SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1:
The lengths of sides of a triangle are three consecutive natural numbers and its largest angle is twice
the smallest one. Determine the sides of the triangle.
Solution:
Let the lengths of the sides be n, n + 1, n + 2, where n  N.
From the question, the largest angle opposite to the side n + 2 is 2  while the smallest angle
oposite to the side n is  .

n  12  n  2 2  n 2 n 2  6n  5 n  1n  5 n  5
Now cos  =  = 2n  1n  2  2n  2
2n  1n  2 2n  1n  2

2 2
n 2   n  1   n  2  n 2  2n  3 n  1n  3 n  3
and cos 2  = = = 2n n  1  2n
2n  n  1 2n n  1

2
n 3  n5 
2
But cos 2  = 2 cos  – 1; so  2  1
2n  2n  2 

n  3 n  52 2 2 2
or   1 or (n – 3)(n+2) = n{(n + 5) – 2 (n + 2) }
2
2n 2n  2
or (n – 3)(n2 + 4n + 4) = n (– n2 + 2n + 17)
or n3 + n2 – 8n – 12 = – n3 + 2n2 + 17n
or (n – 4)(2n2 + 7n + 3) = 0  n = 4 or 2n2 + 7n + 3 = 0.
 7  49  24
Roots of 2n2 + 7n + 3 = 0 are
4
1
i.e., – and – 3 which are not natural numbers.
2
 n = 4 and hence sides are 4, 5, 6.
Example 2:
Consider the following statements concerning a  ABC:
(i) The sides a, b, c and the area  are rational.
B C
(ii) a, tan , tan are rational.
2 2
(iii) a, sin A, sin B, sin C are rational.
Prove that (i)  (ii)  (iii)  (i)
Solution :
Let (i) be true, i.e., a, b, c and  be rational numbers.
B s  c s  a  C s  a s  b  a bc
Now, tan  , tan  and s =
2  2  2
 Now, (i)  a, b, c,  , s are rational.
B C
So tan and tan are rational because sum, difference, product and quotient of nonzero rational
2 2
numbers are rational.
Thus (i)  (ii).
B C
Let (ii) be true, i.e., a, tan , tan be rational
2 2

B
2 tan
Now, sin B = 2 = rational, because tan B is rational.
B 2
1  tan 2
2

C
2 tan
sin C = 2 = rational, because tan C is rational.
C 2
1  tan 2
2

2
B C s  c s  a  s  a s  b   s  a   s  b  s  c  s  a a
Now, tan . tan = . =   1 .
2 2   s  s  a  s  b  s  c  s s
 (ii)  s is rational
 b + c is rational, because a is rational.
a b c a bc rational
But     
sin A sin B sin C sin A sin B  sin C rational
a
 is rational. But a is rational. So sinA is rational
sin A
Thus (ii)  (iii)
Let (iii) be true, i.e., a, sin A, sin B, sin C be rational.
a b c
  
sin A sin B sin C
a sin B
 b = rational
sin A
a sin C 1
and c= = rational   = 2 bc sin A = rational.
sin A
Thus (iii)  (i).

Example 3:
4
If in a triangle ABC, a = 6, b = 3 and cos (A – B) = , find the area of the triangle.
5
Solution :
AB
4 1  tan 2
Here, cos (A – B) = , 2 4

5 A B 5
1  tan 2
2

AB
2 tan 2 AB 1
By componendo and dividendo, 2  54 or tan2 
2 5 4 2 9

AB 1
or tan  ( A > B).
2 3
AB a b C 1 63 C C 
But tan  cot   cot or cot = 1; C = .
2 ab 2 3 63 2 2 2
1 1 
 The area of the triangle = ab sin C  .6.3. sin  9 sq. units.
2 2 2
Example 4:
If p, q are perpendiculars from the angular points A and B of the  ABC drawn to any line through
the vertex C, then prove that a2b2 sin2 C = a2p2 + b2q2 – 2abpqcos C.
Solution : p
Let  ACE =  . Clearly, from the figure, we get
p q
 sin ,  sin   C 
AC BC
p q
  sin ,  sin . cos C  cos . sin C
b a
2  2 
q p
 cos C  cos . sin C or q p  2 2 1  p  1  cos 2 C
 
   cos C   cos .sin C =  b2 
a b a b   

q 2 p2 2 2pq p2  p2  2
or  cos C  cos C  1    1   cos C
a 2 b2 ab b2  b2 

q2 p2 2pq
or 2
 2
 cos C  sin 2 C or a2p2 + b2q2 – 2abpqcosC = a2 b2sin2C.
a b ab
Example 5:

