INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

The home-based Internet of Things is not completely fresh. In the initial, the general use of high-
speed Internet and the held together Internet-based home net system quickly extended. The current
overview of the home IoT is an allowance of the present raised by the growth of the wireless
Internet surroundings and machine to machine (M2M) technology. Though the prevailing home
net has restrictions in development in order to predominant use of the reinforced linkage, the
existing home IoT can attach more varied procedures on justification of the progression of
associated wired tools. [1]

Figure 1: architecture of IoT

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of disseminated and dedicated sensors for
observing and documenting the status of the environment and organizing the collected data at a
central location. WSNs evaluates environmental conditions like temperature, sound, pollution
levels, humidity, wind and helps by alerting us. [2]

The WSN is grouped with “nodes" – from a few to several, where each node is connected with
one or more sensors. Each such sensor network node has usually several part like a transceiver
with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic
circuit for interfacing with the sensors and a source like battery or an embedded form of energy
harvesting. A sensor node might vary in size from that of a box down to the size of a particle of

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dust. Size and cost restrictions on sensor nodes used results in corresponding constraints on
resources such as energy, memory, computational speed and communications bandwidth. The
topology of the WSNs can vary from a simple star network to an advanced multi-hop wireless
mesh network. The proliferation method between the stages of the network can be in the form of
routing or flooding. [2]

Figure: WSN Architecture

Types of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN’s)

Considering the environment, the types of networks are grouped into types based on the
deployment of the network. The network could be deployed in underwater, underground, on land,
and so on. The types of WSN’s based on the deployment:
1. Terrestrial WSNs
2. Underground WSNs
3. Underwater WSNs
4. Multimedia WSNs
5. Mobile WSNs
1. Terrestrial WSNs

Terrestrial WSNs are deployed to communicate with base stations efficiently, and contains few to
several nodes as wireless sensor nodes installed either in organized or unorganized way. Now in

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an unorganized manner, the sensor units are arbitrarily scattered inside the area which is targeted
that is released on or after a stable level.

Figure: Terrestrial WSN

In this Wireless Sensor Network, the power source is inadequate; though, the battery is furnished
by solar cells as a subordinate power basis. The power preservation of these Wireless Sensor
Networks is attained by consuming low duty cycle processes, reducing intervals, and optimum
direction-finding, and so on.[2]
2. Under-Ground Wireless Sensor Networks

The Under-ground WSN are more costly than the terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks by means
of utilization, conservation, and apparatus cost deliberations and cautious development. The
Wireless Sensor Networks contains several number of sensor units that are concealed in the ground
to observe under-ground situations. To communicate or to pass on the data from the sensor unit to
the central unit, further under-ground nodes might be used and these under-ground nodes are
situated above the earth level.[2]

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 Figure: Underground WSNs

The under-ground WSN systematized into the ground are challenging to restore. The sensor power
nodes fortified with a restricted battery energy are problematic to boost. In accumulation to this,
the under-ground surroundings creates wireless message test due to high level of reduction and
power loss.[2]

3. Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

The globe is occupied by water for more than 70%. These systems contains numerous number of
vehicles and sensor nodes organized underwater. The data from the sensor nodes are gathered
using the independent underwater vehicles. The extensive proliferation delay, and bandwidth and
sensor disaster are the some of the challenges with respect to underwater.[2]

Figure: Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

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Underwater Wireless Sensor Nodes are furnished by a battery which is limited and it is not able to
re-energized or substituted. The concern of energy preservation for underwater Wireless Sensor
Networks includes the improvement of underwater networking methods.

4. Multi-media Wireless Sensor Networks

Multi-media WSNs are projected in order to allow tracing along with the observation of actions in
multi-media form, such as images, audio and video etc. They also contain sensor nodes with low
cost which are prepared with microphones and cameras. The Multi-media WSNs modules are
linked through each extra module through a wireless linking for data firmness, data recovery and
association. [2]

Figure: Multi-media Wireless Sensor Networks

The difficulties with the multi-media Wireless Sensor Networks requires high energy, high
bandwidth, data handling and squeezing methods. Multi-media need large bandwidth for the data
to be transported correctly and effortlessly.

5. Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

The Mobile WSNs contains a group of device nodes which could move on their specific path and
the physical environment could be interrelated with this. The mobile WSNs modules has the
capability of communicating and computing the data.

