DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - longitudinal, circular, and oblique

muscles

Functions
4. Serosa/adventitia:
- outermost layer
1. Take in food
- peritoneum is present called
2. Break down food
serosa
3. Absorb digested materials
- no peritoneum then called
4. Provide nutrients
adventitia (Ex. Esophagus)
5. Eliminate waste

Peritoneum

• Layer of smooth epithelial tissue

Layers of Digestive System
• Mesenteries: connective tissue
• Digestive system is one large
of organs in abdominal cavity
tube frommouth to anus plus
the accessory organs
• Lesser omentum: mesentery
connecting lesser curvature of
1. Mucosa:
stomach to liver and diaphragm
- innermost layer
- secretes mucus
• Greater omentum: mesentery
connecting greater curvature of
2. Submucosa:
stomach to transverse colon and
- above mucosa
posterior body wall
- contains blood vessels, nerves,
Oral Cavity
small glands
3. Muscularis:
• First part of digestive system
- above submucosa
• Contains stratified squamous • 20 primary teeth (baby teeth)
epithelia • Each tooth has crown, cusp,
neck, root
• Salivary glands: • Center of tooth is pulp cavity
- produce saliva which contains • Enamel is hard covering protects
enzymes to breakdown against abrasions
carbohydrates into glucose • Cavities are breakdown of enamel
- cleanse mouth by acids from bacteria
- dissolve and moisten food
Palate
• Amylase:
salivary enzyme that breaks down • Palate:
carbohydrates roof of oral cavity

• Lysozyme: • Hard palate:

salivary enzymes that are active anterior part
against
bacteria • Soft palate:
posterior part
• Tongue:
house taste buds and mucus Salivary Glands

• Salivary Glands:
- includes submandibular,
sublingual, parotid
- produce saliva contains enzymes
to breakdown food
- mumps is inflammation of parotid
gland

Teeth

• 32 teeth in normal adult

• Incisors, canine, premolars,
molars, wisdom
 • Pharyngeal phase:
swallowing reflex initiated when
bolus stimulates receptors in
oropharynx

• Esophageal phase:
moves food from pharynx to
stomach

• Peristalsis:
wave-like contractions moves food
through
Pharynx digestive tract

• Throat

• Connects mouth to esophagus

Esophagus

• Tube that connects pharynx to

stomach
• Transport food to stomach
• Joins stomach at cardiac opening
• Heartburn:
- occurs when gastric juices
regurgitate into esophagus
- caused by caffeine, smoking, or
eating or drinking in excess

Swallowing

• Voluntary phase:
bolus (mass of food) formed in
mouth and pushed into
oropharynx
Stomach Regulation of Stomach
Secretions
• Located in abdomen
• Storage tank for food • Parasympathetic stimulation,
• Can hold up to 2 liters of food gastrin,
• Produces mucus, hydrochloric histamine increase stomach
acid, protein digesting enzymes secretions
• Contains a thick mucus layer that • Cephalic phase:
lubricates and protects epithelial -1
cells on stomach wall form st phase
acidic pH (3) - stomach secretions are initiated
by sight, smell, taste, or food
• 3 muscular layers: thought
outer longitudinal, middle circular,
and inner oblique to produce • Gastric phase:
churning action - 2 nd phase
- partially digested proteins and
• Rugae: distention of stomach promote
large folds that allow stomach to secretion
stretch
• Intestinal phase:
• Chyme: - 3 rd phase
paste-like substance that forms - acidic chyme stimulates neuronal
when food begins to be broken reflexes and secretions of
down hormones that inhibit gastric
secretions by negative feedback
• Pyloric opening: opening loops
between stomach and small
intestine Movement in Stomach
• Pyloric sphincter: thick, ring of
smooth muscle around pyloric • Mixing waves:
opening - weak contraction
• Hunger pangs: stomach is - thoroughly mix food to form
stimulated to contract by low chyme
blood glucose levels usually • Peristaltic waves:
12-24 hours after a meal - stronger contraction
- force chyme toward and through
pyloric sphincter
• Hormonal and neural Large intestine
mechanisms stimulate
stomach secretions • Function is to absorb water from
• Stomach empties every 4 hours indigestible food
after regular meal, and 6-8 • Contains cecum, colon, rectum,
hours after high fatty meal anal canal

