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457 views41 pagesWT Unit-3
Uploaded by
Sharanya EmmadisettyCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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WEB TECHNOLOGIES — UNIT - 2
JavaScript
= JavaScript originates from a language called LiveScript. The idea was to find
a language which can be used at client side, but not complicated as Java.
= JavaScriptis a light weight, interpreted and dynamic programming language
= Itallows client-side script to interact with the user and make the dynamic
pages
= JavaScript can be implemented with javaScript statements that are placed
within the HTML tags in a web page.
= Itis a case-sensitive language. JavaScript is a simple language which is only
suitable for simple tasks.
A JavaScript consists of lines of executable computer code
= AJavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages
= JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without
preliminary compilation)
Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license
= JavaScript is used in millions of Web pages to improve the design, validate
forms, detect browsers, create cookies, and much more.
= JavaScript is supportable in several operating systems including, Windows,
macOS, etc.
Are Java and JavaScript similar?
* Java and JavaScript are two completely different languages in both concept
and design!
* Java (developed by Sun Microsystems) is a powerful and much more
complex programming language - in the same category as C and C++.
Benefits of JavaScript :
* Itis widely supported in browser
* make the web site dynamic.
© Itgives easy access to document object and can manipulate most of them * JavaScript can give interesting animations with many multimedia datatypes.
© Special plug-ins are not required to use JavaScript
* JavaScript is secure language
* JavaScript code resembles the code of C language, The syntax of both the
language is very close to each other. The set of tokens and constructs are
same in both the language.
Implementation of JavaScript:
* JavaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed
within the HTML tags in a web page.
* You can place the
How to put JavaScript code into a HTML page?
JavaScript provides 3 places to put the JavaScript code:
> within body tag
> within head tag
> external JavaScript file.
Code between the body tag:
Code between the head tag
java script programé/title>
<script languague="javascript">
function popup() {
var major=parseint(navigator.appVersion); var minor=parselnt(navigator.appVersion);
var agent=navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase();
document.write(agent+" "+major);
window.alert(agent+" "
}
function farewell() {
+major);
window.alert(“Welcome to Farewell and thanks for visiting");
}
</script>
JavaScript Operators
* Arithmetic Operators:
X++
Operator Description Example Result
+ Addition x2 4
y=2
xty
- Subtraction 3
* Multiplication 20
/ Division 15/5 3
5/2 2,5
% Modulus (division | 5%2 1
remainder) [10%8 2
10%2 0
+ Increment x5 x=6 _ Decrement x25
x4
x
* Assignment Operators
Operator Example Is The Same As
= xy ey
+2 xtsy Xexty
= xeKY
x x*ay xex*y
i x/=y xex/y
%= xexhy
Comparision Operators
Operator Description Example
= is equal to 5==8 returns false
is equal to (checks for
both value and type) =y returns true
=y returns false
Is is not equal 5158 returns true
> is greater than '5>8 returns false
< is less than 5<8 returns true
>= is greater than or equal | 5>=8 returns false
to
<= is less than or equalto | 5<=8 returns true
© Logical Operators:
Operator Description Example
BR and x=6
y=3
(x< 10 && y > 1) returns
true
I or x6
=3
==5) returns
! not x=6 -y) returns true
* Special Operators:
Operator
(2)
New
Typeof
JAVASCRIPT POP-UP BOXES:
JavaScript has three kind of popup boxes:
1. Alert box
2. Confirm box
3. Prompt box
Alert Box
Description
Conditional Operator returns value
based on the
condition, Itis like if-else.
Comma Operator allows multiple
expressions to be evaluated as single
statement.
creates an instance (object)
checks the type of object.
An alert box is often used if you want to make sure information comes through to
the user.When an alert box pops up, the user will have to click "OK" to proceed.
<script>
alert("Hello World!")
</script> Confirm Box
Aconfirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept something.
When a confirm box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to
proceed,
If the user clicks "OK", the box returns true. If the user clicks "Cancel", the box
returns false.
Prompt Box
A prompt box is often used if you want the user to input a value before entering a
page.
When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to
proceed after entering an input value.
If the user clicks "OK", the box returns the input value. If the user clicks "Cancel
the box returns null.