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 Figure: Mobile WSNs

The mobile WSNs are more abundant and adaptable when compared stationary WSNs. The
benefits of mobile wireless sensor networks through the stationary WSNs comprise better analysis,
enhanced source energy efficiency, greater network capacity. [2]

Restrictions of WSN

1. Have actual small loading size – in kilobytes

2. Have diffident processing power-8MHz
3. It is able to build in short communication range and requires more power
4. Needs least energy – limits the number of protocols
5. Less battery capacity
6. Quiet strategies provide few energy to work

Applications of Wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor network provides many applications in the field of medical, agriculture, industries,
military, home automation, monitoring the environment etc.

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 Figure: Applications of WSNs

1. Medical Monitoring:
WSNs provides many uses in the area of medical. It helps to monitor the patient data regularly in
order to alert the doctor about patient health status and also helps in providing immediate attention
towards the patient. The medical monitoring could be done in many ways such as wireless body
area network, at-home healthcare, telemedicine etc.[3]

Figure: Medical Monitoring System

2. Military Monitoring Applications:

Military safety is a main application of wireless sensor network. The main purposes of the wireless
sensor network is to observer the opponent actions and synchronization of the actions of the army.
The specks will be installed in the zone where we need to observer. A base station will be there to
control the specks and to gather and develop the information from various specks. The specks are
linked with sensors to sense the surroundings for opponent program recognition and to organize

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the navy activity at our side. The specks linked with sensors will gaze for specific actions and give
periodical communications to the base station. In case of mistrustful events the specks will
instantaneously send messages to the base station. The base station will collect the data from
numerous specks and will perform the essential action like notifying the command in charge for
that area or give messages to specks nearby that area. The base station will be located in a safe
zone and we can install the specks in the zone where we want to monitor the navy.[4]

Figure: Military Monitoring Applications

3. Environmental monitoring Application:

Ecological monitoring has remained a important part of Wireless Sensor Network
applications. It grows broadly beside with the progress of modern technology. In common,
environmental monitoring method controls and checks the surroundings constraints such as
temperature, humidity, light, smoke level and pressure. There are many readings that emphasis the
ecological checking System. The ecological factor data measurement will show the result and the
data are inferred cloud. Thus, it is essential to know the necessities for the expansion of monitoring
system.[5]

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 Figure: Environment Monitoring System

Characteristics of a Wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network comprises numerous units of which a sensor node is essential. The
features of a good wireless sensor network include control efficiency, scalability, vigilance,
consistency and flexibility. A wireless sensor network with these topographies be able to show to
be very helpful and if not traced or safeguarded can result in a network that suffers from overhead
thus opposing its applicability.

❖ Power efficiency in wireless sensor networks:

• Power efficiency as the name Mobility is the networks capacity to handle mobile nodes
and variable data tracks.
• The way the design goes it is essential for wireless sensor network to be greatly
approachable in order for it to deal with flexibility. As a result of which it becomes rigid
to design a large scale as well as mobile wireless sensor network with mobility and gets the
productivity levels of the device. The ability of the device to consume less power to do
more by operating under extremely low power levels.
• This is a very important factor, wireless sensor networks which are remotely located with
no proper access to a power point. Thus these devices are typically built with the facility
to work from a power source other than direct power. The best method of design would be
by decreasing the duty cycle of each node.

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❖ Scalability in wireless sensor networks:
• The ability for a system to produce in terms of the quantity of nodes committed to the
wireless sensor network with affecting extreme overhead can be coined as its scalability.
• The simple application of such a network typically contains only a few of nodes and it is
significant that they offer support for more as well.
• There is an advanced way of communication which links actuality shattered as the network
size increases. Here only small amount of bandwidth will be available for the application
data broadcast as the network grows.
❖ Wireless sensor networks responsiveness:
• The ability of the link is to rapidly adjust itself to variation in the topology is considered
by its responsiveness.
• There are still breakdowns to have a high approachable network which negotiates the need
to be made. The potential of data transfer in dynamic situation as well as scalability will
fall in extremely responsive network.
❖ Reliability in wireless sensor networks:

• Any network wants to be consistent. The user also wishes to have the reliability in the
network because, the data should be transferred easily in case on any changes in the
network.
• There is typically an opposite connection between scalability and reliability in ad hoc
wireless networks. This is because as the number of nodes in the network increases it
becomes firmer to maintain the reliability.
❖ Mobility in wireless sensor networks:

• Mobility is the networks capability to handle mobile nodes and variable data paths.
• It is very necessary for wireless sensor network to be highly reactive in mandate for it to
deal with mobility.

