CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

There are instances that conflict may arise between the PNP and the

local officials due to some factors. One of the factors may be politics and

personal reason.

The local leader such as Mayor may transfer the assignment of the

PNP of his duties to different places and this may start the conflict of the

police officers and the local official.

A well discipline and organized is Philippine National Police truly

needed in our society. Their oath of protecting and safeguarding every lives

of Filipino is utmost expected to them. For this, that they should render a

more extraordinary care and be more vigilant in all their actuations, as

saying goes that the PNP plays a vital role in the maintenance of peace and

order in the community and securing the public safety so that people will be

more convenient in their daily lives.

If in any of the event that a conflict in terms of decision and

application of policy making between the PNP and the local officials in

1
some places, the core values of the public officials should be paramount and

the interest of the community must subsist.

The researchers are interested to conduct this study in order to know

the effects of the conflict of the policemen and the local officials and the

common reasons why it so happen.

The researchers, as a future law enforcers could understand the nature

of the PNP and its relation not only to the community but also to the local

officials they were assigned.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the Effects of Conflict between

Policemen and Local Officials in Coping Up Peace and Order Situation in

five selected Municipalities in the first district of Northern Samar: Towards

Public Safety.

Specifically, it sought further to answer the following questions:

1. How may the respondent profile be described in terms of;

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender;

1.3 Civil Status; and

2
 1.4 Educational Attainment

1.5 Seminars and trainings attended?

2. What are the effects of the conflict between National Police and

the Local Officials in coping up peace and order situation?

3. What are the government actions with regards to such conflict?

4. What are the problems encountered regarding such government

actions?

5. What are the solutions offered to the above mentioned problem?

6. How may the researchers findings be utilized towards public

safety?

Conceptual Framework

The research which dealt on conflict could be categorized in different

aspects as it discuss on the clash between two public entities which are the

PNP And the local officials.

There are several theoretical explanations of public perception of PNP

in terms of their performance and three of them are briefly described:

preference theory, constraints theory and the theory of competing devotions.

According to preference theory, initial preferences are the main explanation

of police participation and outcome.

3
 The National Police of Philippines has as its primary objective

safeguard the life, honor, property and other rights and freedoms of all

persons that are under the jurisdiction of the State, as well as to maintain the

peace and security of all its inhabitants. To run this mission, the police must

interact with the society and be observers to the accomplish of laws,

according to the standard the Constitution of the Republic of Philippines.

The relationship between police and citizens must be informed by the ethical

and professional principles that allow for the effective development of police

work. One of the challenges to community police units is to maintain the

integrity and the commitment to sustain the credibility deposited by the

citizens. All programmed designed to improve the quality of life and the

citizenʼs security perception within communities depends of the image

projected by the police officers enforcement. It has been found through

disciplinary audiences that police officers misconducts, such as abuse of

authority, misuse of force, extortion and immoral behaviours have a negative

impact to the publicʼs perception of security. Any police officerʼs act of

corruption has a direct impact on the image of the organization, as well as on

the plans and strategies that are developed for the benefit of all citizens.

Corruption causes the loss of citizensʼtrust toward police tasks. Police

officers of lower rank are commonly breaking the disciplinary rules. New

4
generations seems to be more involved in disciplinary behaviours, also the

responsibility and the ethical values that society requires, show not to be

their strength. Currently, is not easily to find in the society, the human

resource with the appropriate profile that is needed to work and run the role

of authority and enforce existing laws and rules with the vocation of service.

This issue is now a challenge for recruiting and selection process: hire the

best and high qualified individuals for law enforcement duties, even when

citizens’ needs are upon more police officers presence on the streets to

improve their security perception. There is no doubt a change in strategies

and in security policies to faced corruption is obviously necessary. The main

purpose must be focused on man empowerment: high values, skills and

commitment for law enforcement duties. This will enhance the security

organization in high standards capacities to enforce the mission given by

law: protect and serve society. This means not be empowered as an authority

to incurred in abuses and corruption and be served through illegal profits

from society. When a police officer is implicated in acts of corruption, the

elements of proof become one of the main limitations for the disciplinary

punishment. For the prosecution of acts of corruption committed by police

officers, was created the Department of Professional Responsibility, as an

office of internal affairs. This department is responsible for investigating

5
violations of police procedures and the acts of corruption in accordance with

the provisions of the Organic Law of the National Police. These

investigations may be initiated in the following manner.

Nowadays, the perception of security of the citizens must be the

primary interest when a security strategy is designed. Indicators should be

directed to the perceptions and expectations of quality of service the society

and the country need. Moreover, indicators should evaluate the law

enforcement work and its impact on the relationship police-community-

authority. In these times, the common citizen is not interested in knowing if

their security depends on the community policing or investigation tasks of

law enforcement officers, or the police relation with the prosecutor or the

judge to ensure the security of them. The matter is now who cares of them

during their daily activities and through its work can make them feel secure.

The world today demands a high level of competitiveness, in the case of the

National Police, the respect for the law, Human Rights, the effectiveness of

their work and transparency in the activities of each of their members. It is

necessary significant changes in the profile of police officers required to

achieve law enforcement duties. It implies substantial changes for a

contemporary police culture of transformations toward the respect for the

rights and dignity of all individuals. And also, with the surveillance of the

6
citizens, observing their police officers is honest, reliable, transparent and

responsible for their actions in the community he/she serves. If this does not

exist and are obvious acts of corruption during police duty, citizen will

mistrust their police and will not collaborate or participate in any programme

to reduce crime rates and improve perception of security in their

communities.

The second theoretical perspective highlights the importance of

objective constraints to understand police adaptation to work. Such

constraints include scarcity of arrangements, the

availability and security of jobs, financial resources and work–family

policies at institutional and organizational levels. An explanation of work

differences in

departments would fit into the objective constraints perspective.

In the third perspective, schemas of competing devotions, the focus is

on the cultural construction of choices and constraints regarding active duty.

The analyses work–family conflict in terms of ‘cultural schemas’,

which are frameworks for viewing and understanding what we know as

reality. The work devotion schema demands that one gives an immense

amount of time, commitment and emotional loyalty to one’s employer or

career. In addition to a high income, the schema promises a strong sense of

7
competence, identity and meaning. The family devotion schema, in contrast,

prescribes a model of motherhood that is intensive, emotionally absorbing

and centred on one’s children.

The paradigm below is the IPO diagram. The variables are grouped

into input, process and output.

The first box in the figure 1 is the input. The input contains the

independent variables which includes the respondent profile. The age,

gender, civil status and educational attainment are the socio demographic

which has relevance in their perceptions about the conflict of policemen and

local officials. Also part of the input is the effects of the conflict. In this

regard, it will determine how the public reacts and see the performance of

every PNP. Third, is the policies and protocols. The policies and protocols

has take cognizance in the realization of the vision of their department. It is

indispensable that every policies and protocols must be implemented. Next

is the problems encountered , it means that there are some barriers on how

these plans and programs be implemented. Then the solutions offered. In

every problems e-being encountered as to the plans and programs are

solutions on it. It must suits so that the objectives of the study will be attain.

Then the researchers findings. It is significant that the researchers may come

8
up a findings for the solution of the conflict between the policemen and the

local officials.

The second box is the process. In the middle of the schema is the

intervening variable which is the process. The input will be properly

processed in order to attain a good output. First in the process is screen such

the ability the respondents to give the needed information. It means that the

respondents must be intelligent enough in giving their answers to the

questions being posed in the survey questionnaire handed to them by the

proponent of the study. Then part of the process is the assessment of the

effects of the conflict between the policemen and the local officials. Then,

efficient remedies be given to strategize police discipline in terms of policies

and protocols so that the conflict between the policemen and the local

officials. Also, problems must be assessed promptly. The solutions must be

in line with the problems being confronted by the PNP. Also, researchers

findings be utilized towards public safety.