In a  ABC, prove that cos A. cos C =

 
2 c2  a 2
, where AD is the median through A and
3ca
AD  AC.
Solution:
b2  c2  a 2
From the  ABC, cos A = . . . (i)
2bc
 AC b 2b
From the  CAD, cos C =   . . . (ii)
CD a / 2 a

BD AB
From the  ABD, 
sin(A  900 ) sin ADB

a/2 c a c
 
or  
 cos A sin 900  C or 2 cos A cos C

a cos C a 2b b
 cos A=  .  , from (ii) A
 2c  2c a c

b 2  c2  a 2  b
 from (i), 
2bc c
or b2 + c2 – a2 = – 2b2 B C
D

or c2 – a2 = – 3b2 . . . (iii)
b 2  c 2  a 2 2b b 2  c 2  a 2
Now, cosA. cosC = . 
2bc a ca

=
  
3b 2  3 c 2  a 2 a 2  c 2  3 c 2  a 2
 ,
 from (iii) =

2 c2  a 2
.

3ca 3ca 3ca
Example 6:
Find the sides and angles of the pedal triangle.
Solution:
Since the angle PDC and PEC are right angles, the points P, E, C and D lie on a circle,
  PDE =  PCE = 900 – A. Similarly P, D, B and F lie on a circle and therefore
 PDF =  PBF = 900 – A, Hence  FDE = 1800 – 2A A
Similarly  DEF = 1800 – 2B
F
 EFD = 1800 – 2C
E
Also, from the triangle AEF we have
P
EF AE AB cos A c cos A c cos A 90 – C
    B C
sin A sin AFE cos PFE cos PAE sin C D

c
 EF = sin A cos A = a cosA
sin C

similarly DF = b cosB and DE = c cosC

Example 7:
The base of a triangle is divided into three equal parts. If t1, t2 , t3 be the tangents of the angles
 1 1  1 1   1
   4  1 

subtended by these parts at the opposite vertex, prove that: t t     t 2 
 1 2  t 2 t 3   2
Solution:
Let the points P and Q divide the side BC in three equal parts such that BP = PQ = QC = x
Also let, A

 BAP =  ,  PAQ =  ,  QAC =  

 
and  AQC = 
From question,
tan  = t1, tan  = t2, tan  = t3.

Applying, 
B C
m : n rule in triangle ABC, we get P Q

(2x + x) cot  = 2x cot (  +  ) – x cot  . . . (i)

from  APC, we get
(x + x) cot  = x cot  – x cot  . . . (ii)
dividing (i) by (ii), we get
3 2 cot     cot  4cot . cot   1
= or 3 cot  – cot  =
2 cot   cot  cot   cot 
or 3 cot2  – cot  cot  + 3 cot  . cot  – cot  . cot  = 4 cot  . cot  – 4
or 4 + 4 cot2  = cot2  + cot  . cot  + cot  . cot  + cot  .cot 
or 4(1 + cot2  ) = (cot  + cot  )(cot  + cot  )

 1   1 1  1 1 
or 4 1  2    t  t  t  t 
 t2   1 2  2 3

Hence the result.

Example 8:
Perpendiculars are drawn from the angular points A, B and C of an acute angled  ABC on the
oposite sides and produced to meet the circumscribing circle. If these produced parts be  , 
a b c
and  respectively, show that   = 2 (tan A + tanB + tan C).
  