JAVASCRIPT OBJECTS:
* Many times, variables or arrays are not sufficient to simulate real life
situations.
* JavaScript tries to be an object-oriented language but it’s not really OO
language.
* JavaScript allows you to create objects that act like real life objects.
* Astudent or a home can be an object that have many unique characteristics
of their own.
* You can create properties and methods to your objects to make
programming easier.
* Forexample ,If your object is a student, it will have properties like first name,
last name, id etc and methods like calculateRank, changeAddress etc.
* If your object is a home, it will have properties like number of rooms, paint
color, location etc and methods like calculateArea, changeOwner etc.
* Objects can have functions as well as variables aliased by giving a unique
name. JavaScript is an object-based language. Everything is an object in JavaScript.
* A JavaScript object is an entity having state and behavior (properties and
method). For example: car, pen, bike, chair, glass, keyboard, monitor etc.
The syntax of creating object directly is given below:
var objectname=new Object();
new keyword is used to create objects. It allocates memory and storage for
them and sets all variables that can be set at this stage.
<script>
var emp=new Object();
emp.id=101;
emp.name="Ravi Malik";
emp.salary=50000;
document.write(emp.id+" "+emp.name+" "+emp.salary);
</script>
Access Object Properties and Methods:
You can access properties of an object like this:
objectname.propertyname;
You can access methods of an object like this:
objectname.methodname();
Object Constructor
The second way to create an object is with Object Constructor using new
keyword.
var person = new Object(); // Attach properties and methods to person object
person-firstName = "Malige";
person["lastName"] = "Gangappa";
person.getFullName = function () {
return this.firstName + '' + this.lastName;
i
ARRAY OBJECT
Arrays in JavaScript are dynamically sized, automatically growing.
Arrays can be created in two ways:
1. Array Constructor
2. Array literals
Using Constructor:
var colors = new Array();
var colors = new Array(10);
var colors = new Array(“red”,”green”,”blue”);
Using literals:
var colors
“red”,”green”,”blue”]
var names = [];
Properties: Here is a list of the properties of the Array object along with their
description.
* constructor: Returns a reference to the array function that created the
object.
* index: The property represents the zero-based index of the match in the
string
* input: This property is only present in arrays created by regular expression
matches. © length: Reflects the number of elements in an array
Array Methods: Here is a list of the methods of the Array object along with their
description.
© concat() : Returns a new array comprised of this array joined with other
array(s) and/or value(s).
Syntax : array.concat(array2[,array3 [,...arrayn)
* pop() :Removes the last element from an array and returns that element.
* push() :Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the
new length of the array
* indexOf(element,start) : Returns the first index of an element within an
array equal to the specified value, or -1 if none is found.
* join(string): array join() method joins all the elements of an array into a
string.
Syntax: array.join(separator);
© reverse() :Return the original array elements in reverse order.
* shift() : removes the first element from an array and returns that element
* sort() ‘The JavaScript array sort() method is used to arrange the array
elements in some order. By default, sort() method follows the ascending
order.
© slice(): TheJavaScriptarray slice() method extracts the partof the given array
and returns it. This method doesn't change the original array.
Syntax: array.slice(start,end)
STRING OBJECT
The JavaScript string is an object that represents a sequence of characters. String
object wraps JavaScript's string primitive data type with a number of helper
methods.
There are 2 ways to create string in JavaScript 1.By string literal
2.By string object (using new keyword)
By string literal
var stringName = "string value";
By string object (using new keyword)
var stringname=new String("string literal");
Methods
charAt(x): Returns the character at the "x" position within the string.
concat(vl, v2,...): Combines one or more strings (arguments v |,v2 etc) into
the existing one and returns the combined string. Original string is not
modified.
Syntax : string.concat(str1,str2,...,strn)
indexOf() : Searches and (if found) returns the index number of the
searched character or substring within the string. If not found, -1 is
returned. “Start” is an optional argument specifying the position within
string to begin the search.
match(regexp) : regexp - It represents the regular expression which is to be
searched. Returns the matched regular expression.
split(delimiter, [limit]) : is used to split the given string into array of strings
by separating it into substrings using a specified separator provided in the
argument.