The third box is the output. In this last part of the schematic diagram

shows the result of the study. In this third table, one of its content is abled. It

means that the respondents were able to understand the intent of the

questionnaire. Another part of the output is the adopted, it means the

findings should be adopted. The PNP must be efficient in all their endeavors.

9
The remedy of the PNP when problems arises so that solutions which is

equipped to the problems should be adhered into. The findings of the study

must be utilized so that it will serve as a future reference for those who plan

to conduct the same study.

10
 Paradigm of the Study

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Respondents  Screen the ability of  Abled

Profile respondents to give
the need information

 The effects of the

 Mitigated
 Effects conflict between the
policemen and local
officials must be
mitigated
 The government must
 Government  Created
take a positive actions
Actions in order to create a
peace process on
Local officials and
PNP

 Problems must be
 solved
 Problems assessed and solved
Encountered promptly

 The solutions offered  applied

must be in line with
 Solutions the problems and
Offered
must be applied

 Utilized
 Researcher’s findings
 Researchers could be utilized
Findings towards public safety.

11
Assumptions of the Study

The researchers are guided by the following assumptions on the

effects of the conflict between policemen and local officials in coping up

peace and order situation:

1. That if, the indicators and variables of the study regarding the

conflict of the policemen and local officials in coping up peace and

order situation so that public safety will be truly realize.

2. That if, the effects of the conflict will be mitigated so that they will

work hand on hand in the maintenance of peace and order situation

in the locality, towards the attainment of peaceful community.

3. That if, the government actions being made and implemented are

being followed and observed both by the local officials and the

PNP in order to avoid any conflict or problems about them.

4. That if, the problems encountered on the policies and protocols so

that there will be unity among policemen and local officials and

conflict will be prevented among them.

5. That if, it could provide solutions and recommendations so that

any conflict between the policemen and local officials will be

addressed properly considering that both are public officials who

role are to facilitate the good governance.

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 6. That if, the researchers findings relating to the effects of conflict

between the local officials and PNP and get the reasons why it

happen, then it could be utilized as future references.

Significance of the Study

This study will give relevant data pertaining to the effects of conflict

between policemen and local officials. The data which will be gathered in

this study will give general understanding as they participate in the

promotion and maintenance of peace and order of the country. Furthermore,

the understanding of smooth relationship between PNP and local officials so

that the root causes and common reason of conflict will be determine.

Specifically, this study will be beneficial to the following:

Philippine National Police (PNP). The findings of this study will

further the understanding Philippine National Police of the in intensifying

police discipline in their performance. With such knowledge, the Philippine

National Police administration will be able to strategize more effective

measures in involving men and women in the promotion and maintenance of

peace and order in the country.

Men and Women in the Police Force. Through this study, the men

and women in the police force will be greatly benefited because this study

13
will present the problem they encounter in the conduct of their duties and

responsibilities. Such presentation may give rise to actions and resolutions

pertaining to the prevention, reduction or eliminations of the problems

experienced.

Criminology Department Administration. This research will

provide knowledge pertaining to the problems encountered by police duties

and responsibilities performance in the police force. Such knowledge is

beneficial to the administration of the BS Criminology Department. The

findings will enable the administration to strategize a training program

which will enable the students to cope with future problems which they may

encounter in the pursuit of their field of education, and profession in the near

future.

Researchers. The researchers will give the advance understanding of

the situations in which they may experience in the near future being future

criminologists. Such understanding will prepare the researchers to commit

to the cause of understanding in the police force.

Criminology Students. Being future criminologists, the findings of this

study will give insights data pertaining to the problems encountered by the

members of the police force. Equipped with such knowledge, the students

14
may adapt certain skills necessary to tackle problems which may be

experienced during the performance of their duties if ever they pursue to be

members of the police force. Also, such knowledge will give the students an

advantage over others.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

This study is delimited to the effects of conflict between policemen

and local officials in the five selected municipalities in the first district of

Northern Samar towards public safety. This research will include problems

which are only related to the execution of public mandates. Other problems

will not be included in this study.

One of the limitations identified in this study is the data source which

is the responses of the respondents residing in the municipality of San Jose,

Rosario, Lavesares, San Isidro, and Allen Northern Samar, assigned in five

selected municipalities.

This study will be conducted in the Municipality of San Jose, Allen,

Lavezares, San isidro and Rosario, Northern Samar.

This study will be conducted in the month of September until

December during the academic year 2022-2023.

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Definition of Terms

The terms used in this study is herein defined conceptually and

operationally to facilitate the understanding of this study.

Barrier- the term means a wall or barricade that prevents something

to enter or to pass through.

Cognizance- it means on this study as to grasp the intent or

understanding of the objective of the research.

Contemporary- Conceptionally, the term means a present status or

the happening in the current situation. Operationally, the term used in this

study as a current event or occurrences that appeared during the time of this

study.

Discipline- In concept, it defines as a form of correction to ones

character and behavior. In this study, it means the guidance on the

personality on the police behavior on their performance.

Performance- In concept, the term means the act of the PNP on the

basis of their oath in giving service to the public. In this study, it implies the

service rendered by the Police in the of peace an order in the society.

Perspective- In concept, it means the standpoint on specific endeavor.

In this study, the term means the view on the performance of the PNP in the

maintenance of public safety and rendering service to the public.

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 Public Perception- awareness of the element of environment through

physical sensation.

Public Safety- Conceptionally, at high level public safety involves

protecting the public. Operationally, safeguarding the people from crimes,

disaster, and other potential dangers.

Vigilant- In concept, mean being on the lookout especially for danger

or opportunity. Operationally, can describe a person or an action.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Local Literature

Herdona (2019), a conflict between the PNP and local elected officials

may sometimes encountered, such as in Lanao Del Sur. When trying to

understand the intricacies and complexities of conflict management in Lanao

del Sur, the main distinction that was being made by people was the one

between formal punitive justice and amicable settlement. The importance

here is that this practice of amicable settlement or mediation is not confined

to an informal or traditional institutional sphere but is also performed within

formal state institutions. It is therefore crucial to make a conceptual

distinction between practices of conflict management and the specific

institutional fora wherein these are being deployed. Following these

observations, hybridity in this specific context should be understood as an

interaction wherein formal governance institutions serve as venues in which

informal practices of conflict mediation are being deployed.

Gamboa (2016), While Philippine politics certainly is much more than

captured in these characterizations, this report takes them as a starting point

to analyze Philippine politics as if it was crime, or as “criminalized

18
governance” Arguing that criminal activities do not only connect to politics

in an erratic and unsystematic way, but seem to be a durable and integral

part of politics from the local to the national levels. The model for the

analysis is provided by organized crime, which is characterized by the twin

goals of wealth and power and bases its activities on two fundamental

norms: that violence is no sole prerogative of a relatively autonomous state,

but can be used as a private instrument of social control and empowerment

by the organization (in political contexts read: ruling class) subject only to

considerations of prudence and that the boundary between legal and illegal,

licit and illicit behavior is of no importance, except for the calculation of

costs and benefits accrued to alternative strategies of action. Following , who

likened state-making to organized crime, a conceptual basis for

understanding politics as crime is given. The fundamental traits of one

specific manifestation of criminal governance – the traditional Mafia – is

presented with respect to structure, normative environment and behavior, as

this specific form can provide the “flesh and skin” to the “skeleton” of rather

abstract characterizations of organized crime, which try to delimit the

universal phenomenon as such.

Even more important, many of the patterns presented with respect to the

traditional Mafia have a decidedly familiar ring to the Philippine case.

19
 The conclusion focuses on recommendations for reform aiming at the

strengthening and restructuring of the Philippine state and political system.