Solution :
Let AD be perpendicular from A on BC. When AD is produced, it meets the circumscribing circle
at E.
From question, DE =  .
Since, angle in the same segment are equal,
 AEB =  ACB = C and  AEC =  ABC = B
From the right angled triangle BDE,
 BD
tan C = . . . (i) A
DE
From the right angled triangle CDE,
CD
tan B = . . . (ii)
DE

D
a B C
Adding (i) and (ii) we get, tan B + tanC =
 C B

b C E
Similarly tan C + tan A = and tan A + tan B =
 

a b c
Hence,   = 2 (tan A + tan B + tan C)
  
Example 9:
If x, y, z are the distance of the vertices of the  ABC respectively from the orthocentre then prove
a b c abc
that    .
x y z xyz
Solution:
Let H be the orthocentre. Then
0
 BHC = 180 –  HBC –  HCB
= 1800 – (900 – C) – (900 – B)
= B + C =  – A.
1
 ar(  BHC) = BH. CH sin  BHC
2
1 1 A
= yz sin (  – A) = yzsinA.
2 2
x
1
Similarly, ar(  CHA) = zx sin B
2 H
z
y
1
ar(  AHB) = xy sin C B C
2
1 1 1
 ar(  ABC) = yz sin A + zx sin B + xy sin C
2 2 2

1  sin A sin B sin C 

= xyz    
2  x y z 

1 1 a b c
= 2 xyz. 2R  x  y  z  . . . (i)
 
 abc abc
Also, we know that R = , i.e.,  =
4 4R

abc 1  a b c a b c abc
 (i) gives, = xyz  x  y  z     
x y z xyz .
4R 4R  
Example 10:
Prove that in a  ABC, R  2r..
Solution:
We have
r
r = 4R sin A/2 sin B/2 sin C/2  = sin A/2 sin B/2 sin C/2
4R
1 r 1
Also we know that sin A/2 sin B/2 sin C/2  ,    R  2r..
8 4R 8

Example 11:
Prove that in a triangle the sum of exradii exceeds the inradius by twice the diameter of the
circumcircle.
Solution:
Let the exradii be r1, r2, r3 inradius be r and circumradius be R.
Then we have to prove that r1 + r2 + r3 = r + 4R.
Δ Δ Δ Δ
Now, r1 + r2 + r3 – r =   
sa sb sc s
 1 1  1 1 
=   s  a  s    s  b  s  c  
   

 a a 
=   ss  a   s  b s  c  
 

s2  s  b  c   bc  s 2  as
= a s  s  a  s  b  s  c 

2s 2  sa  b  c   bc
= a
2

a abc abc 
=


. 2s 2  2s 2  bc  

 4R  R 
 4 


 r1 + r2 + r3 = r + 4R.

Example 12:
If a, b, c are in A.P., prove that cos A cot A/2, cosB. cot B/2, cosCcot C/2 are in A.P.
Solution:
a, b, c are in A.P.
 cotA/2, cot B/2, cotC/2 are in A.P.
Now, cosA cotA/2, cosB cotB/2, cosC cotC/2 are
(1 – 2 sin2A/2) cotA/2, (1 – 2sin2 B/2) cotB/2, (1 – 2 sin2 C/2). cot C/2
Now, cot A/2 – sinA, cotB/2 – sin B, cotC/2 – sin C are in A.P. as cotA/2, cotB/2, cotC/2 are
in A.P. and sinA, sin B, sin C are in A.P.
So, cos A cot A/2, cosB. cot B/2, cosCcot C/2 are in A.P.

Example 13:
If r and R are radii of the incircle and circumcircle of a  ABC, prove that
8r R {cos2A/2 + cos2 B/2 + cos2 C/2} = 2bc + 2ca + 2ab – a2 – b2 – c2.
Solution:
    abc 
L.H.S. = 8  .
 s   4 
 2
  cos A / 2 =
s

abc
 2 cos 2 A / 2  
abc
=
s
 1  cos A 
abc  b 2  c 2  a 2 
= s  1  2bc 
 

abc  2bc  b 2  c 2  a 2 
= s  2bc 
 

abc  b  c 2  a 2 
= s  2bc 
 

abc  a  b  c b  c  a  
=
s
  2bc
,

where a + b + c = 2s

abc 2s  b  c  a  
=
s
  2bc  =  a b  c  a    ab  bc  a 2 
= 2bc  2ca  2ab  a 2  b 2  c 2
 8rR{cos2A/2 + cos2 B/2 + cos2C/2} = 2bc + 2ab + 2ca – a2 – b2 – c2 .

