S V Kgogong 1980 3 Sa 600 A
S V Kgogong 1980 3 Sa 600 A
S V Kgogong 1980 3 Sa 600 A
Source:
South African Law Reports, The (1947 to date)/CHRONOLOGICAL LISTING OF CASES – January 1947 to April 2022/1980/Volume 3: 495 814 (August)/S v
KGOGONG 1980 (3) SA 600 (A)
URL:
http://jutastat.juta.co.za/nxt/gateway.dll/salr/3/13692/14043/14056?f=templates$fn=default.htm
S v KGOGONG 1980 (3) SA 600 (A)
1980 (3) SA p600
Citation 1980 (3) SA 600 (A)
Court Appellate Division
Judge Trollip JA, Kotzé JA and Viljoen AJA
Heard February 22, 1980
Judgment May 5, 1980
Annotations Link to Case Annotations
Flynote : Sleutelwoorde
Criminal law Theft Simple theft of article of trivial or no value Accused should not be prosecuted If prosecuted should be acquitted Case in
which the de minimis rule applies. D
Headnote : Kopnota
Where the offence alleged is a simple theft of an article of trivial or no value, the accused should not be prosecuted therefor, but, if he is, he
should generally be acquitted. For, in the contemplation of the law, because of the de minimis rule, the offence must be regarded as not having
been committed. By "simple theft" is meant one that is not accompanied by assault or violence as in robbery, housebreaking, breach of fiduciary
duty E etc; the question of the applicability of the de minimis rule to those cases being left open.
Case Information
Appeal from a decision in the Transvaal Provincial Division (THERON J and GORDON J). Facts not material to this report have been omitted.
F E M Wentzel SC (with him L G Bowman) for the appellant: The definition of theft in Gardiner and Lansdown is to be preferred to that of Hunt
South African Criminal Law and Procedure vol 2 at 567. See Gardiner and Lansdown South African Criminal Law and Procedure vol 2 6th ed at
1652; R v Von Elling 1945 AD at 236; R v Harlow and Another 1955 (3) SA at 263; R v Sibiya 1955 (4) SA at 250; Halsbury 3rd ed vol 10 at 763.
It is conceded G that of the essential elements referred to by Hunt " the necessary contrectatio" was effected. The taking of exh E was (i) not
unlawful; or (ii) not made with the intent to steal; and (iii) not an object capable of being stolen. By taking exh E the appellant was exercising a
right which bona fide on reasonable grounds he believed he possessed: see Gardiner and H Lansdown (supra at 1665); Halsbury (supra para
1482 at 765). The Court a quo erred in upholding the trial magistrate's finding that: "It cannot be held that the value of this note was so
negligible or that the circumstances under which it was taken are so trivial that the de minimis rule should be applied".
F B Jacobs for the State: Hoewel bew E as 'n fisiese stukkie papier van weinige waarde mag wees, beteken dit nie noodwendig dat dit nie
vatbaar is vir diefstal nie. Vir die veiligheid van die land en sy mense is dit van onskatbare waarde dat ondermynende bedrywighede ondersoek
en gestraf word. Enige optrede wat diefstal insluit, wat hierdie oogmerk dwars
1980 (3) SA p601
TROLLIP JA
boom moet beslis van besondere waarde wees hoewel nie miskien geldelik nie. Dit is dan nie ook 'n aanvaarde regsbeginsel in ons reg dat alles
wat gesteel kan word, slegs geldwaarde moet hê nie. Kyk S v McChezney 1967 (2) A SA 382; S v Arenstein 1964 (1) SA 361; S v Makwassie
1970 (2) SA 128. Alles wat gesteel word wat die sekuriteit en welvaart van die Staat raak juis 'n besondere groot waarde het.
Wentzel SC in reply.
B Cur adv vult.
Postea (May 5).