A first set asks for a significantly strengthened insulation of the law

enforcement authorities, so that they can no longer be instrumentalized or

pressured by politicians. This ought to be complemented by significant

strengthening of effectiveness through training and qualification, recruitment

of additional personnel and abolition of auxiliary organizations that not only

have a long history but also an equally long bad track record with respect to

human rights violations. In addition, the gun-policy ought to be significantly

tightened. When, as currently a national gun-ban can be enforced in times of

heightened political competition during the election periods, this should

likewise be feasible during normal times. Over time such a change in policy

would render guns less natural accessories in the Philippine public.

First, as already discussed, traditional authority as such no longer has

a strong material basis (e.g. land, financial resources), neither does it have a

truly enforceable legal and/or coercive basis. However, all of these material,

legal and coercive means to exert influence and authority can be accessed

through elected office. State formation in the Philippines has always been

characterized by a high degree of autonomy by local politicians in the

periphery vis-à-vis Manila. This autonomy has always been prominent in the

20
way state-sanctioned coercive organisations ranging from the PNP to

different paramilitary structures have been organised, not only at more

decentralised levels, but also under the direct tutelage of elected politicians.

This is clear from the aforementioned story of the Sultan of Baloi. Although

the Sultan himself was not elected, his family connection with his

brother/barangay captain enabled him to become the leader. This dynamic,

wherein politicians/traditional leaders actively deploy their authority over

these organisations for private or wider clan purposes, is nothing new in the

region. Particularly revealing in this regard is a book chapter by the

American anthropologist G. Carter Bentley (1976) , who is also of noble

descent, within this capacity and through different connections with mayors

and barangay captains, Dimaporo began recruiting massive numbers of

members for so-called Civilian Home Defense Force (CHDF) units that

were used as a private army to suppress any form of opposition or dissent in

the province. Thus, under the tutelage of Dimaporo, the government regime

managed to organise an extensive counter insurgency against the moro and

any other oppositional organisations of the time. In the meantime, the

creation of these types of para-military private armies in combination with

the start of an armed insurgency in the beginning of the seventies, gravely

21
intensified the often violent nature of political competition in the region.

Tellingly, Dimaporo ultimately lost his position as governor of Lanao del

Sur after the outbreak of the People Power Revolution, not due to

democratic procedures but because the rivaling alliance of clans violently

captured .

Specific measures undermining the patronal position of Philippine

politicians and institutionalizing politics would be the abolishment of the

pork-barrel funds, which currently seem to be much used not only to further

development in the politicians’ constituencies, but to project the image of

the benevolent patron and thereby establishling-term particularistic and

personalistic dependency relations, which stabilize patron – client bonds.

This could be complemented by a significant strengthening of the

Commission on Audit, so that malfeasance and corruption do no longer go

unpunished.

Finally, two long-term strategies aiming at a reframing of institutional

incentives for politicians are proposed: Firstly, a change of the electoral

system towards a system of proportional representation, as this holds the

potential of uncoupling political office from local dominance. Secondly,

political parties should be publicly financed, so that officeholders would no

longer need to plunder public office to recoup their outlays and “reimburse”

22
their benefactors through preferential treatment. The analysis of the

Philippine politics illustrates that a deeper look at the crime politics nexus is

worthwhile, not only in failed or nearly failed states, but also in rather

durable and not endangered ones. It also illustrates, that in order to analyze

criminality in politics, we need not necessarily look for criminal

organizations aiming to take over or

control the state from the outside through co-opted or bribed politicians, but

might better take into account the possibility, that the political class itself

exemplifies a significant number of characteristics in outlook and behavior,

which make them resemble criminal

Foreign Literature

Tilly (2019), thinking about elected officials and crime takes us back

to Tilly’s argument about war and state-making, both of which, he states,

“qualify as our largest examples of organized crime”. State-making in

Tilly’s understanding is a process through whichone of several competing

powers succeeds in establishing a territorially defined monopoly on the use

of force, monopolizing the right to tax a population in exchange for the

provision of protection and being accepted as an equal by other powers, who

dominate other territories in similar ways. One necessary condition of

23
success is that competitors are eliminated in one’s “own” territory. In

Europe this process centred on the demilitarisation of the great lords” which

meant the destruction of their

autonomous capabilities to project violence and to change their practices of

violent conflict resolution. The early state-builders also had to convert the

corresponding cultural codes of honour and duelling into cultural taboos.

Only if successful in all of these tasks, could the state-builder eventually

claim a monopoly on legitimate force. However, in quite a number of world

regions, states are still in the making. Even though the country has a rather

long history of modern statehood, I argue, that in this country, as in many

others, neither of these crucial tasks of state-building have been fully

accomplished. We still encounter “great lords” that command “personal

bands of armed retainers” and resort to violence in order to settle disputes

amongst themselves and control those below them. While there are no

agents of violence competing on a national scale with “the state”, there is a

huge number of regions, which are either characterized by private local

monopolies, which are contested amongst the local “barons” or hybrid.

private local monopolies, which are contested amongst the local “barons” or

hybrid regimes in which state and private force compete for supremacy.

Those semi-autonomous specialists of violence and protection dominating

24
the political realm are variously denominated as political families,

strongmen, bosses and warlords. The practice of private violence is

culturally tabooed on a superficial level at best and perpetuated from

generation to generation to the very present. Even though Tilly with his

article pointed out a broadly neglected perspective on political action, there

were hardly any follow-ups that concentrated on the interface of crime and

politics by giving priority to or at least equal status to the “criminal lens”.

Related Studies

Although never explicitly stated as such, it is clear that some of the

general rationales behind this To share similarities with some basic features

of the academic literature. This is above all the case for the space that is

provided to local usages, institutions and actors in settling conflict and

initiating peace and the critical stance towards those types of interventions

that uniquely focus on the creation, or engineering, of formal state

institutions in bringing peace and stability. Despite these broad similarities,

there are also some points of critique/improvement that can be mentioned

prescriptive component. First of all, there is the mere observation that the

broader sociopolitical environment in which is intervening in Central and

Western Mindanao is characterized by weak formal institutions, gravely

25
attenuated by decades of armed conflict. Before we can start delving deeper

into some of these questions, it is necessary to have a better understanding of

how people interpret and give meaning to some of the categories and

concepts which are key as it is formulated by force. As explained above,

although the concept of hybridity is formulated as an interaction between

formal and informal institutions, how and at what level this interaction

should be understood, and how sustainable these interactions are considered

to be, remains vague. Moreover, in daily conversation and consultation,

rather than pointing at a true interaction, this concept of hybridity was

primarily used to denote the prominence of informal institutions and the

limited capacity of formal governance structures. Interestingly, when

discussing conflict management and dispute settlement with a variety of

respondents, the crucial distinction that was made was not one between a set

of formal versus informal conflict management institutions, but rather one of

formal punitive justice versus amicable settlement/informal reconciliation.

The difference between these two practices of conflict management is

obvious. With formal punitive justice, a whole range of formal state

procedures is being referred to, through which a perpetrator(s) is charged

and then judged by a court. On the other hand, amicable settlement is

understood as a process of informal consultation wherein conflicting

26
parties try to reach an agreement to their dispute. In general, this

consultation is then concluded through an agreement on the amount of blood

money that needs to be paid as compensation for the harm inflicted. The

fundamental issue here is that amicable settlement cannot simply be equated

with traditional or informal institutions, but is also practiced through

different types of formal governance structures. This is a crucial observation

if one truly wants to grasp the complexities and hybrid characteristics of

conflict management in Lanao. However, before elaborating more

systematically on this issue, it is necessary first to give an assessment of the

specific positive and negative evaluations made of these two conflict

management practices Within this ‘weak state environment’, wherein the

state does not manage to uphold its monopoly on the use of violence, one

witnesses a strong resilience of all types of indigenous institutions which

over time have dynamically merged with formal government institutions.