Example 14:
If ‘t1’, ‘t2’ and ‘t3’ are the lengths of the tangents drawn from centre of ex-circle to the circum circle
1 1 1 abc
of the  ABC, then prove that   
t12 t2 2
t3 2 abc
Solution:
Let S and I1 be respectively the centres of the circumcircle and the excircle touching BC. It can be
shown that

SI1  R 2  2Rr1 In  SI1 P , SI12 = R2 + t12

A
1 1
R2 + 2Rr1 = R2 + t12 , 
t1 2 2Rr1
S
R P

B C

Similarly 1  1 , 1  1
t 22 2Rr2 t 32 2Rr3
I1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
2
 2 2     
t1 t2 t3 2R  r1 r2 r3 

1 s  a s  b s  c  1 s s
=     = 
2R      2R  2R

abc
= proved
abc

Example 15:
If a, b and A are given in a triangle and c1, c2 are the possible values of the third side, prove that
c12  c 22  2 c1 c 2 cos A = 4a2 cos2 A
Solution:

b2  c 2  a 2
We have cosA =
2bc
 c – 2bc cos A + b – a2 = 0, which is quadratic in ‘c’
2 2
 SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1:
If D is the mid point of the side BC of a triangle ABC and AD is perpendicular to AC, then
(A) 3b2 = a2 – c2 (B) 3a2 = b2 – 3c2
(C) b2 = a2 – c2 (D) a2 + b2 = 5c2
Solution:
A
From the right angled  CAD, we have
0
90
c
b 2b a 2  b 2  c 2 A– /2 b
cos C =  
a/2 a 2ab
2 2 2 2
a + b – c = 4b  a2 – c2 = 3b2.
B C
a/2 D a/2
Example 2:
There exists a triangle ABC satisfying
sin A sin B sin C
(A) tanA + tanB + tanC = 0 (B)  
2 3 7
(C) (a + b)2 = c2 + ab (D) none of these
Solution:
(A) In a triangle ABC, we know that tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C. Since none of
tan A, tan B, tan C can be zero, (A) is not possible
a b c
If (sin A)/2 = (sin B)/3 = (sin C)/7, then by the laws of sines  
2 3 7
which is not possible, as the sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side

2 2
a 2  b2  c2 1 
If (a + b) = c + ab, then = = cos C = , which is possible
2ab 2 3
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

Example 3:
If the tangents of the angles A and B of a triangle ABC satisfy the equation abx2 – c2x + ab = 0, then
(A) tan A = a/b (B) tan B = b/a
(C) cos C = 0 (D) sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2
Solution:
From the given equation, we get
tan A + tan B = c2 / ab and tan A tan B = 1. A

tan A  tan B
Since tan (A + B) = c
1  tan A tan B b

 
We get A + B = and hence C = .
2 2
B
a C

Therefore, triangle ABC is right angled at C. Hence,

 tan A = a/b, tan B = b/a, cos C = 0, sin A = a/c, sin B = b/c and sin C = 1, so that
a2 b2 a2  b2
2 2
sin A + sin B + sin C =2  1  1  1  1  2 [ a2 + b2 = c2]
c2 c2 c2
Hence, all options are correct.

Example 4:
If in a triangle ABC sin A , sin B and sin C are in A.P., then the altitudes are in
(A) A.P. (B) H.P.
(C) G.P. (D) none of these
Solution:
If p1, p2, p3, are altitude from A, B, C respectively,
1 1 1 2 2 2
then  = ap1 = bp2 = cp3  p1 = , p2 = , p3 =
2 2 2 a b c
By the law of sines
a b c
  = k (say)
sin A sin B sin C
2Δ 2Δ 2
 p1 = , p2 = , p3 =
k sin A k sin B k sin C
Now, sin A, sin B, sin C are in A.P.  p1, p2, p3 are in H.P.