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CHAPTER 2 RELATED WORK
Literature survey is a serious examination of a percentage of the available association of
data accessible over the use of summary, grouping, and assessment of earlier study studies,
evaluations of works, and journal articles. A research study inspects the present academic work
accessible on a specific topic, possibly in a specified time interval. It is the summary and blend of
components collected from numerous causes and planned to report an issue, investigation
objective, or problem statement.

1. Manjuprasad B et,al[1]: Wireless Sensor Network is the recent trends in wireless

communication. Security is the most critical part in any of the application it is not limited to
wireless communication. Detecting issues, challenges and providing solution is the major role
for the system designer. So efficient security protocol must be designed to resolve these issues.
Security is must to protect user’s information it can be of physical asset or logical assets or
information from unauthorized users or system. The data from the sensing node must be
confidential and should be authenticated so security is necessary or else nodes may receive
false data in network. It might be accidentally or intentially.
2. Andhe Dharani et,al[2],Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) use spatially distributed
autonomous sensors used to sense the data in environmental conditions such as temperature,
sound, pressure, pollutants, vibrations at different regions. Wireless sensor networks are
deployed in various applications which are further divided into monitoring and tracking.
WSNs have very limited resources like battery, power, memory etc. One of the key factors in
WSNs is performance. So there is need to estimate the value of power dissipation in WSNs.
Clustering is the best mechanism which provide routing algorithm to minimize the power
dissipation in WSNs this is achieved by data aggregation in cluster head. Leach is the basic
protocol for clustering mechanisms .It is the adaptive clustering and self-organizing protocol
discovered by Heinzelman. In Leach sensor node is elected as cluster head by probabilistic
approach. Non cluster head decide which to elect the sensor node based on the signal strength.
3. Husein et,al[3], Air contamination is a danger to human healthiness and the atmosphere.
Effluence produced by damaging gases released from car drains, industrial unit, forestry fires
and other bases. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen gases and carbon dioxide are the chief
fundamentals of air contamination. Severe air contamination might be the basis to damage our
healthiness, therefore, a real-time air effluence method to measure present contamination is

11
 wanted to categorize the litter level so that suitable activities can be engaged. In a high
thickness zone, a big amount of sensor nodes are organized to shield such spaces and to let
high range of communication among modules and a gateway. This boons an instantaneous
and long range air effluence checking method for indoor and outdoor surroundings. The
system instigated a wireless sensor network via LoRa technology for data communiqué among
all nodes and sensors. The method contains of few nodes dispersed in indoors (900m distance
to gateway) for calculating the awareness of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen
gases. Investigational outcomes display the system is consistent in both indoor and outdoor
uses. The distance exposure attained up to 900m and can be shown over a web-based scheme.
The testing with LoRa broadcast has exposed that the LoRa technology is very appropriate for
the air effluence system particularly in long range broadcast when associated with other
wireless transmission methods.
4. Devarakonda et,al[4], Conventionally, effluence measurements are achieved by means of
exclusive apparatus at static places or devoted movable apparatus research laboratory. This is
a coarse-grained and luxurious method where the litter quantities are rare and remote
intermediate. Here they show a vehicular-based portable method for computing air excellence
in real-time. They suggest two cost operative records farming prototypes – one that can be
arranged on open transport and another is an individual detecting scheme. And also existing
initial examples and converse application trials and initial research
5. Rao et,al[5], Sensor links are currently a lively investigation part primarily due to the
effectiveness of their uses. Here it is projected to apply WSN based Ecological air effluence
checking. RSPM (Respirable Suspended Participate Matter), carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) and some other gases are
checked since these gases or smokes choose the level of effluence. The sensors like MQ-7,
MQ-2 are used to observe the Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide quantity in the air. The
ARM computer is the protruding stand for interfacing those devices and giving out the
detected records wirelessly through ZigBee units. The record established from the sensor unit
is concurrently kept in a scheme for an upcoming situation in the heights of pollution. The
data in the system is deposited via a .Net application allowing the operator to access the
records at any time prerequisite. Through the assistance of this information, good safeguards