Based on this observation, one is simply obliged to work with these hybrid

institutions in order to strengthen the conflict resolution process. This

appreciation of the formal state as being utterly weak, or even non-existent,

in these parts of Mindanao is also shared by other international organizations

operating in the region. However, apart from this descriptive argument, there

also is a clear prescriptive component within this To wherein these hybrid

27
institutions are understood as having an exceptional capacity to reach a

sustainable settlement to violent disputes in the region. In other words,

rather than being considered as a hindrance for effective conflict

management, working with and through hybrid institutions is considered an

added value. For instance, it was argued that these informal and/or hybrid

institutions enjoy a much higher legitimacy and social embeddedness as they

are accessible to the majority of the population when compared to formal

state institutions. In addition, their flexible character which leaves room for

amicable settlement and all types of informal negotiations is seen as central

to the sort of quick settlements is aiming for. Their highly flexible character

also makes them somehow ‘malleable’ for external organisations such as

TAF. For instance, it was mentioned that a particular organisation, for

example a business club or an association of Ulama (which intrinsically has

little to do with dispute settlement, can be strategically ‘pushed’ to intervene

in certain disputes. In short, the added value ascribed to these hybrid

institutions is found in their accessibility/legitimacy.In short, the two large

rationales that underlie the formulation of this particular on conflict

mediation are the crucial observations that, 1. the majority of the violence

conducted in Mindanao has a local character and concerns local kinship

groups (more specifically: clans), hence the need for a local response to

28
these conflicts, 2. formal state institutions do not have sufficient capacity to

cope with these local conflicts, hence the need/inevitability to work through

hybrid/informal institutions. However, as became clear through different

interviews and focus group discussions, these hybrid/informal institutions

were also considered as having some exceptional opportunities for effective

conflict management, due to their flexible character and strong social

legitimacy. In addition, one extra understanding of this concept of hybridity

could be discerned, wherein the actual strategy of conflict management itself

can be labelled as hybrid if the organisation taps into a diverse pool of

people coming from both formal and informal sectors of society.13 This is

linked with a specific type of conflict management strategy in which (elite)

coalitions and networks are established to put pressure on warring parties to

refrain from using further violence and eventually reach a settlement for

their dispute.

Relevance of the study and Literature

The fieldwork data do not support the framing of Lanao del Sur as a

province marked by weak state institutions and strong traditional

institutions. Rather, traditional authority solely obtains relevance when this

is combined with the coercive and financial resources associated with formal

29
statehood. This observation also indicates how a traditional/informal

institutional field cannot be separated from a formal institutional field but

that these two entities overlap. The main argument of this study is that the

majority of violent incidents in Mindanao are caused by different sorts of

local disputes, or so-called rido (feuds). Secondly, it was argued that these

feuds mainly played out between kinship groups, more specific

clans/families. As such, the research by TAF questioned the commonly

accepted framing of conflict in Mindanao as one being uniquely between

Muslim armed groups versus the Philippine state. Based on these

observations, a conflict management strategy has been developed by TAF

that targets the quick settlement of local-level conflicts which play out

between these kinship groups in Central and Western Mindanao. These

programs have been implemented, simultaneously with the active

involvement of TAF in the ongoing national-level peace talks between the

MILF and the Philippine government. As such, a sort of dual strategy has

been developed wherein programs of conflict management at the micro-level

of society have been combined with national level peace talks. Since 2014

however, these local-level conflict management strategies have been put on

a hold, in order to focus time and resources on the successful conclusion of

the talks between the MILF and the government, and the installment of a

30
new Bangsamoro, as a replacement for the current ARMM (Autonomous

Region for Muslim Mindanao). the place of hybrid institutions in peace

building and conflict management. However, before we can touch upon

these debates, it is necessary to analyse how hybridity is being

conceptualised by TAF in their conflict management strategy. Based on a

critical reading of TAF policy documents and interviews with TAF staff - in

particular people from the Conflict Management Unit - two different levels

can be distinguished wherein this concept of hybridity is being deployed.

The institutions that are being applied by TAF in their strategy of conflict

management are understood as hybrid institutions/systems. Within the actual

ToC, these systems are being defined as: ‘hybrid or mixed systems that

combine formal and informal approaches at managing conflicts.’ Somewhat

further in the PPA document, it is explained that these mixed or hybrid

systems ‘combine the formal government framework with the informal

indigenous/traditional approaches to managing conflict’. Although hybridity

is clearly defined within this PPA as an interaction between formal and

informal institutions, in daily parlance among TAF staff, this was much less

the case. Here, the concept of hybridity is most often used to designate

everything ‘informal’ which falls outside the strict, formal governance

sphere. This can range from traditional authorities to rebel groups, civil

31
society organisations, religious leaders etc. In short, the two large rationales

that underlie the formulation of this particular on conflict mediation are the

crucial observations that, 1) the majority of the violence conducted in

Mindanao has a local character and concerns local kinship groups (more

specifically: clans), hence the need for a local response to these conflicts, 2)

formal state institutions do not have sufficient capacity to cope with these

local conflicts, hence the need/inevitability to work through hybrid/informal

institutions. However, as became clear through different interviews and

focus group discussions, these hybrid/informal institutions were also

considered as having some exceptional opportunities for effective conflict

management, due to their flexible character and strong social legitimacy. In

addition, one extra understanding of this concept of hybridity could be

discerned, wherein the actual strategy of conflict management itself can be

labelled as hybrid if the organisation taps into a diverse pool of people

coming from both formal and informal sectors of society. This is linked with

a specific type of conflict management strategy in which (elite) coalitions

and networks are established to put pressure on warring parties to refrain

from using further violence and eventually reach a settlement for their

dispute. Yet, despite this assessment that the power of traditional

institutions/traditional leaders might not be so prominent, it would also be an

32
inadequate assessment of the complexities of the socio-political landscape in

Lanao to simply reverse this into a weak tradition versus strong

politicians/state argument. As already mentioned in our methodological

introduction, one should be careful not to think in fixed social categories as

many of these overlap. As we will illustrate, it is in particular throughout

this overlap that a considerable differentiation can be detected within the

category of traditional leaders; wherein a part of this group has managed to

position themselves as the ultimate centers of authority in the community.

Based on our data, it is clear that the capacity to win elections is among the

most critical factors in explaining whether traditional leaders still manage to

retain their authority. In order to empirically illustrate this point, it is

interesting to refer back to the story of the Sultan of Baloi. While admitting

that his title as Sultan of Baloi did not amount to much, things started to

change for the Sultan when his brother became elected as punong captain.

As explained by different authors, the local executive in the Philippines has

historically always been entitled to control coercive institutions

33
 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Locale of the Study

The locale of the study are five towns located in the first district of

Northern Samar. The researchers chose this as locale considering that they

are from.

The municipality of Rosario is located at 124 degree and 30 east

latitude and 120 degree and 30 north latitude. It is situated in the

northwestern part of the Province of Northern Samar, and \northern portion

of Region VIII. It is politically subdivided into eleven (11) barangays. These

eleven barangays are Barangay Commonwealth, Poblacion and San Lorenzo

which are located in the downtown of Rosario, others are Salhag,

Buenavista, Ligaya, Jamoog, Aguada, Bantolinao, Guinda-ulan and

Kailingan.

Historically, Rosario established as an independent municipality last

June 21,1969 which was separated from the town of Bobon, Northern

Samar. The first town mayor then was Basilio Miranda Jr. The named

Rosario from an old name mamban which derived from a plant used in nipa

34
hut evolved due to being religious of its people where in one image of

Mother Mary from Bicol became the devotion by its most people.

Rosario has a total land area of 7, 125 hectares. It is transverse by a

national highway and has four major settlements along the major road.