Judgment
TROLLIP JA: On 23 March 1976 in the trial of S v Molokeng and
Others under the Terrorism Act 83 of 1967 in the Witwatersrand Local C Division, the appellant, a young Black man about 25 years old, was
called as a State witness. He had previously made a written statement to the Security Branch of the Police which, on 3 November 1975, he
affirmed as being true. In this statement he had incriminated one of the accused, Phumza Dyanti, in the Molokeng trial. Soon after commencing
his testimony D in chief, he, of his own accord, alleged that he had not made the police statement, on which his evidence was being led,
voluntarily. He explained further in evidence that, while being detained under s 6 (1) of the Terrorism Act, he had been told by Captain
Cronwright of the Security Police ("SP") what to include in his statement, that he had been forced by them to comply therewith in order to
avoid "further punishment or assault", and that material parts of the statement were therefore untrue. E In support of those allegations he
identified a piece of paper (exh E) put before him by defence counsel during crossexamination. This document, he said, emanated from Capt
Cronwright during his detention. According to the latter's instructions, he alleged, the topics it listed had to be dealt F with in his statement
according to those instructions. When he was released from detention on 14 November 1975, having completed and affirmed his statement, he
took exh E with him and handed it into his attorney's offices. Phumza Dyanti was acquitted at the end of the State case in the Molokeng trial.
Arising out of those events appellant was charged in the Pretoria regional G court on two counts, each having an alternative count. He was
acquitted on each of the main counts. They are no longer relevant to these proceedings. It suffices merely to explain that he was acquitted on
the main count 1 of committing statutory perjury under s 319 (3) of the Criminal Procedure Act 56 of 1955 because his police statement was
only affirmed and not sworn to by him.
H The alternative count 1 alleged that appellant had attempted to defeat or obstruct the course of justice in that he had "unlawfully" and
"with intent to defeat or obstruct the course of justice" testified at the Molokeng trial that he had not made his police statement "voluntarily".
The alternative count 2 alleged that appellant had stolen exh E from the possession of the SP and was therefore guilty of theft.
The regional court found appellant guilty on both alternative counts. He was sentenced respectively to two years' imprisonment and a fine of
1980 (3) SA p602
TROLLIP JA
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R10 or 10 days' imprisonment. The Transvaal Provincial Division dismissed his appeal but granted him leave to appeal to this Court on both
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The alternative count 2 alleged that appellant had stolen exh E from the possession of the SP and was therefore guilty of theft.
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The regional court found appellant guilty on both alternative counts. He was sentenced respectively to two years' imprisonment and a fine of
1980 (3) SA p602
TROLLIP JA
R10 or 10 days' imprisonment. The Transvaal Provincial Division dismissed his appeal but granted him leave to appeal to this Court on both
counts.
A We canvassed with counsel the meaning and effect of the alternative count 1. In the trial court the State unfortunately refused a
reasonable request by the defence to elucidate, by further particulars, what it meant by "unlawfully". However, it ultimately became common
cause before us that B that meant "falsely to his knowledge". So the gist of the charge in the alternative count 1 was that at the Molokeng
trial appellant had to his knowledge falsely testified that he had not made his police statement voluntarily. (The meaning of "not voluntarily" will
be discussed presently.) That being so it is not clear why he was not simply charged with common law perjury. Possibly the reason was that for
perjury s 256 (a C ) of the Criminal Procedure Act 56 of 1955 requires some corroboration (to the extent therein mentioned) for the proof of
the falsity of the testimony in question, which is not the case if the offence is charged as defeating or obstructing the course of justice see
R v Smith 1929 AD 377. But, be that as it may, the factual issue raised by the present charge is confined to whether appellant's police
statement was made D voluntarily or not. Consequently, on the form of the charge, the truthfulness of the contents of that statement was not
an issue which the State had to prove for a conviction. And at the outset appellant's counsel conceded before us that, if the State had duly
proved (the onus being on it) that appellant's police statement was made voluntarily, then in law he E was guilty of the offence as charged in
the alternative count 1. Counsel for the State did not ultimately dispute the correctness of that approach.