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 can be occupied to diminish the effluence ranks in the atmosphere to make social lifespan
maintainable.
6. Gehlot et,al[6], The current existing system has several disadvantage for water quality
checking which are usually incomplete to only a limited diversities of parameter deliver when
there and essential to be transfer over physical process. This kind of safety methods are
essential for a scheme which might conduct an attentive indication to the sub – classes and is
very time overshadowing procedure. The rapid cautionary or alarm is not conceivable in the
present existing scheme since they want some physical process to be done which can send the
information and this cause a massive fatality since occasionally if the part is not taken any
precaution before it may cause vast connection to human as well as nautical habitations. For
such situations a scheme is mandatory which inevitably read out the sensor data and relates
them with the inception of new air and aquatic factors and if this level is beyond the inception
then inevitably refer alarm with the pin locality to the sub – positions.
7. Walling et,al[7], In this period of automation, impurities in the air are growing at a frightening
degree instigating severe intimidations to manhood. This has elevated a vital of calculating
and verifying effluence stages to pledge intended activities so as to keep the atmosphere.
Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing are the developing technologies with massive
abilities that be able to be applied for this determination. The method and the modules are
organized at all dangerous localities inside the city. A future, long-range communication
medium LoRa is used as the mainstay of our APM system. The system doesn’t allows
spectators to observe effluence grade of his/her close over a suitable Android use but also
notifies the equivalent consultants in case of a crisis. Through actual records gathering and
recital estimation we display in what way the projected method fulfills the essential principles.
Finally, we also deliver a full contrast of why we desire LoRa over Wifi and how it is helpful,
cost-effective in case of large setting out parts.

8. Haug et,al[8], Disclosure to great altitudes of air effluence is an important reason of impulsive
humanity. In Norway, public employ about 90% of their time inside. So, the association
between indoor and outdoor deliberations of air smog is significant for the considerate of
likely well-being effects from effluence. In accumulation, the indoor weather plays a
dangerous part in the ease of structure tenants. Calling businesses, with forceful analyzers

13
 could be used to observe the air excellence in houses. However, low powered and low-priced
IoT strategies with a long communication choice deal the possible for more constant checking
and investigation of houses air eminence, while it wrappers a superior topographical part. In
the investigation, the air excellence checking system, based on a LoRaWAN network with
low cost sensors is provided. The console of the web application contains all sorts of features
required to raise air quality consciousness in houses and so on. We examine the association
between in-door and outdoor air superiority in dissimilar structure types (office, campus, and
residential), and examine the change among old and new structures. We dignified the
absorptions of indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), carbon dioxide
(CO2), temperature, and humidity at several buildings. The consequences demonstrates that
the general air eminence in the observed areas are within the set weather references. In
accumulation, our outcomes shows that there is a tougher associations among the indoor air
eminence and outdoor effluence.

9. Liu et,al[9], Air smog is one of conservational issues that cannot be disregarded. The dense
conveyance and development effect in the air impurities focused in several zones. Gasping
impurities for a long period causes reimbursements in human health. Outdated air eminence
monitoring approaches, such as building air quality monitoring places, are classically
luxurious. In addition, observing places are usually less thickly organized and offer low
determination in detecting the information. This system offers an air superiority checking
system based on the skill of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It also assimilates with the
worldwide scheme for mobile communications (GSM). The system contains of sensor nodes,
a gateway, and a control center achieved by the LabVIEW package over which detecting data
can be kept in a database. This system is organized to monitor the carbon monoxide (CO)
attention caused by vehicle releases. The investigational results show that the projected system
is appropriate for micro-scale air quality monitoring in real-time over the WSN technology.

10. Zheng, Kan et,al[10], Growing care has been funded to air quality checking with a quick
expansion in business and carriage uses in the modern civilization. However, the current air
quality monitoring systems doesn’t offer appropriate three-dimensional and sequential
resolves of the air quality data with low costs in real time. In this paper, we propose a new

14
 method to implement the air quality observing system based on advanced Internet-of-Things
(IoT) methods. This method with movable sensors to gather the air quality data periodically,
which is transferred over a LoRa network. All air quality information are treated and examined
in the IoT cloud. The whole system is industrialized and organized effectively in urban
environments. New consequences demonstrate that the projected scheme is consistent in
detecting the air quality, which assist to expose the variation in configurations of air quality
to some degree.
Id System Technology Used Merits Demerits

1 RF Unit RF Unit which is Cost low Difficult to implement as

developed using FPGA Power consumption is it involves the
board less cryptographic technique.
2 Bluetooth Bluetooth HC-05 unit is In emergency case the It may not work properly
used to monitor the home alert is given to the user in some cases and the
appliances. range is not as wide
3 Wi-Fi using LAN and Wi-Fi protect It is secure and could Disposed to intrusion
Arduino be monitored remotely
Microcontroller and uses low power
4 Zigbee Zigbee WSN Provides security and Low interoperability
uses less power
5 BLE Device BLE Uses less power and Applicable only for
the cost used is less limited numbers of node
and is used only for short
range

6 LoRa LoRa gateway LG01 and It is built using low

WSNs cost and less power and
it is applicable for long
range

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PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Though there are many works/research are done related to wireless sensor network based
smart home monitoring system using IoT technologies and the protocols like ZigBee, XBee, etc.,
through WSN methods in order to collect the data and to determine the result. But the ideas were
not able to implement in real time as there are many constraints and requirements.
The existing idea is based on ZigBee and XBee Using WS methods and the methods were not able
to implement in real time and the determined results were not appropriate.