These barangays are Barangay 1, Commonwealth, Barangay 2, Poblacion,

Barangay, San Lorenzo and Barangay Salhag.

The town lies 23 kilometers away from waterman. It is politically

bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the northern side, northeastern by the

Municipality of San Jose, southeast by the Municipality of Victoria, while

western boundary determines the territorial limits between Rosario and

Lavezares, all of Northern Samar.

The municipality has a vast plain land which extends from northern

portion of the municipality from Gilbert Island consisting of barangay

Buenavista and barangay Ligaya down to the southern part of the

municipality embracing the area of barangay 3 San Lorenzo. These area is

devoted to agriculture primarily coconut. The inland portion of the

municipality is characterized by rolling terrains to steely undulating.

Rosario is a fifth class municipality in the province of Northern Samar

Philippines. According to 2015 census, it has a population of 10,520 people.

The town is bordered in the west by Lavezares and Victoria to the south. Its

35
coastal area is protected as part of the BiriLarosa protected landscape and

Seascape.

The economic condition of Rosario being the fifth class municipality

is quite very slow in terms of providing livelihood and enhancing its

agricultural resources. The town is rich in aquatic and agricultural products

but due to some inappropriate use or inability of some authority who is in

charge with the said improvement it never goes to more industrialized

economy.

The municipality of Lavezares is politically subdivided into 26

barangays. Thwelve (12) of which are considered inland barangays and

fourteen (14) coastal barangays, which can be sub classified into 5 island

barangay and 9 barangay situated along the coast of the mainland. It has a

land area of 11, 950 hectares, with a topography that is generally

characterized by very rugged terrain with many steep and elevated areas

classified as undulating to hilly. Technically, there are only two hills in the

area, these are located in the southern most part of Barangays Chansvilla and

Toog. No mountain can be found in the area.

The history of the municipality of Lavezares, Northern Samar, was

just a visit during the late 19th century. In this period of time, Barobaybay,

Villa and MacArthur served as the oldest pueblos of the old municipality.

36
During the Spanish period, Lavezares was controlled by secular piests. It

was named in honor of the General Lavezares who helped them become

separated from the Municipality of Allen, and be an independent

municipality. Sitios of Lavezares including Caburihan, Ocad, Caragas,

Cataogan and Sabang-Tabok were converted into barangays though

Republic Act 2370 (the Barrio Charter Act) and Republic Act 3590

(the Revised Barrio Charter Act). And shortly, the municipality was

administered by the capitanes and municipal mayors.

There are also major plains and a few flatlands that are not very

extensive. The coastal areas of Lavezares are limited and have generally

moderately terrain. Bacolod which serves as natural breakwater on the

different coasts of the municipality can be found along the coast of Barangay

Balicuatro, Villa, Bani and Magasaysay among others.

Land reclamation in different parts of the municipality particularly in

inland barangays of San Juan, San Isidro, Magsaysay and Bani is

continuously done. The coastal barangays along the mainland are similarly

reclaiming lands which include the coasts of Barangay San Isidro, Cataogan,

SabangTabok, Urdaneta and Barobaybay.

Lavezares is a fourth class municipalities in the province of Northern

Samar Philippines. It is bounded on the west by the municipality of Allen,

37
on the north- west by San Bernardino Strait, on the south and south-west by

the municipality of Victoria, on the east by the municipality of Rosario and

on the north by the municipality of Biri. According to 2015 census, it has a

population of 28,770 people.

The economic condition of the municipality of Lavezares as it is

observed today needs an improvement in terms of its commercial and

agricultural aspects. Though, the town has an abundant aquatic resources

considering its wide natural habitat for marine products and being the main

port going to the town of Biri still it does not suffice to the populace of

Lavezares so that everyone will have a good standard of living.

Allen is a fourth class located in the north western tip of

the province of Northern Samar, the northern province among the three

provinces comprising Samar Island. The island of Samar is located in the

central eastern portion of the Philippines, in the group of central islands

known as the Visayas. According to the 2015 census, Allen has a population

of 25,469. The town borders the municipality of Victoria to the south, the

municipality of Lavezares to the east, and the strategic San Bernardino

Strait both to the north and west. Allen is known for being an important port

for inter-island transport, specifically between the island of Samar and big

island of Luzon.

38
 Historically, the town of Allen Before the Spanish colonization of the

Philippines, the original Malayan name of the town was Minapa-a. During

the Spanish colonization period, the name of the town was changed to La

Granja. The name Allen was given by the Americans in honor of the

American General Allen ,the military governor of the  Visayas after the

victory of the Americans over the Spaniards in the war. The area of present-

day Allen was originally populated by natives of Malay stock from the

western and central portions of the island of Samar, particularly Catbalogan

and Calbayog. Successive migrations to Allen from other islands that are

near Allen were characterized by several waves. Malays from the

neighboring Bicol in what is now Sorsogon crossed what is now the San

Bernardino Strait using small sailing barge, trading with the locals before

settling in, and inter-marrying with the local Malays many years after.

Simultaneously, Malays of southern stock from Bohol through the islands of

Capul and San Antonio crossed the strait and settled in the area.

The heavy waves of migration from Bicol to Allen in Samar in the

course of the centuries is attested by the fact that almost 70% of the peoples

of Allen trace their ancestries to the families in Bicol, from the province of

Sorsogon.

39
The first recorded persons to have their names officially entered into a

Spanish census in Allen were that of Cosmenia Cajandab and Mariano

Cabacang; both surnames originated from the island of Capul

The area of present-day Allen was originally populated by natives of

Malay stock from the western and central portions of the island of Samar,

particularly Catbalogan and Calbayog. Successive migrations to Allen from

other islands that are near Allen were characterized by several waves.

Malays from the neighbouring Bicol Peninsula in what is

now Sorsogon crossed what is now the San Bernardino Strait using small

sailing barge, trading with the locals before settling in, and inter-marrying

with the local Malays many years after. Simultaneously, Malays of southern

stock from Bohol through the islands of Capul and San Antonio crossed the

strait and settled in the area.

The Municipality of San Jose is politically subdivided into 16

barangays. The municipality can be found in the map at 12 degree North

latitude and 124 degree East longitude. It is located at the north central part

of the Province of Northern Samar, about nineteen kilometers west of

Catarman, Northern Samar, the provincial capital and about thirty kilometers

east of Allen, Northern Samar, where the ferry terminal which connects the

island of Samar, Leyte and Mindanao via the Pan Philippines

40
Highway(formerly the Maharlika Highway). It is approximately one hundred

fifty(150) kilometers north-northeast of Tacloban City, the Regional Center

of Region VIII or Eastern Visayas. Politically, the municipality is bounded

on the north by the Pacific Ocean, on the East by the Municipality of Bobon,

on the South by the Municipality of Victoria and on the west by the

Municipality of Rosario. According to 2015 census, it has a population of

17,561 people, and has a total land area of 8,867 hectares is generally

underlain by well-bedded and moderately undulating terrain.

Historically, The Municipality of San Jose grew from a place that was

then covered with bushes, shrubs, zacates, and marshes, where wild chicken,

locally known as ilajas, abounded. It was then called carangian, being the

site where hunters assembled their trap, known as carang, to catch wild

chickens. In time, the word carangan was corrupted and the place began to

be known as Carangian. Due to favorable economic opportunities, people

migrated to the place. As the population grew, it became a barrio within the

administrative jurisdiction of the municipality of bobonknown as Carangian.

With the construction of a deep-sea port, steamers and ships from

Manila and other countries began to dock in Carangian, which due to its

strategic location and the presence of the well-protected deep-sea port,

quickly became the main port entry of Northern Samar. As its economy

41
boomed, the barrio aspired to become an independent municipality as early

as 1932. In that year, the Governor of Samar, Pedro Arteche, conducted a

plebiscite for the conversion of Barrio Carangian into a municipality. Due to

the overwhelming negative votes in the Bobon  and some other barrios, that

was not realized.