Example: str.split(separator, limit)
toLowerCase()
toUpperCase()
Regular Expression Object:
A regular expression is an object that describes a pattern of characters. © The JavaScript RegExp class represents regular expressions, and both String
and RegExp define methods that use regular expressions to perform
powerful pattern-matching and search-and-replace functions on text.
Syntax: A regular expression could be defined with the RegExp () constructor, as
follows —
var pattern =new RegExp(pattern, attributes);
or simply
var pattern =/pattern/attributes;
Description of the parameters -
* pattern — A string that specifies the pattern of the regular expression or
another regular expression.
* attributes - An optional string containing any of the "g", "i", and "m"
attributes that specify global, case-insensitive, and multiline matches,
respectively.
Methods:
* exec(): The exec method searches string for text that matches RegExp.
If it finds a match,it returns an array of results; otherw ise,it returns null.
Syntax: RegExpObje ct .exec( string );
* match () : Takes a regular expression as a parameter and returns an array of
all the matching string found in the string under consideration . If no
matches are found ,then it returns false.
Syntax: string.match( regexp )
* test(): test() method tests fora match ina string. This method returns true
if it finds a match, otherwise it returns false.
Syntax: RegExpObject .test(string)
Date Object: The Date object is a datatype built into the JavaScript language.
Date objects are created with the new Date( ) as shown below.
Once Date objects created, a number of methods allow you to operate on
it. Most methods simply allow you to get and set the year, month, day, hour,
minute, second, and millisecond fields of the object, using either local time
or UTC (universal, or GMT) time.
You can display a timer on the webpage with the help of JavaScript date
object.
Syntax: You can use any of the following syntaxes to create a Date object using
Date() constructor.
new Date( )
new Date(milliseconds)
new Date(datestring)
new Date(year,month,date[,hour,minute,second, millisecond ])
Create a new Date object:
var d = new Date();
Date Methods:
Date():Returns today's date and time
getDate():Returns the day of the month for the specified date according to
local time.
getDay():Returns the day of the week for the specified date according to
local time.
getFullYear():Returns the year of the specified date according to local time.
getHours():Returns the hour in the specified date according to local time.
getMilliseconds():Returns the milliseconds in the specified date according
to local time.
getMinutes():Returns the minutes in the specified date according to local
time.
getMonth():Returns the month in the specified date according to local
time. * getSeconds():Returns the seconds in the specified date according to local
time.
© getTime():Returns the numeric value of the specified date as the number of
milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.
Set Methods:
© setDate() - set the day as number(1-31)
* setFullYear() - set the year(optionally month and day)
* setHours() - set the hour(0-23)
Math Object:
* The math object provides you properties and methods for mathematical
constants and functions.
* Unlike other global objects, Math is not a constructor.
* All the properties and methods of Math are static and can be called by
using Math as an object without creating it.
* Thus, you refer to the constant pias Math.Pl and you call the sine function
as Math.sin(x), where x is the method's argument.
Syntax: The syntax to call the properties and methods of Math are as follows
var pi_val = Math.Pl;
var sine_val = Math.sin(30);
Methods:
1. abs():Returns the arctangent of the quotient of its arguments.
2. ceil():Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a number.
3. cos():Returns the cosine of a number.
4. exp():Returns EN, where Nis the argument, and E is Euler's constant, the
base of the natural logarithm.
5. floor():Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a number. 6. _log():Returns the natural logarithm (base E) of a number.
7. min():Returns the smallest of zero or more numbers.
8. pow():Returns base to the exponent power, that is, base exponent.
9. random():Returns a pseudo-random number between 0 and 1.
Number Object:
* The JavaScript number object enables you to represent a numeric value. It
may be integer or floating-point.
* You can create number object as shown below:
var n = new Number(value);
* If value can't be converted to number, it returns NaN( Not a Number) that
can be chec ked by isNaN() method.
* NaN is a value which represent something which is not a number.
Properties:
Property Description
The smallest interval between two
representable numbers
Returns the maximum possible safe
Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER integer value in JavaScript which is 253
-1
Returns the largest positive
representable number
Returns the minimum possible safe
Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER integer value in JavaScript which is -
(253-1)
Return the minimum representable
numerical value possible in JavaScript.
