.

20
3.3 Major Threats to Medicinal Plants

The major threats that were found during investigation are natural disasters like landslides,
floods etc. fuel, fodder, overgrazing and construction. Climate change is also considered as a
serious threat in near future for these medicinal plants.

3.4 Documentation of Ethnomedicinal Information

Ethno medicinal knowledge was gathered through direct interviews and questionnaires which
were then noted down. During survey local names of plant species along their uses, photographs
and the part used were recorded. The data was analyzed and indigenous knowledge was
documented.

21
Chapter 4

RESULTS
A total of 50 plants were recorded as curative value from the study area. Each plant has its own
therapeutic role used so far by the inhabitants of the region. In the survey questionnaire was
framed to collect the traditional use of plants medicinally and to document indigenous
knowledge. Mostly aged people are now confined to the knowledge about medicinal plants; few
of the young informants responded the questionnaire as "No idea". The youngsters are promptly
espousing the allopathic medicines and rarely used traditional medicinal plants.

Medicinal plants of the surveyed area are under pressure of natural disasters, deforestation, fuel,
fodder, speedy construction, and overgrazing as well as climate change impacts. The
comprehensive plan and strategies of conservation need to be developed in the region to save this
natural wealth. Research activities should also be encouraged to give awareness and promote
indigenous knowledge to the young generation.

22
40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
Herbs Shrubs Trees

Figure 4.1 Life form of the medicinal plants of Village Shishkat.

23
 9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e
ea eae ea ea ea ea ea ea ea ea ea ea ea ea ea eae ea ea ea ea ea ea ea ea ea ea eae
iac sac idac orac nac erac piac iliac erac bac inac nac erac diac drac icac bac oac nac idac icac lliac idac dac itac lvac itac
m o L av na L ag st o e al Fa P ola yll ss A er lan V a rb
La Ro Ir M lyg gib A p an e A op ph S S ar Bra b g M cu
o
P Z i n Pa C Ela en E m Ber Ju Cu
Ch A

Figure 4.2 Number of different plant families’ use by people of Village Shishkat.

18

16

14

12

10

0
Leaves Stem Root Flower Fruit Seed Bark Tubers Bulb Whole

Figure 4.3 Plant parts used by the people of Village Shishkat.

24
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
ld er he gh in ice es n on on es on er ea gy ity in er re ol ns er on ic m
Co Fev dac ou h pa nd bet ctio ecti ati seas ecti urifi rho olo cid s pa Ulc ssu lestr atio anc ecti ton yste
a C c au ia fe nf tip di nf p ar ec A nt e C nf er e s
He m
a J D in i ns t
e r y i d Di yn al/ oi pr Cho mm y i Liv un
n o r o n J d a
St
o i y a
sk E C He rato Blo
G
sti l oo
In fl nar m
e B i Im
spi int Ur
o
Re str
Ga

Figure 4.4 No of plants for treatment of disease by people of Village Shishkat.

25
Table 4.1 Ethnobotanical Inventory of the explored flora of Village Shishkat Gojal (1), Hunza
S.No.
1 Plant Name Mentha arvensis
Family Lamiaceae
Common Name Podina
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Leaves
Medicinal Uses Green tea to treat cold and fever, it beats acidity,
calms stomach cramps.

2 Plant Name Thymus linearis

Family Lamiaceae
Common Name Tumuro
Voucher No.
Habit Wild
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Leaves and stem
Medicinal Uses Green tea to treat flu and cough

3 Plant Name Prunus armeniaca

Family Rosaceae
Common Name Xuoo
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Tree
Part of Plant used Fruit and kernels
Medicinal Uses Fights against constipation the mother of diseases;
reduces risk of obesity, diabetes and heart disease.

4 Plant Name Prunu savium

Family Rosaceae
Common Name Giloos
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Tree
Part of Plant used Fruit
Medicinal Uses Reduce cholesterol and heart disease risk, improve
gut health, promote blood sugar levels and insulin
levels, and act like anti-inflammatories.

5 Plant Name Crocus sativus

26
 Family Iridaceae
Common Name Poonh

Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Threads of saffron
Medicinal Uses Cures cough

6 Plant Name Ficus carica

Family Moraceae
Common Name Phaak
Voucher No.
Habit Wild
Life Form Shrub
Part of Plant used Fruit and leaves
Medicinal Uses Regulate blood pressure, treatment of urinary tract
infection and fights against cancer.