Before the elections of 1949, the leaders of Carangian took advantage of a

rift between President  Quirino and Avelino, President of the Senate, to

separate from Bobon. A delegation was formed under the leadership of

Balite, Representative of the first district of Northern Samar. The delegation

was dispatched to Manila to lobby for the independence of Carangian. After

more than a month of going from office to office in Manila, the delegation

succeeded in having the Barrio of Carangian created into the Municipality of

San Jose. Perez, Speaker of the House, was also instrumental in the creation

of the new municipality. Thus, on July 25, 1949, by virtue of Executive

Order No. 248 of the then President ElpidioQuirino, Carangian together with

eleven other barrios became the new municipality of San Jose, named in

honor of the late Jose TagrosBaliteSr, then Mayor of Bobon.

The economic condition of the municipality of San Jose is quite good

having a decisive and effective local government, they focus on their

agricultural products particularly copra in manufacturing to have a different

42
finished products. The oil milling plant create livelihood to many residents

of San Jose the first district.

The fifth Municipality which the researchers conduct their study is the

Municipality of Biri. The Municipality of Biri is a fifth class municipality. It

is an island Municipality bounded on the east by San Bernardino Strait and

on the north by the Pacific ocean. It is composed of eight (8) barangays.

Research Design

This study generally aimed at determining the effects of conflict

between policemen and local officials in coping up peace and order situation

towards public safety.

The researchers employed a descriptive design in answering the

specific questions laid down in the Statement of the Problem. Descriptive

research designs help provide answers to the questions of who, what, when,

where, and how associated with a particular research problem; a descriptive

study cannot conclusively ascertain answers to why. Descriptive research is

used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena

and to describe "what exists" with respect to variables or conditions in a

situation.

43
Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are the Local Government Units, youth

of legal age, parents, PNP personnel and other elected officials. There will

be a total of 100 respondents in five municipalities.

Population and Sampling

This study utilized a random sampling technique. Among the

numerous population, 100 will be elected using random sampling.

To arrive at the desired samples, the researchers used the following

formula:

n= N
1 + Ne2

Research Instrument

The researchers used a survey questionnaire to gather data relevant to

answering the questions posed in the statement of the problem. The survey

questionnaire will be distributed to the selected samples as discussed in the

Respondents of the Study. Furthermore, municipal mayors also took part in

filling out the survey questionnaire.

There were six survey questionnaire used. This included: Part I –

Personal Information, Part II – The effects of conflict. Part III. The

44
government actions. Part IV. Problems encountered. Part V. Solutions to the

Problem. Part VI. Researchers Findings. The responses of the respondents

were categorized into five such as Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral,

Agree and Strongly Agree. Lastly, Part III was accomplished by the

respondents’ respective perceptions.

Data Gathering Procedures

The data for this research was collected using a survey questionnaire.

The survey questionnaire consisted of basic question on the respondents’

profile, implication of social media. It also contained statements modified

from related research and individual questions formed by the researchers.

There are 6 statements regarding the conditions and/or circumstances that

may lead to the respondents’ awareness on the study problem.

The survey questionnaire was validated by the researcher’s thesis

adviser. After validating, a letter was sent to the Municipal mayors of five

municipalities to ask permission for the conduct of the study. After which,

this was distributed to the respondents. The researchers assured

confidentiality of their survey sheets since the identities are not important.

The researchers also gave the names of the selected respondents to their

respective concern. The researchers also understood that people’s

45
consciousness may also affect their honesty and effectiveness in answering

the survey, and so, the researchers gave people the option of being

anonymous. Respondents were given time to respond and then the

researchers collected the surveys at the same day. After which, the

researchers gave the questionnaire to the respondents’ respective residents

for assessment. There were no incentives that were offered for participating

in the research.

Statistical treatment of Data

The profile of the respondents will be presented in a statistical table

using frequency counts and percentages and then it is interpreted using the

data that was gathered.

Below are the Formulas used to arrive to the computation used by the

Statistical Tool:

1. Frequency and Percentage

Formula: f x 100 %

P = -----------------

46
Where: P – is the percentage (%)

f – is the number of respondents

N – total number of respondents

2. Weighted mean and frequencies

Weighted mean and weighted frequencies were computed to present

data to the profile of the respondents

Formula: _ ∑x

X = -------------

Where: X – sample mean

∑x – summation of the sample observation

N – the sample size

3. Ranking- the researchers used ranking method to identify orderly the

results as to the computation of mean to merely identify the highest

response to the least respondents. This will help the latter to have a clear

result study.

47
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the result of the statistical solution made as

relates to the statement of the problem that deals on the effects of conflict

between policemen and local officials in coping peace and order situation

towards public safety.

I. On the Personal Profile

Table 1.1
Distribution of Respondents Responses as to Age
Age(years) Frequency Percentage Ranking
21-30 25 25% 3
31-40 37 37% 1
41-50 30 30% 2
51 –above 8 8% 4
Total 100 100%

Table 1.1 presents the age distribution of the respondents, it disclosed

that in the age bracket of 21-30 years old there are 25 or 25%, 31-40 years

old are 37 or 37%, 41-50 years old are 30 or 30% and age bracket of 51

years old and above are 8 or 8%.

The table as it presented the age of the respondents could be

categorically concluded that they are matured enough to discern the issue on

the conflict between the two agency, if there exists.

48
 Table 1.2
Distribution of Respondents Responses as to Gender
Gender Frequency Percentage Ranking
Male 86 86% 1
Female 14 14% 2
Total 100 100%

The table 1.2 presents the gender of the respondents. It shows that

majority of the respondents are male with a frequency of 86 or 86% and

female with a frequency of 14 or 14%.

It categorically disclosed that male are more responsive to the issue on

the conflict between the PNP and local officials based on the number of the

respondents.

Table 1.3
Distribution of Respondents Responses as to Civil Status
Civil Status Frequency Percentage Ranking
Single 42 42% 2
Married 54 54% 1
Separated 1 1% 4
Widow 3 3% 3
Total 100 100%

Table 1.3 shows the distribution of the respondents as to civil status. It

shows that respondents are almost married with a frequency of 54 or 54%.

Others are single with a frequency of 42 or 42%, separated with a frequency

of 1 or 1% and widow with 3 or 3%.

As used by the researchers on the ranking that married is in rank 1.

49
 Table 1.4
Distribution of Respondents Responses as to Educational Attainment
Educational Frequency Percentage Ranking
Attainment
Elementary Level 12 12% 4
High school Level 22 22% 2
High School Graduate 20 20 3
College Level 10 10 5
College Graduate 36 36% 1
Total 100 100%

As shown in the table, the educational attainment of the respondents

which majority are College graduate with a frequency of 36 or 36%,

elementary level with 12 or 12%, 22 or 22% are high school level, 20 or

20% are high school graduate and only 10 or 10% are College level.

On this point, respondents are mostly comprised of College graduate.

Table 1.5
Distribution of Respondents Responses as to Trainings/seminars
Trainings/seminars Frequency Percentage Ranking
In Service Training 51 51% 1
Pre Service Training 19 19% 3
Supervisory Training 7 7% 4
Leadership Training 1 1% 5
None 22 22% 2
Total 40 40%

As shown in the table, based on the result, there are 22 out of 100

respondents who have not identified they have attended trainings, but

majority have signified that they have In service training with 51%.