The issue of voluntariness or otherwise of the police statement resulted in a dire conflict between the respective versions given for the State
by Captain Cronwright and Sergeant Smit of the Security Police and by the F appellant. Unfortunately, owing to the approach adopted by the
regional magistrate to this issue (to be dealt with in due course), he did not deal with or express any view on the general credibility of those
State witnesses, nor the general credibility of appellant, save in respect of a collateral issue (also to be mentioned presently). In particular, the
regional magistrate did not comment on their demeanour or his impression G of them as witnesses. Counsel for the parties addressed us at
length on their respective credibility, which is vital for a proper decision on the abovementioned issue. So we ourselves have had to conduct an
examination in depth into the cold print of the appeal record in order to determine credibility and resolve that issue.
The facts that were common cause or not disputed are as follows.
H [The learned Judge then analysed the evidence and proceeded.]
The appeal in respect of the alternative count 1 therefore fails and is dismissed.
I turn now to deal with the alternative count 2. That the regional magistrate regarded this offence of the theft of exh E as trivial is evident from
the "nominal fine" he imposed, R10 or 10 days' imprisonment. In convicting the appellant he declined to apply the de minimis rule. The question
is whether he erred in not applying that rule. Its applicability in the criminal law and in particular to the offence of theft was much
1980 (3) SA p603
TROLLIP JA
debated among the old authorities. Professor Labuschagne of the University of Pretoria has collected them in a most useful and instructive
article, De Minimis Non Curat Lex, in 1973 Acta Juridica at 291 et seq. He rightly observes (at 291) that their views are by no means
harmonious. Many A writers, he says (at 292 3), support or express the view that theft can be committed of things even of trifling ("geringe")
value; others, however, disagree. Of the latter I may mention Van der Keessel Praelectiones ad Jus Criminale 47.2.11. Commenting on
Matthaeus De B Criminibus 47.1.2.4 this author says (Beinart and Van Warmelo's trans vol 1 at 93):
"In my view the opinion of Matthaeus favouring criminal prosecution for the theft of things of very little value ought not to be accepted, for it is in conflict with the
benevolent interpretation applied to criminal laws which directs that penalties for laws be mitigated rather than be increased."
See too Huber Jurisprudence 6.5.13 and 14 (Gane's trans vol 2 at 394) C (quoted by Professor Labuschagne at 291). He says that, while "very
trifling articles" can be the subject of theft, the thing stolen must not be "so trivial that no money value can be put upon it, such as a pin". The
abovementioned article then refers to decisions in our Courts where the applicability of the de minimis rule in criminal law has been dealt with.
D Its application in theft cases has been approved in R v Dane 1957 (2) SA 472 (N) at 473D and S v Mbala 1969 (1) PH H44 (E). The author of
the article then discusses (at 302 3) whether the rule, when applicable, is a "defence excluding unlawfulness" or merely a "defence excluding
punishment". He concludes (at 304) as follows:
E "In die lig van die huidige SuidAfrikaanse reg is dit duidelik dat die de minimis reël 'n element is van sekere toepaslike strafregsnorme. Dit is myns insiens
nie nodig om dit onder 'n standaardbegrip in te forseer nie. Prinsipieel is die posisie in die Nederlandse reg meer aanvaarbaar, nl dat die de minimis reël geen
strafregtelike bestaansreg behoort te hê nie en slegs straftoemetingsregtelike waarde behoort te hê, dws die geringheid van die oortreding behoort slegs 'n
invloed op die bepaling van die straf te hê. Die Prokureurgeneraal het natuurlik steeds 'n diskresie F om te vervolg of nie... Ons laat die probleme in u midde,
bewus daarvan dat daar nog veel gedagtewisseling sal moet plaasvind voordat 'n antwoord na die een of ander kant gegee kan word."
Huber (supra) seems to indicate a way of reconciling the conflicting authorities. For, while he agrees with those that say that "very trifling
articles" can be the subject of theft, he adds that the thing stolen must G not be "so trivial that no money value can be put upon it". Perhaps
those authorities do not gainsay the latter qualification. But in any event I prefer the views of Huber and Van der Keessel expressed above.