7 Plant Name Fagopyrum esculentum

Family Polygonaceae
Common Name Baruoo
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Seeds
Medicinal Uses Jaundice, diabetes

8 Plant Name Curcuma longa

Family Zingiberaceae
Common Name Halichi
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Underground stem
Medicinal Uses Healing wounds, reducing osteoarthritis pain,
enhances immune system

9 Plant Name Coriandrum sativum

27
 Family Apiaceae
Common Name Thoon
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Leaves
Medicinal Uses Headache, flu, cough and lowers blood sugar level

10 Plant Name Fragaria ananassa

Family Rosaceae
Common Name Strawberry
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Fruit
Medicinal Uses Osteoarthritis, constipation

11 Plant Name Morus alba

Family Moraceae
Common Name Beranch
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Tree
Part of Plant used Fruit
Medicinal Uses Constipation, Arthritis and preventing heart diseases

12 Plant Name Malus domestica

Family Rosaceae
Common Name Baalt
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Tree
Part of Plant used Fruit
Medicinal Uses Constipation, cancer, lowers high cholesterol and
blood pressure

13 Plant Name Aloe barbadensis miller

Family Liliaceae

28
 Common Name Aloe Vera
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Leaves
Medicinal Uses Heal wounds and sunburns, heartburn relief, skin
diseases

14 Plant Name Papaver somniferum

Family Papaveraceae
Common Name Mardakhae
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Seeds, whole bulb
Medicinal Uses Cough, treating asthma

15 Plant Name Cannabis sativa

Family Cannabaceae
Common Name Thunch
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Seeds
Medicinal Uses Pneumonia and asthma

16 Plant Name Linum usitatissimum

Family Linaceae
Common Name Humaan
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Seeds
Medicinal Uses Prevents cholesterol from being deposited in vessels,
back pain reliever, relieve constipation, weight loss,
helpful for pregnant women in last month to make
ease in normal delivery.

17 Plant Name Elaeagnus latifolia

Family Elaeagnaceae

29
 Common Name Phailch
Voucher No.
Habit Shrub
Life Form Wild
Part of Plant used Fruit
Medicinal Uses Antioxidant, reduce inflammations of nasal,
gastrointestinal and urinary passages.

18 Plant Name Prunus persica

Family Rosaceae
Common Name Chugudar
Voucher No.
Habit Tree
Life Form Cultivated
Part of Plant used Fruit, seed
Medicinal Uses Heartburn, constipation, lowers cholesterol and high
blood pressure

19 Plant Name Hippophae rhamnoides

Family Elaeagnaceae
Common Name Chaash
Voucher No.
Habit Shrub
Life Form Wild
Part of Plant used Fruit, Seed
Medicinal Uses Blood pressure, Diabetes

20 Plant Name Rosa webbiana

Family Rosaceae
Common Name Shooo
Voucher No.
Habit Wild
Life Form Shrub
Part of Plant used Flower
Medicinal Uses Stomach ache

21 Plant Name Artemisia maritime

Family Asteraceae
Common Name Khaaqass

30
 Voucher No.
Habit Wild
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Whole plant except root
Medicinal Uses Joint pain reliever, swelling and fever

22 Plant Name Chenopodium ambrosioides

Family Chenopodiaceae
Common Name Hamamoo
Voucher No.
Habit Wild
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Leaves and seeds
Medicinal Uses Laxative, piles andindigestion.

23 Plant Name Ephedra gerardiana

Family Ephedraceae
Common Name Sopatin
Voucher No.
Habit Wild
Life Form Shrub
Part of Plant used Root and stem
Medicinal Uses Cold, cough, asthma and arthritis

24 Plant Name Sonchus asper

Family Asteraceae
Common Name Jachir
Voucher No.
Habit Wild
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Whole plant
Medicinal Uses Treatment of wounds, boils and warts

25 Plant Name Salix acmophylla

Family Salicaceae
Common Name Beik
Voucher No.

31
 Habit Wild
Life Form Tree
Part of Plant used Bark and Leaves
Medicinal Uses Pain relief, lowering fever,healing infections

26 Plant Name Medicago sativa

Family Fabaceae
Common Name Shepitin
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Leaves, stem
Medicinal Uses Intestinal ulcers, gastritis, high blood pressure,
constipation and liver disorders.