PROPOSED SYSTEM
To overcome the existing problem the LoRa Technology is used along with the WSN in
order to build a real time application for monitoring the smart home. As the LoRa technology has
many advantages when compared with other protocols it would be easy to build the system. The
Thingspeak cloud is used in order to store the data collected from the different WSN nodes. The
appropriate results could be obtained and that could be analyzed.
Advantages:
• Easy to build.
• It would be easy to add extra nodes.

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 • It provides the accurate result when compared to other methods.
• It is easy to store the data and to handle it.
• This is applied in real time application.

CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND ANALYSIS
A system necessities design is established by means of evaluating the special consequences
by gazing at a rare emerging procedures with dynamic views and schemes over vigorous needs.
Requirements could be gathered through studying each project in any esteem stages with unusual
requests and objective of practice and it is deliberated by means of PC based device. The
requirements consume inimitable spectacles of valuable, interactive and corporeal explanation.
The stockholders will trace one of a gentle requirement to build the projected system and its
17
extreme concern to flawless the projected scheme associating to existing method with the
quantified necessities, both beneficial and non-functional requirements are classified.
3.1 System Requirements
3.1.1 Functionalities Requirements
In encoding scheming and outlines structure, a thoughtful requirement symbolizes a
module of an apparatus or its thing. A capability is considered as a lot of bases of data, the
demeanor, and returns. It requisite to integrate depictions of histories to be left into the outline,
events passed out with the assistance of each device, work-flows employed by the device and
additionally how the system occurs related to governing the requirements.
3.1.2 Non-Functional Requirements
Non-purposeful necessities define how the appliance works, though determined requirements
define what the scheme wants to do. The description for a non-practical condition is that it
essentially stipulates how the device want to act and that it is considerably a restriction upon the
arrangements performance. One might also deliberate non-purposeful necessities as good
characteristics for of a device.
Usability: This project will provide the information regarding the temperature, humidity,
and MQ137, MQ7 etc values to the user. Hence the user can take some actions in order to
prevent from the danger.

Reusability: Each WSN node reads the environmental data regularly hence the time taken
to implements the node is less. The code could be easily modified when a change in
implementation is required.

Availability: The application could be used at any time and can access the data and can
perform the relevant actions.

Modifiability: The application could be easily modified when the changes are required
and the changes could be done effectively without effecting the other components.

MINIMUM HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

System Requirements:
• Intel core i7 / i5
• RAM 2 GB

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Micro Controller and Sensors Requirements:
3.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• MQ135 for air quality detection.

• MQ7
• DHT11 temperature Sensor
• Flame sensor
• Buzzer
Aurdio UNO
• Microcontroller: ATmega328.
• Operating Voltage: 5V.
• Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V.
• Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V.
• Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• Analog Input Pins: 6.
• DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA.
• DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA.
Lora specification
• MCU: ATMega328P
• Flash: 32 KB
• SRAM: 2KB
• EEPROM: 1KB

Interface
• Power Input: 9 ~ 24vDC
• 2 x RJ45 ports
• USB 2.0 Host port x 1
• Internal USB 2.0 Host Interface x 1

Chapter 4

SYSTEM DESIGN
The purpose of this deed is to offer an architectural scheme for the air quality Monitoring System.

19
The nodes collects the data through the sensors and the data is passed to the thingspeak server
through the LoRa gateway. Then the data’s are monitored in order to avoid the dangerous issues.

Figure: System Architecture

Introduction to lora

LoRa is a wireless technology advanced to produce the low-power, wide-area networks

(LPWANs) obligatory for machine-to-machine (M2M) and Internet of Things (IoT) uses. The
knowledge proposals a very convincing mix of long range, low power feasting and protected
information broadcast and is acquisition important grip in IoT systems being organized by wireless
network workers.