Number.EPSILON
Number.MAX_VALUE
Number.MIN_VALUE
It represents the special "Not a
Number.NaN
umber.Na Number" value Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY
It represents the value of Negative
Infinity.
Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
Number. prototype
Methods:
It represents the value of Negative
Infinity.
This can be used to add more
properties to the Number object
Method name
Description
Number.isNaN()
Static method; used to check whether
the given value is NaN or not.
Number. isFinite()
Static method; used to check whether
the given value isa finite number or
not.
Number .isinteger()
Static method; used to check whether
the given value is an integer number or
not.
Number isSafeinteger()
Static method; used to check if the
given value is a safe value or not, i.e.
between 253 - 1 to -(253 - 1)
Number.parseFloat(string)
Static method; used to convert a string
to a floating-point number.
Number.parseint(string, [radix]
Static method; used to convert a string
to an integer. Here radix represents
the base in mathematical numeral
systems.
Returns the primitive value of the
valuef() Number object.
Returns a String value of number
toString() object 6
toFbed(e) Rounds up a number to x digits after
the decimal.
toPrecision(x)
Rounds up a number to a length of x
digits.
toExponential(x)
Converts a number into an Exponential
notation. eval() Function
The keyword eval is an abbreviation for “evaluate.” The function essentially takes
a string with JavaScript code
The eval() method is not suggested to use in JavaScript since it executes slower .
Window Object:
* The default object of browser is window. The window object represents a
window in browser.
window .open("URL", "WindowName" “f eaturel, f eaturen)
Properties:
status
menubar
Scrollbars
resizable
Width
Height
Methods:
Alert() - displays the alert box containing the message with OK button
Confirm() - dispalys the confirm dialogue box containing message with Ok and
Cancel buttons
Prompt() - displays a dialogue box to get input from the user.
Open() - opens a new window
Close() - closes the current window Block level scoping
JavaScript does not support block-level scoping.
A variable defined within a block, for instance an if- or a for-statement, will
exist even after the block finishes execution.
© It will be available until the function in which the variable is declared
finishes.
function noBlock(){
if(true)
{
var width = 10; // not block level scoped
}
alert(width); // variable num is available outside the if block
}
noBlock (); // => 10
EXAMPLES:
1. y=20x+12, where x=3 Display Y in alert box?
<script>
x53
y=20*x+12
alert(y)
</script>
2. Sum of two numbers <script>
sl=12
s2=28
total=s1+s2
document.write(“Sum of s1 and s2 is: "+total)
</script>
3, s1=12, s2=28. Perform arithmetic operations on S1 and s2 and display result
<script>
s1=12
s2=28
total=s1+s2
sub=s1-s2
mulss1*s2
div=st/s2
document.write("<br>addition value is: "+total)
document.write("<br>subtraction value is: "+sub)
document.write("<br>Multiplication value is: "+mul)
document write("<br>division of s1 by 2 is "+div)
</script>
DHTML AND DOCUMENT OBJECT MODEL:
© JavaScriptcan access all the elements in a webpage making use of Document
Object Model (DOM). In fact, the web browser creates a DOM of the webpage when the page is
loaded, The DOM model is created as a tree of objects like this:
Root element,
<himb>
—_I—__
Element Element
<head> <body>
—lL—__
Element, Element
<b> <p>
Text Text
“My Header” “My Paragraph"
BENEFITS OF DHTML:
Using DOM, JavaScript can perform multiple tasks.
It can create new elements and attributes.
It can change the existing elements and attributes and
Even it can remove existing elements and attributes.
JavaScript can also react to existing events and create new events in the
page.
JavaScript can change all the CSS styles in the page
JavaScript can create new HTML events in the page
The DOM is a W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) standard.
The DOM defines a standard for accessing documents:
"The W3C Document Object Model (DOM) is a platform and language-
neutral interface that allows programs and scripts to dynamically access
and update the content, structure, and style of a document.” The W3C DOM standard is separated into 3 different parts:
* Core DOM - standard model for all document types
* XMLDOM.- standard model for XML documents
* HTMLDOM- standard model for HTML documents
* The document object represents the whole html document .
* When html document is loaded in the browser, it becomes a document
object. It is the root element that represents the htm! document.