Example 5:
In a triangle ABC, medians AD and CE are drawn. If AD = 5,  DAC =  / 8 and
 ACE =  /4, then the area of the triangle ABC is equal to
25 25
(A) (B)
9 3
25 10
(C) (D)
18 3
Solution:
Let O be the point of intersection of the medians of triangle ABC. Then the area of  ABC is
2 10
three times that of  AOC. Now, in  AOC, AO = AD = . Therefore, applying the sine
3 3
rule to  AOC, we get
OC AO 10 sin  / 8
  OC  .
sin  / 8 sin  / 4  3 sin  / 4

1
area of  AOC = . AO.OC. sin  AOC
2
 1 10 10 sin  / 8   B
= . . . . sin   
2 3 3 sin  / 4  2 8

E
50 sin  / 8cos  / 8 50 25
= .   D
9 sin  / 4  18 9
O
25 25
 area of  ABC = 3.  /4
9 3 /8
A C
Example 6:
In a triangle ABC, if tan (A/2) = 5/6 and tan (B/2) = 20/37, the sides a, b and c are in
(A) A.P. (B) G.P.
(C) H.P (D) none of these
Solution:
C  0 A  B AB cot A / 2cot B / 2  1
We have tan = tan  90   = cot = cot A / 2   cot B / 2
2  2  2

6 37
. 1
5 20 222  100 122 2
  
= 6 37 120  185 305 5

5 20

A C s  b s  c s  a s  b 
Also tan tan =
2 2 ss  a  ss  c 

5 2 sb
 .   3s  b   s  2s  3b
6 5 s
 a + b + c = 3b  a + c = 2b
Which shows that a, b and c are in A.P.

Example 7:
If in a triangle ABC, a = 5, b = 4 and cos (A – B) = 31/32, then the third side c is equal to
(A) 6 (B) 8
(C) 4 (D) none of these
Solution:
AB AB
1  tan 2 1  tan 2
2 31 2
 
cos (A – B) = 2 AB 32 1  tan 2 A  B
1  tan
2 2

AB AB 1
 63 tan2  1  tan 
2 2 63
 AB ab C 1 54 C
Now tan  cot   cot
2 ab 2 63 5  4 2

C 63
 tan =
2 9
1  tan 2 C / 2 1  63 / 81 18 1
Also, cos C = 2
  
1  tan C / 2 1  63 / 81 144 8
2 2 2
c = a + b – 2ab cos C = 25 + 16 – 2.5.4. (1/8) = 36  c = 6
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
Example 8:
In a triangle ABC, if r1 = 2r2 = 3r3, then a : b is equal to
5 4
(A) (B)
4 5
7 4
(C) (D)
4 7
Solution:
From the given relation, we have
A B C
s tan = 2s tan = 3s tan
2 2 2

tan(A / 2) tan( B / 2) tan(c / 2)

   k (say)
6 3 2
A B B C C A
Also, since A/2 + B/2 + C/2 = 900, we get tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
 6k. 3k + 3k. 2k + 2k. 6k = 1  36k2 = 1  k = 1/6

2 tan  A / 2  12k
 sin A = 2
 1
1  tan  A / 2 1  36k 2

2 tanB / 2  6k 4
and sin B = 2
 2

1  tan B / 2 1  9k 5
Hence, by the law of sines, sin A/a = sin B/b, we have
a sin A 5
    a:b=5:4
b sin B 4
Example 9:
Let AD be a median of the  ABC. If AE and AF are medians of the triangles ABD and ADC
a2
respectively and AD = m1, AE = m2, AF = m3, then is equal to
8
 (A) m 22  m 32  2m12 (B) m12  m 22  2m32

(C) m 22  m 32  2m12 (D) none of these

Solution: A
2 2 2
c b a
In  ABC, AD2 = m12 = 
2 4

2 B C
a E D F
2 2  
In  ABD, AE2 = m22 = AD  c   2 
2 4
2
a
2 2  
AD  b 2
AF2 = m32 =  
2 4

b2  c 2 a 2 a2 a2 a2
 m22 + m32 = AD2 +   m12  m12    2m12 
2 8 4 8 8
a2
 m 22  m32  2m12 
8

Example 10:
If I is the incentre of a triangle ABC, then the ratio IA : IB : IC is equal to
A B C A B C
(A) cosec : cosec : cosec (B) sin : sin : sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
(C) sec : sec : sec (D) none of these
2 2 2
Solution:
Here BD : DC = c : b
But BD + DC = a;
c
 BD = .a
bc
A
BD AD