50
 II. On the effects of the conflict between National Police and the Local
Officials in coping up peace and order situation

Table 2
Distribution of Respondent’s Responses as to the Effects of Conflict

Indicators Responses Tot WM Rank

5 4 3 2 1 al
1.Confusion of the 38 34 8 16 4 100 3.86 1
implementation of the
ordinance in the municipality
2. No unity in terms of 36 32 15 14 3 100 3.84 2
program and policies in the
Municipality where PNP and
local officials have conflict
3. Peace and order in the 39 33 9 7 12 100 3.80 4
community is at stake
4. PNP may not immediate 27 43 12 15 3 100 3.76 4.5
rescue if local officials may
interfere
5. The conduct of the PNP 32 30 15 12 11 100 3.60 8
may be against to the Local
officials due to their conflict
6. Public policy in the 33 36 14 8 9 100 3.74 6
Municipality where conflict
arise will be affected
7. The PNP is being reluctant 31 41 15 5 8 100 3.82 3
to persevere their duties and
responsibility by reason of the
conflict
8.No peace and order 34 23 23 15 5 100 3.66 7
9. Non compliance 21 37 19 20 3 100 3.53 10s
10.wasting of time, money 29 31 27 13 - 100 3.76 4.5
and material

51
 The top three (3) On the effects of the conflict between National

Police and the Local Officials in coping up peace and order situation are:

Rank 1- “There will be conflict in the implementation of the

ordinance in the municipality with a mean of 3.86 gained the most approval

of the respondents.

Rank 2- “There will be no unity in terms of program and policies in

the Municipality where PNP and local officials have conflict with mean of

3.84.

Rank 3-“ The PNP is being reluctant to persevere their duties and

responsibility by reason of the conflict with mean of 3.82.

Table 2 which is the tabular presentation on the effects of the conflict

between the PNP and local officials pressed on the above statements.

52
 III- On the government actions with regards to such conflict
Table 3
Distribution of Respondents Responses as to Government Actions
Indicators Responses Tot WM Ra
5 4 3 2 1 al nki
ng
1. An amicable settlement will be 33 45 7 13 2 100 3.94 4
made by the higher officials in the
government to settle dispute
between the PNP and local
officials
2. A policy will be imposed by the 38 41 12 5 4 100 4.04 3
government to suppress any
conflict by the PNP and local
official
3. Exhaust all the administrative 46 37 9 4 4 100 4.17 1
remedy for the solution of the said
conflict
4. The government enforced 30 43 19 4 4 100 3.91 7.5
sanction to the erring policeman or
local official who caused conflict
5. The government imposed strict 35 54 3 4 4 100 4.12 2
mediation to end conflict between
the PNP and local official
6. The government investigate the 30 43 19 4 4 100 3.91 7.5
root cause of the conflict to apply
efficient solution
7. A code of conduct is being 35 37 18 5 5 100 3.92 5.5
framed to avoid possible conflict
between the PNP and local
officials
8.Peace and order must be the 33 27 30 10 - 100 3.83 9
primary consideration
9.there must be a consistent 38 23 32 7 - 100 3.92 5.5
compliance
10.Proper management of time and 17 45 22 16 - 100 3.67 10
other resources

53
 Table III on the government actions with regards to such conflict

the data reveals that:

Rank 1- “Exhaust all the administrative remedy for the solution of

the said conflict mean of 4.17.

Rank 2- “The government imposed strict mediation to end conflict

between the PNP and local official with a mean of 4.12

Rank 3- “A policy will be imposed by the government to suppress

any conflict by the PNP and local official mean of 4.04.

Table 3 is the government actions to the situations given.

54
IV. On the problems encountered regarding such government actions

Table 4
Distribution of Respondent’s Responses on Problems Encountered
Indicators Responses Total Weighte Ranking
5 4 3 2 1 d Mean

1. An irrepealable damages 25 41 13 7 14 100 3.56 9

which cannot be settle
amicably
2. A policy imposed is not 34 43 15 7 1 100 4.02 3
effective in the dispute
between the PNP and the
local official
3. The remedies in order to 27 41 22 8 2 100 3.83 6
solve the conflict is not
fully exhausted
4. The erring policeman or 35 27 13 4 1 100 3.4 10
local official who caused
conflict is sometimes
tolerated and not given
proper sanction
5. Their no serious 35 46 15 2 2 100 4.10 2
mediation made between
the two conflicting agency
6. Lack of investigation by 39 42 14 4 1 100 4.14 1
the government as to the
main cause of the conflict
7. There is no code of 34 35 25 4 2 100 3.95 4
conduct being framed
between the PNP and the
local officials
8.lack of law enforcers in 33 34 22 11 0 100 3.89 5
the implementation
9.Ineffecient of higher 29 28 30 13 - 100 3.73 8
authority
10.Incapable of knowledge 34 27 25 10 4 100 3.77 7
on financial management

55
 Table 4 is on the problems encountered regarding such government

action. It is seen based on the result of the survey that :

Rank 1 – is Lack of investigation by the government as to the main

cause of the conflict response with mean of 4.14.

Rank 2- “Their no serious mediation made between the two

conflicting agency with mean of 4.10.

Rank 3- “A policy imposed is not effective in the dispute between the

PNP and the local official with mean of 4.02.

The table 4 means that the indicators are mostly encountered.

56
V-On the possible solutions to the above mentioned problem
Table 5
Distribution of Respondent’s Responses on the possible solutions
Indicators Responses Total Weighted Ranking
Mean
5 4 3 2 1
1. Any damages made 30 50 9 4 2 100 3.87 5
between the PNP and the
local officials be settle
amicably
2. The policy must benefit 36 29 28 7 100 3.94 3
both with the PNP and the
local officials
3. In order to avoid a court 34 36 23 3 4 100 4.03 1
dispute, a remedy outside
of court settlement must be
exhausted
4. The erring policeman or 33 30 15 20 2 100 3.72 10
local official must be given
proper sentence or penalty
to serve as deterrence
5. Serious mediation be 35 34 16 12 3 100 3.86
made between the two 6.5
conflicting agency for
betterment
6. A full investigation by 35 42 12 11 100 4.01 2
the government as to the
main cause of the conflict
should be addressed
7. Code of conduct should 30 40 16 13 1 100 3.85
be framed between the PNP 8
and the local officials for
their good relationship
8.PNP should always 28 36 30 6 - 100 3.86 6.5
secure peace and order
9.There must always be a 34 31 24 11 - 100 3.88 4
compliance to the law
10.Financial management 29 27 35 7 2 100 3.74 9
must be adhere

57
 Table V presents the solutions on the mentioned problems. It is

observed in the table that:

Rank 1- “In order to avoid a court dispute, a remedy outside of court

settlement must be exhausted is mostly agreed upon with a mean of 4.03.

Rank 2- “A full investigation by the government as to the main cause

of the conflict should be addressed into mean of 4.01.

Rank 3- “The policy must benefit both with the PNP and the local

officials with mean of 3.94.

Table 5 is the solutions to the problem being mentioned.

58
VI. On the Researchers Findings be Utilized Towards Public Safety

Table 6
Distribution of Respondent’s Responses as to the Researchers findings
be Utilized
Responses Weig Ran
Tota
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1 hted kin
l
Mean g
1. Findings of this study will be
beneficial to both the PNP and 47 34 19 100 4.28 2
local officials
2. Result of the study will
benefits the public as a whole 36 30 23 7 4 100 3.87 7
and to the community
3. It will lead to a more
respectful and cooperative PNP 44 27 29 100 4.15 4
and local officials
4. With this study, it will make
the PNP and local officials 42 36 20 2 100 4.14 5
work hand on hand
5. Result of the study will bring
more closer outlook to the main
45 28 27 100 4.18 3
issue of the dispute between the
PNP and local officials
6. It will be a fundamental
guide to both the PNP and local 36 39 23 2 100 4.09 6
officials
7. Result of the study will help
how dispute be settled 47 35 18 100 4.29 1
amicably

59
 Table 6 signifies the researchers Findings be Utilized Towards public

safety. The data disclosed that:

Rank 1- Result of the study will help how dispute be settled amicably

with a mean of 4.29.