A net based on LoRa wireless knowledge can deliver attention that is better in variety associated
to that of current cellular nets. In detail, various movable net workers have selected to
accompaniment their prevailing cellular/wireless nets with a LPWAN based on LoRa technology
since it is informal to wad into their present organization and also permits them to proposal their
clients a answer to help more IoT battery-operated uses.

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 Figure: Application Of LoRa

LoRa GATEWAY:

The LG01 is an exposed basis solitary station LoRa Gateway. It will permit us to form a
LoRa wireless network connection to an IP network created on WiFi, Ethernet, 3G or 4G cellular
network. LG01 runs on exposed basis rooted Linux system, it has USB host port and has full
Ethernet and 802.11 b/g/n WiFi abilities. The USB host anchorage can be used to link cellular
segments. Hence LG01 is very elastic to bridge LoRa Network to dissimilar varieties of network
which can be appropriate the operator necessity.

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 Figure 1: Lora Gateway

ARDUINO:
Arduino is an open-source prototyping stage in microchip technology founded on easy-to-
use hardware and software. Arduino is a microcontroller based prototyping sheet which can be
recycled in evolving arithmetical strategies that can read ideas like trace on a shade, light on a
sensor etc. and spinning it in to result like switching on an LED, revolving a motor, playing songs
done a speaker etc. The aim of Arduino is to present the domain of microelectronics to persons
who have minor to no knowledge in integrated circuit technology like hobbyists, designers, artists
etc.

The Arduino Uno has a amount of services for interactive with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 delivers UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is obtainable on digital bits 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the
sheet stations this serial communication over USB and seems as a computer-generated com port
to software on the computer.
A Software Serial library permits for sequential statement on any of the Uno's digital bits.
The ATmega328 also maintenances I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
contains a Cable collection to streamline usage of the I2C bus.

22
 Figure 2: Arduino Board

THINGSPEAK:

ThingSpeak is an exposed data stage for the Internet of Things. The device or an request
can connect with ThingSpeak by means of a RESTful API, and the information could be made as
isolated or community built on the worker. In adding, we use ThingSpeak to examine and act on
the information. ThingSpeak delivers a connected text editor to do data examination and
visualization using MATLAB. ThingSpeak is used for varied uses reaching from climate data
collection and examination, to harmonizing the color of lights through the world.

The core of ThingSpeak is a time-series file. ThingSpeak delivers operators with free time-
series data storing in stations. Each station can comprise up to eight data fields.

Figure 3: Thingspeak Cloud.

Features of the LoRa Board

• It provides the privileged open source Linux.

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 • Consumption of power is very less.

• It is most suitable with Arduino, where the use can upload his sketch, or can install a
package easily and can debug the sketch to the MCU board through the Arduino IDE.

• The connections could be easily established using LAN, ethernet or cellular WiFi.

• The software could be updated through the network.

• It has the ability to deploy the information or data using the predefined methods.

• It also has an inbuilt server.

• Fail safe enterprise delivers strongly scheme.

Figure 10: The Lora Board.

DHT11 sensor:

The DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor topographies a standardized numerical

indication production with the temperature and humidity sensor ability. It is combined with a high-
performance 8-bit microcontroller. Its knowledge guarantees the high dependability and brilliant
lasting constancy. This device comprises a resistive part and a device for wet NTC temperature

24
 computing strategies. It has brilliant excellence, fast response, anti-interference capability and high
presentation.

Each DHT11 devices topographies tremendously precise standardization of humidity

standardization chamber. The standardization constants stowed in the OTP package recollection,
interior devices sense signs in the process. The creation is 4-pin solitary row pin package. Suitable
linking, singular suites can be providing permitting to operators need.

Figure 6: DHT11 (Temperature and Humidity) Sensor.

Specification

• Supply Voltage: +5 V
• Temperature range :0-50 °C error of ± 2 °C
• Humidity :20-90% RH ± 5% RH error
• Interface: Digital

MQ-137 GAS SENSOR

The MQ-137 Gas sensor can notice or portion gasses like Ammonia (NH3) and Carbon Mono-
oxide (CO). The component variety of this instrument derives with an Ordinal Bit which makes
this device to function uniformly without a microcontroller and that originates in nearby once you
are only annoying to notice one specific gas. Once it originates to calculating the gas in ppm the
similarity bit has to be used, the analog pin is also TTL focused and workings on 5V and later can
be used with greatest mutual microcontrollers.