27 Plant Name Hordeum vulgare

Family Poaceae
Common Name Harii
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Seeds
Medicinal Uses Diabetes, weight loss, cancer and detoxifier.

28 Plant Name Triticuma estivum

Family Poaceae
Common Name Gurr
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Seeds
Medicinal Uses Laxative, antioxidant, anticancer and ulcer.

29 Plant Name Zea mays

Family Poaceae
Common Name Makae

32
 Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Seeds
Medicinal Uses Treatment of high cholesterol level and high blood
pressure. Monitors blood sugar level.

30 Plant Name Pisum sativum

Family Fabaceae
Common Name Gaark
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Seeds
Medicinal Uses Treats constipation, lowers cholesterol level

31 Plant Name Trigonellafoenum-graecum

Family Fabaceae
Common Name Shiikarkuch
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Leaves and seeds
Medicinal Uses Treatment of diabetes, respiratory infections and
reducing menstural pain.

32 Plant Name Solanum tuberosum

Family Solanaceae
Common Name Aaloo
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Tubers
Medicinal Uses Treatment of sinusitis

33 Plant Name Anethum graveolens

Family Apiaceae
Common Name Shoowo
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated

33
 Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Whole plant except root
Medicinal Uses Relieve diarrhea, colics, treatment of diseases and
disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

34 Plant Name Solanum lycopersicum

Family Solanaceae
Common Name Balogan
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Fruit
Medicinal Uses First aid treatment for burns and sunburns.

35 Plant Name Daucus carota

Family Apiaceae
Common Name Gashoun
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Root
Medicinal Uses Improve poor eyesight and aids weight loss.

36 Plant Name Allium cepa

Family Amaryllidaceae
Common Name Gashoou
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Bulb and leaves
Medicinal Uses Oil from bulb is used to cure cough, acts as natural
antibiotic to fight against infections.

37 Plant Name Brassica rapa

Family Brassicaceae
Common Name Muloo
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated

34
 Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Root
Medicinal Uses Antidiabetic properties, lowers blood pressure,
relieve headaches and improve eye health.

38 Plant Name Allium sativum

Family Alliaceae
Common Name Buqpaa
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Bulb (cloves)
Medicinal Uses Treat fevers, colic, high blood pressure and boosts
immunity.

39 Plant Name Raphanus sativus

Family Brassicaceae
Common Name Tulpoo
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Root
Medicinal Uses Fever, colds and cough

40 Plant Name Berberis chitria

Family Berberidaceae
Common Name Eshkeen
Voucher No.
Habit Wild
Life Form Shrub
Part of Plant used Fruit and bark
Medicinal Uses Blood purifier, speedy healer for broken bones.

41 Plant Name Elaeagnus angustifolia

Family Elaeagnaceae
Common Name Ghindawaar
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated

35
 Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Fruit
Medicinal Uses Curing cough, colds, flu, asthma and chest pain.

42 Plant Name Juglans nigra

Family Juglandaceae
Common Name Tileey
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Tree
Part of Plant used Seeds, young stems
Medicinal Uses Lowers cholesterol level in blood, lowers blood
pressure, as miswaak

43 Plant Name Vitis vinifera

Family Vitaceae
Common Name Ghaien
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Tree
Part of Plant used Fruit
Medicinal Uses Relieves constipation, improves blood flow and
reduces blood pressure.

44 Plant Name Prunus amygdalus

Family Rosaceae
Common Name Badam
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Tree
Part of Plant used Seeds
Medicinal Uses Lowers blood pressure and reduced sugar level,
keeps bones healthy

45 Plant Name Taraxicum officinale

Family Asteraceae
Common Name Tarqqut
Voucher No.
Habit Wild
Life Form Herb

36
 Part of Plant used Leaves, flower
Medicinal Uses Relieves constipation, lowers blood pressure,
reduced cholesterol level.

46 Plant Name Brassica juncea

Family Brassicaceae
Common Name Kayamin
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Leaves
Medicinal Uses Laxative; prevents heart and cardiovascular
diseases.

47 Plant Name Malvaverti cillata

Family Malvaceae
Common Name Shuwanchaal
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Leaves and young stems
Medicinal Uses Antioxidant, diuretic and laxatives.