* By the help of document object, we can add dynamic content to our web
page.
window.document
Issame as( document)
* The HTML DOM can be accessed with JavaScript (and with other
programming languages).
* Inthe DOM, all HTML elements are defined as objects.
* The programming interface is the properties and methods of each object.
* Aproperty isa value that you can get or set (like changing the content of an
HTML element).
* Amethod is an action you can do (like add or deleting an HTML element).
METHODS OF DOM:
Method Description
write("string") writes the given string on the
doucment. writeln("string") writes the given string on the
doucment with newline character at
the end.
getElementByld() returns the element having the given
id value.
getElementsByName() returns all the elements having the
given name value.
getElementsByTagName() returns all the elements having the
given tag name.
getElementsByClassName() returns all the elements having the
given class name.
COMMON METHODS AND PROPERTIES:
getElementByld: To access elements and attributes whose id is set.
innerHTML: To access the content of an element.
<html>
<head>
stitle> DOM!I!
Welcome to JavaScript
External JavaScript file > It provides code re-usability because single JavaScript file can be used in several html pages. > An external JavaScript file must be saved by .js extension. > It increases the speed of the webpage. Example: message.js function msg(){ alert("Hello Javatpoint"); } index.htmlWelcome to JavaScript
Important points about JavaScript: With traditional programming languages, like C++ and Java, each code statement has to end with a semicolon (;) Many programmers continue this habit when writing JavaScript, but in general, semicolons are optional! However, semicolons are required if you want to put more than one statement on a single line. Example: JavaScript program contains variables, objects and functions. Blocks of code must be surrounded by curly brackets. Functions have parameters which are passed inside parenthesis Variables are declared using the keyword var. Script does not require main function and exit condition. JavaScript Comment There are two types of comments in JavaScript. 1.Single-line Comment 2. Multi-line Comment Thus — * Any text between a // and the end ofa line is treated as a comment and is ignored by JavaScript. * Any text between the characters /* and */is treated as a comment. This may span multiple lines. * JavaScript also recognizes the HTML comment opening sequence is not recognized by JavaScript so it should be written as //-->. JavaScript Variables: * Variables are used to store data. * Avariable is a "container" for information you want to store. It is simply a name of storage location. * Avariable's value can change during the script. * You can refer to a variable by name to see its value or to change its value. © There are two types of variables in JavaScript : > local variable . > global variable. Rules of naming JavaScript variables: * They must start with a letter or underscore ("_") * Subsequent characters can also be digits (0-9) or letters (A-Z and/or 2-2). * Remember, JavaScript is case-sensitive. (That means that MyVariable and myVariable are two different names to JavaScript, because they have different capitalization.) * Some examples of legal names are Number_hits, temp99, and _name. JavaScript local variable: A JavaScript local variable is declared inside block or function, It is called a local variable, because it is available only within the function. JavaScript global variable When you declare a variable by assignment outside of a function, itis called a global variable, because it is available everywhere in the current document. A JavaScript global variable is accessible from any function. Variables can store all kinds of data . JavaScript recognizes the following types of values: * Numbers, such as 42 or 3.14159 * Logical (Boolean) values, either true or false Strings, such as "Howdy!" * null, a special keyword which refers to nothing * This relatively small set of types of values, or data types, enables you to perform useful functions with your applications. There is no explicit distinction between integer and real-valued numbers. JavaScript Data Types JavaScript provides different data types to hold different types of values. There are two types of data types in JavaScript: 1 Primitive data type 2.Non-primitive (reference) data type JavaScript is a dynamic type language, means we don't need to specify type of the variable because it is dynamically used by JavaScript engine. Primitive datatypes: 1. Striny : represents sequence of characters e.g. "hello" 2. Number: represents numeric values e.g. 100 3. Boolean: represents boolean value either false or true 4, Undefined: represents undefined value 5, Null: represents null i.e, no value at all JavaScript - String Non-primitive datatypes: 1. Object: represents instance through which we can access members 2. Array: represents group of similar values. 