In  ABD, sin A sin B
2 I

B C
D
ca sin B 2 A
 AD = .  cos ec
b  c sin A b  c 2
2
 AI AB c bc
Also,   
ID BD ca / b  c  a
bc  A  B  C
 AI = .AD  cos ec Similarly BI = cos ec , CI  cos ec
a bc s 2 s 2 s 2
A B C
 IA : IB : IC  cos ec : cos ec : cos ec
2 2 2
Example 11:
a cos A  b cos B  c cos C
In a  ABC, the value of is equal to
abc
R R
(A) (B)
r 2r
r 2r
(C) (D)
R R
Solution:
a cos A  b cos B  c cos C 2R sin A cos A  2R sin Bcos B  2R sin Ccos C

a bc 2s
R R 4R abc abc
= .sin 2A  sin 2B  sin 2C  = .4 sin A sin B sin C = . 3
2s 2s 2s 8R 4sR 2
abc  4R r
But R= , r = . So, the value = 
4 s 
4. .R 2 R
r
Example 12:
The area of a circle is A1and the area of a regular pentagon inscribed in the circle is A2. Then
A1 : A2 is
  2 
(A) cos (B) sec
5 10 5 10
2 
(C) cos ec (D) none of these
5 10
Solution:
D
360 0
In the  OAB, OA = OB = r and  AOB = = 720
5
1 1 E O C
 ar (  AOB) = . r . r. sin 720 = r2 cos 180
2 2 r

2r 2 2  A B
 A1 : A2 = 2 0
 sec
5r cos18 5 10
Example 13:
In a triangle ABC a = 5, b = 4 and c = 3. ‘G’ is the centroid of the triangle. Circumradius of triangle
GAB is equal to
5
(A) 2 13 (B) 13
12
5 3
(C) 13 (D) 13
3 2
Solution:
2 2 A
AG = A A1, BG = BB1
3 3
1 B1
 AG = 2b 2  2c 2  a 2 G
3

1
and BG = 2a 2  2c 2  b 2 B
A1
C
3
1 1 2
 AG = a , BG  b  4c 2 as a2 = b2 + c2
3 3
5 1 2
 AG = , BG  16  36  13
3 3 3
1
Also, AB = c = 3 and  GAB   ABC  2
3
If ‘R1’ be the circumradius of triangle GAB then
AG BG AB  5 . 2 13.3.
1
R1 = 4 GAB 3 3 4.2

5 13
= units.
12
Example 14:
A variable triangle ABC is circumscribed about a fixed circle of unit radius. Side BC always
touches the circle at D and has fixed direction. If B and C vary in such a way that (BD). (CD) = 2
then locus of vertex A will be a straight line
(A) parallel to side BC (B) right angle to side BC
(C) making an angle  /6 with BC (D) making an angle sin–1 (2/3) with BC
Solution:
BD = (s – b), CD = (s – c)  (s – b)(s – c) = 2
 s(s – a) (s – b) (s – c) = 2 s(s – a)
2 2(s  a )
2
  = 2 s(s – a)  2
  1 (radius of incircle of triangle ABC)
s s
 a
 = constant.
s
1
Now  = aH , where ‘Ha’ is the distance of ‘A’ from BC.
2 a
 1 aH a 2s
  = 1  Ha = = constant
s 2 s a
 Locus of ‘A’ will be a straight line parallel to side BC.

Example 15:
In the adjacent figure AB is the diameter of circle, centered at ‘O’. If  COA = 600. AB = 2r,,
AC = d and CD =  , then B D

(A) 3  r  d (B)   r 2  d 2 O

(C)   r 3  d 3 (D) 2  r  d C

A
Solution:

AC = d, OA = OB = r , CD = BD =  ,  COA =
3

 AC2 = OA2 + OC2 – 2AOOC. cos
3
D
2 2
1 2
B

 d = 2r – 2r . = r2
2
O
2 
Also,  BOD =  COD =  C
3.2 3
 BD  A

 tan   r 3 d 3
3 OB r
Hence the correct answer is (C)

 c1  c 2  2b cos A 
 . . . (i)
and c1c 2  b 2  a 2 

 c12  c 22  2c1c 2 cos 2 A

 (c1 + c2)2 – 2c1c2 – 2c1c2 cos 2A [using (i)]
 (c1 + c2)2 – 2c1c2 (1 + cos 2A)
 4b2 cos2A – 2(b2 – a2). 2cos2A = 4a2 cos2A
 c12  c 22  2c1c 2 cos A  4a 2 cos 2 A