48 Plant Name Cucurbit apepo

Family Cucurbitaceae
Common Name Hoosar
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Fruit, seeds
Medicinal Uses Anti-carcinogenic, boost immune system and
improves eye sight.

49 Plant Name Rosa indica

Family Rosaceae
Common Name Ghulaap
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Shrub
Part of Plant used Flower

37
 Medicinal Uses Wound healing, skin infections and relieves or
calms eye irritation.

50 Plant Name Phaseolus vulgaris

Family Fabaceae
Common Name Rabbon
Voucher No.
Habit Cultivated
Life Form Herb
Part of Plant used Seeds
Medicinal Uses Aids in weight loss, anti-diabetic.

Table 4.2 List of Plants used as medicine by the people of Village Shishkat Gojal (1), Hunza.

S.No Plant Name Family Part Uses Picture

Use

38
1. Mentha arvensis Lamiaceae Leaves Green tea to treat
cold and fever, it
beats acidity,
calms stomach
cramps

2. Thymus linearis Lamiaceae Leaves Green tea to treat

and flu and cough
stem

3. Prunus armeniaca Rosaceae Fruit Fights against

and constipation the
kernels mother of
diseases; reduces
risk of obesity,
diabetes and
heart disease.

4. Prunus avium Rosaceae Fruit Reduce

cholesterol and
heart disease
risk, improve gut
health, promote
blood sugar
levels and
insulin levels,
and act like anti-
inflammatories.
5. Crocus sativus Iridaceae Threads Cures cough
of
saffron

6. Ficus carica Moraceae Fruit Regulate blood

and pressure,
leaves treatment of

39
 urinary tract
infection and
fights against
cancer.

7. Fagopyrum Polygonaceae Seeds Jaundice,

esculentum diabetes

8. Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Underg Healing wounds,

round reducing
stem osteoarthritis
pain, enhances
immune system

9. Coriandrum sativum Apiaceae Leaves Headache, flu,

cough and
lowers blood
sugar level

10. Fragaria ananassa Rosaceae Fruit Osteoarthritis,

constipation

40
11. Morus alba Moraceae Fruit Constipation,
Arthritis and
preventing heart
diseases

12. Malus domestica Rosaceae Fruit Constipation,

cancer, lowers
high cholesterol
and blood
pressure

13. Aloe barbadensis Liliaceae Leaves Heal wounds and

miller sunburns,
heartburn relief,
skin diseases

14. Papaver somniferum Papaveraceae Seeds, Cough, treating

whole asthma
bulb

15 Cannabis sativa Cannabaceae Seeds Pneumonia and

asthma

41
16. Linum usitatissimum Linaceae Seeds Prevents
cholesterol from
being deposited
in vessels, back
pain reliever,
relieve
constipation,
weight loss,
helpful for
pregnant women
in last month to
make ease in
normal delivery.
17. Elaeagnus latifolia Elaeagnaceae Fruit Antioxidant,
reduce
inflammations of
nasal,
gastrointestinal
and urinary
passages.
18. Prunus persica Rosaceae Fruit, Heartburn,
seed constipation,
lowers
cholesterol and
high blood
pressure

19. Hippophaerhamnoid Elaeagnaceae Fruit, Blood pressure,

es Seed Diabetes

42
20 Rosa webbiana Rosaceae Flower Stomach ache

21 Artemisia maritime Asteraceae Whole Joint pain

plant reliever, swelling
except and fever
root

22. Chenopodium Chenopodiace Leaves Laxative, piles

ambrosioides ae and and indigestion.
seeds

23. Ephedra gerardiana Ephedraceae Root Cold, cough,

and asthma and
stem arthritis

24. Sonchus asper Asteraceae Whole Treatment of

plant wounds, boils
and warts

43
25. Salix acmophylla Salicaceae Bark Pain relief,
and lowering
Leaves fever,healing
infections

26 Medicago sativa Fabaceae Leaves, Intestinal ulcers,

stem gastritis, high
blood pressure,
constipation and
liver disorders.

27. Hordeum vulgare Poaceae Seeds Diabetes, weight

loss, cancer and
detoxifier.

28. Triticum aestivum Poaceae Seeds Laxative,

antioxidant,
anticancer and
ulcer.