3. RegExp: represents regular expression Data type conversion: JavaScript is a loosely typed language. That means you do not have to specify the data type of a variable when you declare it, and data types are converted automatically as needed during script execution. So, for example, var answer = 42 And later, you could assign the same variable a string value, for example, answer = "Thanks for all the fish..." In expressions involving numeric and string values, JavaScript converts the numeric values to strings. O String String is a primitive data type in JavaScript. It must be enclosed in single or double quotation marks. Example: “Hello World" ‘Hello World’ A string can also be treated like zero index based character array. var str = 'Hello World’; str[0] //H str[1] //e str[2] //1 str.length // 11 Accessing a String String can be accessed using for loop. String-Concatenation String can be concatenated using plus (+) operator in JavaScript. var str = 'Hello' + "World" Include quotation marks inside string Escape characters in JavaScript help inserting special characters in the webpage without breaking the code. We use the backslash (\) character to specify a special character. Notation: V Itadds a single quote in the page \’ Itadds a double quote in the page. \n (Newline) It takes control to the next line on the page. O Number The Number type represents both integer and floating-point numbers and has 3 symbolic values: * +Infinity * -Infinity * NaN (Not-a-Number) Q Boolean The Boolean type represents a logical value that has two possible values: true and false. Q Null The Null datatype in JavaScript only represents nullvalue ( non-existent or invalid object or address ) It means we have defined a variable but have not assigned any value yet, so value is absence. Anull value evaluates to false in conditionalexpression. Q Undefined Undefined is also a primitive value in JavaScript. A variable or an object has an undefined value when no value is assigned before using it. An undefined evaluates to false when used in conditional expression. Normally, we use undefined for checks like seeing if a variable has a value assigned, Literals You use literals to represent values in JavaScript. These are fixed values, not variables, that youliterally provide in your script. Examples of literals include: 1234, "This is a literal," and true. © Integer literals Integers can be expressed in decimal (base 10), hexadecimal (base 16), and octal (base 8). A decimal integer literal consists of a sequence of digits without a leading 0 (zero). A leading 0 (zero) on an integer literal indicates it is in octal; a leading Ox (or OX) indicates hexadecimal. * Floating-point literals A floating-point literal can have the following parts: a decimal integer, a decimal point ("."),a fraction (another decimal number), an exponent, and a type suffix. The exponent part is an "e" or "E" followed by an integer, which can be signed (preceded by "+" or "-"). A floating-point literal must have at least one digit, plus either a decimal point or "e" (or "E"). Some examples of floating-point literals are 3.1415, -3.1E12, .1e12, and 2E-12 * Boolean literals The Boolean type has two literal values: true and false. © String literals A string literal is zero or more characters enclosed in double (") or single (') quotation marks. A string must be delimited by quotation marks of the same type; that is, either both single quotation marks or double quotation marks. The following are examples of string literals: "blah" Special characters In addition to ordinary characters, you can also include special characters in strings, as shown in the last element in the preceding list. The following table lists the special characters that you can use in JavaScript strings. Character Meaning \b backspace \f form feed \n newline \r carriage return \t tab \\ backslash character Escaping characters A preceding backslash is ignored, with the exception of a quotation mark and the backslash character itself. You can insert quotation marks inside strings by preceding them with a backslash. This is known as escaping the quotation marks CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS: In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements: © if statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified condition is true if (condition) { code to be executed if condition is true .else statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code if the condition is true and another code if the condition is false if (condition) { code to be executed if condition is true } else { code to be executed if condition is not true } © if..else ...else statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed if (expression 1) { Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true }else if (expression 2) { Statement(s) to be executed if expression 2 is true }else { Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is true } * switch statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed JAVASCRIPT LOOPS: Loops are handy, if you want to run the same code over and over again, each time with a different value. * for - loops through a block of code a number of times for (statement 1; statement 2; statement 3) { // code block to be executed } © for/in - loops through the properties of an object © while - loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true while (condition) { // code block to be executed } © do/while - also loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true do{ // code block to be executed } while (condition); JAVASCRIPT FUNCTIONS: A JavaScript function is a block of code designed to perform a particular task. Syntax: function name(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) { // code to be executed } Function Invocation The code inside the function will execute when "something” invokes (calls) the function: * When an event occurs (when a user clicks a button) * When it is invoked (called) from JavaScript code Example:Welcome
This is the welcome message.
Technology
This is the technology section.