Pn 11:18 PM Mathematics book ae “JUST THE MATHS” UNIT NUMBER 4.1 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 1 (Definitions, graphs and identities) by A.J.Hobson 4.1.1 Introduction 4.1.2 Definitions Graphs of hyperbolic functions Hyperbolic identities 4.1.5 Osborn’s rule 4.1.6 Exercises 4.1.7 Answers to exercisesMTN LTE 11:18 PM Mathematics book UNIT 4.1 - HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS DEFINITIONS, GRAPHS AND IDENTI ES 4.1.1 INTRODUCTION In this section, we introduce a new group of mathematical functions, based on the functions e and ¢ whose properties resemble, very closely, those of the standard trigonometric functions, Bu: circle (and are sometimes whereas trigonometric functions can be related to the geometry called the “circular functions” to the geometry of a hyperbola fune it can be shown that the new group of functions are related see unit 5.7), Because of this, they are called “hyperbolic 4.1.2 DEFINITIONS (a) Hyperbolic Cosine ‘The hyperbolic cosine of a number, 2, is denoted by cosh x and is defined by ete cosh x Note The name of the function is pronounced “ (b) Hyperbolic Sine ‘The hyperbolic sine of a number, 7, is denoted by sinhx and is defined by sinh x . Note: ‘The name of the function is pronounced “shine” (c) Hyperbolic Tangent ‘The hyperbolic tangent of a number, 2, is denoted by tanh x and is defined by sinhx tanhe cosh x Notes: (i) The name of the function is pronounced “than”,mb Ete AU Mathematics book (di) In terms of exponentials, it is easily shown that et _e-1 tanh oF eel (d) Other Hyperbolic Functions Other, less commonly used, hyperbolic functions are defined as follows: (i) Hyperbolic secant, pronounced “shek”, is defined by L (ii) Hyperbolic cosecant, pronounced “coshek” is defined by cosech, sinh x (iii) Hyperbolic cotangent, pronounced “coth” is defined by 1 _ coshe cothe ‘ tanhe ~ sinh11:20 PM Mathematics book 4.1.3 GRAPHS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS It is useful to see the graphs of the functions cosh x, sinh and tanh x drawn with reference to the same set of axes. It can be shown that they are as follows: cosh x 1” fi - oe to tanhe - “1 sinh x Note: We observe that the graph of cosh. exists only for y graph of tanh x exists only for y lying between —1 and +1. The graph of sinh x, howeve ater than or equal to 1; and thet covers the whole range of x and y values from —90 to +00 4.1.4 HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES It is possible to show that, to every identity obeyed by trigonometric funetions, there is a corresponding identity obeyed by hyperbolic functions t in some cases, the comparison is more direct than in other cases ILLUSTRATIONS L ef Scoshr + sinh Proof This follows directly from the definitions of coshx and sinh x €-* = cosh — sinha Proof Again, this follows from the definitions of cosh.x and sinh11:20 PM Mathematics book cosh? — sinh?r = 1 Proof This follows if we multiply together the results of the previous two illustrations since ee = 1 and (cosh z + sinh x)(cosh x — sinh x) = cosh? — sinh?x Notes: (i) Dividing throughout by cosh?r gives the identity 1 — tanh?x = sech?x (ii) Dividing throughout by sinh?x gives the identity coth?x — 1 = cosech®x sinh(x + y) = sinha-cosh y + cosh «sinh y. Proof: The right hand side may be expressed in the form which expands out to 1 1 and this simplifies to = a =< ei = sinh(x + y). i 2 cosh(x + y) = cosh xcosh y + sinh sinh y Proof The proof is similar to the previous illustration.11:20 PM Mathematics book tanh + tanh y tanh(= + ¥) = [tanh tanh y Proof The proof again is similar to that in Ilustration No. 4. 4.1.5 OSBORN’S RULE Many other results, similar to those previously encountered in the standard list of trigono- metric identities can be proved in the same way as for Illustration No. 4 above; that is, we substitute the definitions of the appropriate hyperbolic functions, However, if we merely wish to write down a hyperbolic identity without proving it, we may use the following observation due to Osborn: Starting with any trigonometric identity, change cos to cosh and sin to sinh, Then, if the trigonometric identity contains (or implies) two sine functions multiplied together, change the sign in front of the relevant term from + to — or vice versa, ILLUSTRATIONS L cost + sin?x = 1 which leads to the hyperbolic identity cosh?x ~ sinh?z = 1 since the trigonometric identity contains two sine functions multiplied together sin(x — y) = sin.reos y — cosrsiny which leads to the hyperbolic identity sinh( — y) = sinhx cosh y — cosh.xsinh y in which no changes of sign are required, sectr = 1+ tan*which leads to the hyperbolic identity11:20 PM Mathematics book which leads to the hyperbolic identity sech®r = 1 — tanh? since tan? in the trigonometric identity implies that two sine functions are multiplied together; that is, 4.1.6 EXERCISES H L =2C sinh 2€ determine the value of L when H = 63 and C = 50 Ir baa v? = 1.8L tanh determine the value of » when d = 40 and L = 315, Use Osborn’s Rule to write down hyperbolic identities for sinh 2A: (b) cosh 2A, Use the results of the previous question to simplify the expression 1 + sinh 24 + cosh 2A 1 — sinh 2A — cosh2A Use Osborn’s rule to write down the hyperbolic identity which corresponds to the trigonometric identity 2sin zx sin y = cos(z — y) — cos(x + y) and prove your result i a=ceoshz and b=csinhe show that a+ bPen™ = a? B=oll MTN LTE SUE Mathematics book 4.1.7 ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 1. 67.25 2. 19.40 3. (a sinh 2A = 2sinh Acosh A: (b) cosh 2A = cosh?A + sinh? A = 2eosh?A — 1 = 1 + 2sinh?A. cothA. 2sinh x sinh y = cosh(xr — y) — cosh(x + y).