25
 Figure 7: Smoke Sensor (MQ137)

Specification

• Supply Voltage: +5 V
• Ground: 0V
• Digital Pin
• Analog Pin

Flame sensor:

The flame sensor can notice fire and infrared light bases with wavelengths fluctuating from
760 nm to 1100 nm. It practices the LM393 comparator chip, which stretches a sparkling, steady
digital output gesture and pouring capability of 15 mA. This spark sensor that can be used in fire
agitations and extra fire noticing strategies.

Figure 8: Flame Sensor which will detect the fire.

26
Specifications

• LM393 comparator chip

• Detection Range: 760 nm to 1100 nm
• Operating Voltage: 3.3 V to 5 V
• Maximum Output Current: 15 mA
• Digital Outputs: 0 and 1

Buzzer

A buzzer is a small yet well-organized constituent to add complete landscapes to our

project/system. It is very minor and dense 2-pin configuration later can be effortlessly used
on breadboard. Board and smooth on PCBs which varieties this a extensively used module
in most automated uses.

There are two types are buzzers that are usually accessible. It is a simple buzzer which when
motorized will make an unremitting Beeeeeeppp.... sound, the other type is called a convenient
buzzer which will appear bulkier than this and will yield a Beep. Beep. Beep. Sound due to the
inner wavering trail present inside it. But, the one used in this project is most generally used since
it can be modified with assistance of additional paths to fit effortlessly in our application.

Figure 9: Buzzer. It triggers when the given condition is satisfied

Specification:

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• Rated Voltage: 6V DC
• Operating Voltage: 4-8V DC
• Rated current: <30mA
• Sound Type: Continuous Beep
• Resonant Frequency: ~2300 Hz

IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation of the task is the functional process for planning is operated in a working device.
Consequently precarious step in apprehending for a strange recently configurations and person
need to take formerly confidence for evolving presentations may be influential for the new system
to paintings. The implementation mode will comprise examination, the current scheme will design
very wisely and a few limitations on service, development one-of-a-kind opinions to carry an
achievement alteration with approximation the replacement methods.

Employment is the most critical phase in attaining a fruitful method and giving the user’s
self-assurance that the new method is feasible and operative. Implementation of a adapted request
to substitute an current one. This kind of conversation is comparatively informal to handle, deliver
there are no main variations in the method.

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 Figure: Flowchart of the application

Deciding on the Programming Language

The progress of this task calls for the coding in the C platform for application of the hardware
extracts.

C Language

One of the utmost significant programming languages in the IoT system is C. This is the lowermost
level of software that is near to the hardware. C has remained the base for several additional coding
languages over the year. This marks its information of the simple requirement for anybody in the

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IoT tasks. The aim behind this is that it doesn’t need a lot of processing power. C is accessible on
practically every progressive implanted scheme platform. C is technically relative than object-
oriented as it ensures not consume integral abilities. This software development language is
assembled creating it abundant for IoT developments.

It is similarly to the most favored language for IoT hardware, by low calculating power and forced
RAM. Furthermore, C is a translucent language and permits you to bend your codes as per your
obligation. This agrees for better elasticity that is model for IoT growth. Additional desirable
estimation is the portability that C proposals. It’s easier for C programs that are transcribed on one
scheme, to run on alternative.

Pseudocode:
To upload the data to the thinkspeak cloud:
Void loop ( )
{
ThingSpeak.setField(2,h);
ThingSpeak.setField(1,t);
ThingSpeak.setField(3,MQ37);
ThingSpeak.setField(4,MQ7);
ThingSpeak.setField(5,flame);
ThingSpeak.writeFields(myChannelNumber1, myWriteAPIKey1);
}

To read the sensor data:

void loop ( )
{
dht_in=digitalRead(dht_dpin);
int analogSensor1 = analogRead(smokeA2);
int analogSensor2 = analogRead(smokeA1);
int Flame_detected= 4;
}

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To trigger the buzzer:
void loop ( )
{
if(analogSensor1> 350 || (DHT.temperature>30&& flame_detected==1) || analogSensor2>
150)

{
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
}
}

HTML code for the web page:

<center><h2><i>

<p><i>"The LoRa Technology is used along with the WSN in order to build a real time application
for monitoring the air quality. As the LoRa technology has many advantages when compared with
other protocols it would be easy to build the system. The Thingspeak cloud is used in order to store
the data collected from the different WSN nodes. The appropriate results could be obtained and
that could be analyzed"</i></p>