29. Zea mays Poaceae Seeds Treatment of

high cholesterol
level and high
blood pressure.
Monitors blood
sugar level.

44
30. Pisum sativum Fabaceae Seeds Treats
constipation,
lowers
cholesterol level

31. Trigonellafoenum- Fabaceae Leaves Treatment of

graecum and diabetes,
seeds respiratory
infections and
reducing
menstural pain.

32. Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae Tubers Treatment of

sinusitis

33. Anethum graveolens Apiaceae Whole Relieve diarrhea,

plant colics, treatment
except of diseases and
root disorders of the
gastrointestinal
tract.

34. Solanum Solanaceae Fruit First aid

lycopersicum treatment for
burns and
sunburns.

45
35. Daucus carota Apiaceae Root Improve poor
eyesight and aids
weight loss.

36. Allium cepa Amaryllidace Bulb Oil from bulb is

ae and used to cure
leaves cough, acts as
natural antibiotic
to fight against
infections.

37. Brassica rapa Brassicaceae Root Antidiabetic

properties,
lowers blood
pressure, relieve
headaches and
improve eye
health.

38. Allium sativum Alliaceae Bulb Treat fevers,

(cloves) colic, high blood
pressure and
boosts immunity.

46
39. Raphanus sativus Brassicaceae Root Fever, colds and
cough

40. Berberis chitria Berberidaceae Fruit Blood purifier,

and speedy healer for
bark broken bones.

41. Elaeagnus Elaeagnaceae Fruit Curing cough,

angustifolia colds, flu,
asthma and chest
pain.

42. Juglans nigra Juglandaceae Seeds, Lowers

young cholesterol level
stems in blood, lowers
blood pressure,
as miswaak

43. Vitis vinifera Vitaceae Fruit Relieves

constipation,
improves blood
flow and reduces
blood pressure.

47
44. Prunu samygdalus Rosaceae Seeds Lowers blood
pressure and
reduced sugar
level, keeps
bones healthy

45. Taraxicum officinale Asteraceae Leaves, Relieves

flower constipation,
lowers blood
pressure,
reduced
cholesterol level

46. Brassica juncea Brassicaceae Leaves Laxative;

prevents heart
and
cardiovascular
diseases.

47. Malva verticillata Malvaceae Leaves Antioxidant,

and diuretic and
young laxatives.
stems

48
48. Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Fruit, Anti-
seeds carcinogenic,
boost immune
system and
improves eye
sight.

49. Rosa indica Rosaceae Flower Wound healing,

skin infections
and relieves or
calms eye
irritation.

50. Phaseolus vulgaris Fabaceae Seeds Aids in weight

loss, anti-
diabetic.

49
Chapter 5

DISCUSSION
This survey was carried out to enlist the medicinal plants used by the inhabitants of Village
Shishkat, Gojal (1), Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. This is considering as one of the remote
place in Pakistan where fully equipped hospitals are not present although dispensaries are
available for First Aid treatment. Thus, certain inhabitants rely on medicinal plants for treatment
of some diseases. The data about medicinal flora was obtained from 64 informants using their
local language "Burushaki". The local people used cultivated (76%) and wild (24%) of their flora
as source of medication. The dominant life form of the area used medicinally was Herb (68%),
followed by Trees (18%) and Shrubs (14%). For the ethnomedicnal purpose the most commonly
used part of the flora studied was seeds (34%), followed by fruits (28%), leaves (26%), stem
(10%), flower and root (8%), whole plant and bulb (6%) and tubers (2%) respectively. Rosaceae
was the leading family with 8 (16%) species members in the explored flora.

5.1 CONCLUSION

While reviewing the whole survey of medicinal plants of Village Shishkat, Gojal (1), Hunza; it is
concluded that: 50 plant species belonging to 27 families have long been used by indigenous
people of the study area, the indigenous knowledge about the traditional use of plants is now
limited to the aged people only and medicinal plants of the surveyed area are under pressure of
natural disasters, construction, overgrazing, fuel and climatic effects.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

On the basis of the results recognized it is recommended that the indigenous knowledge of
medicinal flora need to be documented properly to save it from fading, to create and provide
awareness for young generation research as well as exploration based activities should be
encouraged for promotion of indigenous knowledge. Improved strategies and planning for
conservation must be established to protect the medicinal flora of the study area.

50
Chapter 6

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53