Hunt SA Criminal Law and Procedure vol 2 adopts them by saying at 275:
"The value of what is taken may be so negligible... that the de minimis rule applies. In such a case X is not guilty of theft."
H That is a practical approach to the problem and better serves the administration of justice in our busy courts they should not be
concerned with such trivialities while at the same time it does not adversely affect the interests of the community as a whole (cf Burchell and
Hunt SA Criminal Law and Procedure vol 1 at 321; Van der Keessel (ibid 47.1.5 at 321). Hence, in my view, where the offence alleged is a
simple theft of an article of trivial or no value, the accused should not be prosecuted therefor, but if he is, he should generally be acquitted. For,
in the contemplation
1980 (3) SA p604
TROLLIP JA
of the law, because of the de minimis rule, the offence must be regarded as not having been committed. By "simple theft" I mean one that A is,
for example, not accompanied by assault or violence as in robbery, housebreaking, breach of fiduciary duty, etc. I express no view in regard to
the de minimis rule in such cases.
In the present case, when appellant took exh E with him on his release on 14 November 1975, it was of no value or at most very trivial value. It
was then a mere scrap of paper. It had served its purpose as a guide or B aidememoire for Sgt Smit in regard to the compilation of appellant's
statement. The statement had been completed by and affirmed on 3 November 1975. True, both Capt Cronwright and Sgt Smit did say that exh
E was also intended for the interrogation of other detainees. But it was never used, and it was unlikely that it would ever have been used for
that purpose. For Sgt Smit at some stage even used it for recording his betting C transactions; when he did ultimately miss it from his table, he
thought that it had been removed and destroyed as waste paper by the cleaner of the office in the usual way; he did not look or inquire for it
or report its loss to Capt Cronwright, nor did he ask for it to be replaced by similar notes which could easily have been done. Capt Cronwright
too did not inquire about what had happened to it. The inference from all that is D irresistible that after 3 November 1975 it was of no value or
merely of a very trivial value or interest to the Security Police.
The regional magistrate's reasons for not applying the de minimis rule were as follows:
"The accused in his evidence conceded that this very note was of some importance to the Security Police. As already held by this court, it E contained matters of
significance and importance to the Security Police. It had so much value to the accused that he handed it to his attorney for safekeeping.
In the judgment of this court it cannot be held that the value of this note was so negligible or that the circumstances under which it was taken are so trivial that
the de minimis rule should be applied."
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But appellant in fact denied that exh E was of any importance to the F Security Police when he took it. He did not concede that, as is stated in
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the above passage. And for reasons already given it was in fact of no importance or interest to them at that time. Hence, I think with respect
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"The accused in his evidence conceded that this very note was of some importance to the Security Police. As already held by this court, it E contained matters of
significance and importance to the Security Police. It had so much value to the accused that he handed it to his attorney for safekeeping.
In the judgment of this court it cannot be held that the value of this note was so negligible or that the circumstances under which it was taken are so trivial that
the de minimis rule should be applied."
But appellant in fact denied that exh E was of any importance to the F Security Police when he took it. He did not concede that, as is stated in
the above passage. And for reasons already given it was in fact of no importance or interest to them at that time. Hence, I think with respect
that, even if all the other elements of theft were present (which we need not decide), the regional magistrate erred in not applying the de
minimis rule and acquitting the appellant on this count. The appeal on this count therefore succeeds.
In the result:
(a) the appeal from the Court a quo in respect of G appellant's conviction and sentence by the regional magistrate on the
alternative count 1 is dismissed;
(b) the appeal from the Court a quo in respect of appellant's conviction by the regional magistrate on H the alternative
count 2 is upheld, and the following order for that of the Court a quo is substituted:
"The appeal against the appellant's conviction on the alternative count 2 succeeds and the conviction and sentence are set
aside."
KOTZÉ JA and VILJOEN JA concurred.
Appellant's Attorneys: Shun Chetty & Co, Johannesburg; V J Khatri, Pretoria; Israel & Sackstein, Bloemfontein.
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