Small Intestine • Cecum:

- joins small intestine at ileocecal
• Measures 6 meters in length junction
• Major absorptive organ - has appendix attached
• Chyme takes 3-5 hours to pass
through • Appendix:
• Contains enzymes to further 9 cm structure that is often
breakdown food removed
• Contains secretions for protection
against chyme’s acidity • Colon:
- 1.5 meters long
Parts of Small Intestine - contains ascending, transverse,
descending, sigmoid regions
• Duodenum:
- 25 cm long • Rectum:
- contains absorptive cells, goblet straight tube that begins at sigmoid
cells, granular cells, endocrine and ends at anal canal
cells
- contains microvilli and many folds • Anal canal:
- contains bile and pancreatic ducts last 2-3 cm of dig. tract
• Jejunum:
2.5 meters long and absorbs • Food takes 18-24 hours to pass
nutrients through
• Ileum: • Feces is product of water,
3.5 meters long indigestible food, and microbes
• Microbes synthesize vitamin K
 Liver Ducts
Liver Anatomy
• Hepatic duct:
• Weighs about 3 lbs. transport bile out of liver
• In right upper quadrant of • Common hepatic duct:
abdomen under diaphragm formed from left and right hepatic
• Right, left, caudate, quadrate duct
lobes • Cystic duct:
• Porta: - joins common hepatic duct
gate where blood vessels, ducts, - from gallbladder
nerves enter and exit • Common bile duct:
• Receives blood from hepatic formed from common hepatic duct
artery and cystic duct

• Lobules: Gallbladder
divisions of liver with portal triads at
corners • Small sac on inferior surface of
liver
• Portal triad: • Stores and concentrates bile
contain hepatic artery, hepatic
portal vein, hepatic duct Functions of Liver

• Hepatic cords: • Digestive and excretory functions

- between center margins of each • Stores and processes nutrients
lobule • Detoxifies harmful chemicals
- separated by hepatic sinusoids • Synthesizes new molecules
• Secretes 700ml of bile each day
• Hepatic sinusoids: • Bile:
contain phagocytic cells that dilutes and neutralizes stomach
remove foreign particles from acid and breaks down fats
blood

• Central vein:
- center of each lobule
- where mixed blood flows towards
- forms hepatic veins
Pancreas 4. Defecation:
elimination of waste in the form of
• Located posterior to stomach in feces
inferior part of left upper
quadrant
• Head near midline of body
• Tail extends to left and touches
spleen
• Endocrine tissues have
pancreatic islet that
produce insulin and glucagon
• Exocrine tissues produce
digestive enzymes

Carbohydrate Digestion

• Polysaccharides split into

disaccharides by salivary and
pancreatic amylases
• Disacchardies broken down into
monosaccharides by
disaccharidases on surface of
intestinal epithelium
• Glucose is absorbed by
cotransport with Na+ into
intestinal epithelium
Digestive Process • Glucose is carried by hepatic
portal vein to liver and enters
1. Digestion: most cells by facilitated diffusion
breakdown of food occurs in
stomach and mouth Lipid Digestion
2. Propulsion:
moves food through digestive tract • Bile salts emulsify lipids
includes swallowing and • Lipase breaks down lipids which
peristalsis form micelles
3. Absorption: • Micelles are in contact with
primarily in duodenum and jejunum intestinal epi. and diffuse with
of small intestine cells where they are packaged
and released into lacteals
• Lipids are stored in adipose tissue
and liver

Proteins Digestion

• Proteins are split into

polypeptides by enzymes
secreted by stomach and
pancreas
• Peptides and amino acids are
absorbed into intestinal epi. cells
• Amino acids are actively
transported into cells (help from
GH and insulin)
• Amino acids used to build new
proteins

Water and Minerals

• Water can move across intestinal

wall in either direction
• Depends on osmotic conditions
• 99% of water entering intestine is
absorbed
• Minerals are actively transported
across wall of small intestine