</center>

<div>

<center><p><a href="node1.html">node1</a></p></center>

<center><p><a href="node1.html">node2</a></p></center>

<center><p><a href="node1.html">node3</a></p></center>

<center><p><a href="node1.html">node4</a></p></center>

</div>

<center><h2><i>M.tech in Department of Computer Science Engineering,

GSSSIETW, MYSURU</i></h2></center>

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 TESTING
7.1 Introduction

Testing is the main procedure involved in software Quality Assurance (QA). It is step by
step procedure. Now experiment data is organized and is used to examine the units separately.
System testing make assured that all modules of the system work correctly as a component by
really driving the system to fail.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter indicates the significances initiated after making the features of sign group in black
box and confirming and validating from the method. The snapshots of the project model are well-
defined in the figures. By giving precise inputs the results are as per and predictable output. In this
learned we can see an method to start with the LoRa module, design it, and check that here strength
be correspondence set up among the unit and some additional device from arduino with a voltage
divider to drop from 5v to 3.3v.
INSTALLATION
Step 1: Configuration of the LoRa Gateway.
• The LoRA gateway (LG01) is constituted as a Wi-Fi industrial evasion. Operator could be
able to interact and constitute the LoRa Gateway (LG01) once connecting to Wi-Fi net.
The LG01 has to be booted initially, so that it could automatically produce a secure Wi-Fi link
called dragino2-xxxxxx.
• Operator could be able to link to the dragino Wi-Fi net and use the PC. The laptop will get
an IP address 192.168.9.xxx and the gateway LG01 takes the IP address 192.168.9.200 as
default.

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 Figure: Showing the Wifi

• Next open the browser and type the IP address 192.168.9.200 and you can see the user
interface of the gateway and you can login to the account using the USERNAME: root
and the PASSWORD: DRAGINO

Figure: Authentication page

Step 2: Installing Arduino

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The Microcontroller (MCU) M328P is used for communicating through the LoRa Wireless portion
and Dragino Linux unit. Hence the programming language for the microcontroller is fabricated on
C and the platform tool as Arduino IDE.
Downloading and configuring the Arduino IDE
Consider the newest Arduino Software (IDE) from Arduino authorized site:
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software and download the Arduino.
After downloading the IDE, install the IDE, open it and click on File --> Preference,
and find the dragino board in the Additional Boards Manager URLs.

Figure: For downloading Dragino Package

• After adding the additional board, find the Dragino board information in the Boards
Manager and install the Dragino board.

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 Figure: Shows the Installation of Dragino Board

Next Open the IDE, and install the dragino board information, we could get the dragino’s
information from the IDE, as under snapshot. For LG01, we must select the board: Dragino Yun-
UNO or LG01/OLG01 in order to work with the dragino board.

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 Figure: Selecting Dragino board

Step 3: IoT Server Configuration

• The server used in our project is Thingspeak which takes natural graph in order to
determine the trail outcome intended for our investigation.
• The method now is common and can be applied over extra IoT servers for RESTful link.
• To norm the server, we want to create an account on Thingspeak. Then build a channel
and type the channel information. The thingspeak provides Channel ID which is the
distinctive ID to collect and store the data in ThingSpeak.

Figure: Login page of Thingspeak

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 Figure: Channels page

Step 4: Design the WNS nodes

In this project we have created 4 WSN nodes which re placed at different places. The
single WSN node contains different sensors like DHT11, Flame sensor, MQ137, MQ7, buzzer.

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Figure: WSN node 1

Figure: WSN Node 2

38
Figure: WSN Node 3

Figure: WSN Node 4

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Figure: While uploading the Code to the board the authentication is required

Figure: The result could be seen in the Serial Monitor

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 • NODE 1 data

Figure: Showing the Humidity and Temperature (DHT11) data of Node1

Figure: Showing the MQ137, MQ7 and Flame sensor data of Node1

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 • NODE 2 data

Figure: Showing the Humidity and Temperature (DHT11) data of Node2

Figure: Showing the MQ137, MQ7 and Flame sensor data of Node2

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 • NODE 3 data

Figure: Showing the Humidity and Temperature (DHT11) data of Node3

Figure: Showing the MQ137, MQ7 and Flame sensor data of Node3

43
 • NODE 4 data

Figure: Showing the Humidity and Temperature (DHT11) data of Node4

Figure: Showing the MQ137, MQ7 and Flame sensor data of Node1

44
Figure: The Widget is turned on when some of the parameter goes beyond the threshold
value

Figure: The Widget is turned off when some of the parameter goes beneath the threshold
value

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46