Rank 2- “Findings of this study will be beneficial to both the PNP and

local officials with mean of 4.28.

Rank 3- “Result of the study will bring more closer outlook to the

main issue of the dispute between the PNP and local officials with a mean of

4.18.

The data means that the findings of the researchers could be utilized.

60
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and

recommendations.

Summary of findings

Based on the survey of the respondents’ and with the use of some

statistical formula, the following findings are herein formulated:

I. On the Respondents Profile

1.1 As to the age distribution of the respondents, it disclosed that in

the age bracket of 21-30 years old there are 25 or 25%, 31-40 years old are

37 or 37%, 41-50 years old are 30 or 30% and age bracket of 51 years old

and above are 8 or 8%.

1.2 male has a frequency of 86 or 86% and female with a frequency of

14 or 14%.

1.3 Married has a frequency of 54 or 54%, single with a frequency of

42 or 42%, separated with a frequency of 1 or 1% and widow with 3 or 3%.

61
 I.3 College graduate with a frequency of 36 or 36%,

elementary level with 12 or 12%, 22 or 22% are high school

level, 20 or 20% are high school graduate and only 10 or

10% are College level.

I.4 there are 22 out of 100 respondents who have not identified

they have attended trainings, but majority have signified

that they have In service training with 51%.

II. On the effects of the conflict between National Police and the
Local Officials in coping up peace and order situation

The most effects if there is a conflict between the PNP and the local

officials are there will be conflict in the implementation of the ordinance in

the municipality and there will be no unity in terms of program and policies

in the Municipality where PNP and local officials have conflict.

III- On the government actions with regards to such conflict

The respondents mostly agreed as to the government actions are exhaust all

the administrative remedy for the solution of the said conflict and the

government imposed strict mediation to end conflict between the PNP and

local official and also a policy will be imposed by the government to

suppress any conflict by the PNP and local official.

62
 IV. On the problems encountered regarding such government actions

The most problems encountered regarding the government actions are

the following based on the result of the survey are lack of investigation by

the government as to the main cause of the conflict response and their no

serious mediation made between the two conflicting agency.

V-On the possible solutions to the above mentioned problem

The solutions with regards to the problems encountered are in order to

avoid a court dispute, a remedy outside of court settlement must be

exhausted is mostly agreed upon and a full investigation by the government

as to the main cause of the conflict should be addressed into.

VI-On the researchers findings be utilized towards public safety

On the researchers Findings be Utilized Towards public safety. The

result of the survey of the respondents are result of the study will help how

dispute be settled amicably and findings of this study will be beneficial to

both the PNP and local officials.

Conclusion

63
 In analysis as to the findings of the study, the following conclusions

are herein coined by the researchers:

1. The respondents are between 31-40 years old, male, married, College

graduate and have had In Service training.

2. The effects of conflict between the PNP and the local officials in

coping peace and order situation is that there will be a conflict in the

implementation of ordinance by the PNP being enacted by the Local

Municipal officials.

3. When it comes to government actions with regards to such conflict

being mentioned in the preceding number are exhaust all the

administrative remedy for the solution of the said conflict and the

government imposed strict mediation to end conflict between the PNP

and local official.

4. There are problems encountered regarding the government action in

order to settle the dispute between the PNP and local officials, these

are lack of investigation by the government as to the main cause of the

conflict response and their no serious mediation made between the

two conflicting agency.

5. Due to the problems being encountered, the solutions are herein

formulated, hence, the most agreed proposed solutions are in order to

64
 avoid a court dispute, a remedy outside of court settlement must be

exhausted is mostly agreed upon and a full investigation by the

government as to the main cause of the conflict should be addressed.

6. This research is based on the personal survey and interview by the

researchers as to why and the possible reason of conflict between the

PNP and the local officials. The most answered findings that could be

utilized are result of the study will help how dispute be settled

amicably and findings of this study will be beneficial to both the PNP

and local officials.

Recommendations

It is with the full understanding of the study that the researchers

are recommending the following points. These are rooted from the findings

of the study and the conclusions above.

1. Any conflict between the PNP and local officials should be resolved

amicably.

2. They should be guided by the CORE values of being a government

official both the PNP and local officials.

3. Both the PNP and local officials should always consider the welfare

of the people and not their personal grudge with each other.

65
 4. Conflict between the PNP and local officials transpired due to some

reasons. Problems must be settle judiciously and with cold neutrality

between the two parties in order to protect the interest of the

government service.

5. A code of conduct or a bilateral agreement must be initiated so that it

will avoid any conflict between the PNP and the local government

officials.

6. It is highly recommended that the findings of this study will be given

consideration when any issues relating to this topic is being raised.

REFERENCES

Aspiration.N.D. (2010). Complete and unabridged (10th ed.). New York,

NY: Harper Collins. Retrieved

fromhttp://www.Complete.com/browse/aspiration

Bajema, D. H., Miller, W. W., & Williams, D. L. (2002). Aspirations of

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 rural youth. Journal of Agricultural Education, 43(3), 61-71.
doi:10.5032/jae.2002.03061

Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative case study methodology: Study

design and implementation for novice researchers. The Qualitative

Report, 13(4), 544-599. Retrieved from
http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol13/iss4/2

Buraga, V. A. (2008). Dep Ed strives for drop-out reduction. PIA Cagayan:

Retrieved from http://www.deped.gov.ph/

Byun, S., Meece, J. L., Irvin, M. J., & Hutchins, B. C. (2012). The role of

social capital in educational aspirations of rural youth. Rural

Sociology, 77(3), 355-379. doi:10.1111/j.1549-0831.2012.00086.x

Chauncey, S. (n.d.). Motivation at a glance: An I School collaborative

expectancy-value theory. Retrieved from

https://sites.google.com/site/motivationataglanceischool/

Concepcion, J. (2012). Giving hope to the out-of-school youth. Ask Go

Negosyo. Retrieved from www.philstar.com/business/770899/giving-

hope-out-of-school-youth

Fernandez, R. C. E., &Abocejo, F. (2014). Child labor, poverty and school

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 attendance: Evidences from the Philippines by region. CNU Journal of
Higher Education, 8, 114127.

Gayo, J. T. (1990). A comprehensive educational scheme for Eastern Samar

(Unpublished doctoral dissertation).Divine Word University of

Tacloban, Tacloban City, Philippines.

Gemici, S., Bednarz, A., Karmel, T., & Lim, P. (2014). The factors affecting

the educational and occupational aspirations of young Australians.

Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth, 66, Retrieved from
https://cica.org.au/wpcontent/uploads/LSAY_ResearchReport66_2711
.pdf

Guilbert, J. M. (2005). Value formation in a technical school of a catholic

university. Science and Religion: Global Perspectives. Retrieved from

http://www.metanexus.net/archive/conference2005/pdf/guibert.pdf
Haas, T. (1992). What can I become: Educational aspirations of
students in rural America. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?
id=ED345931

Kingking, G. R. (2011). Alternative learning system: The other side of

education. The Modern Teacher, 60(4).

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\

69
APPENDICES

Appendix “A”

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

70
 THE EFFECTS OF CONFLICT BETWEEN POLICEMEN AND
LOCAL OFFICIALS IN COPING UP PEACE AND ORDER
SITUATION IN FIVE SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES IN
THE FIRST DISTRICT OF NORTHERN SAMAR:
TOWARDS PUBLIC SAFETY

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Name: _______________________________ (optional)
Direction: Please check (/) the items that correspond your choice based on the given data.
Part I. On personal profile of the respondents
1.1 Age
[ ] 20 years old and below
[ ] 21-30 years old
[ ] 31-40 years old
[ ] 41-50 years old
[ ] 51 years old and above

1.2 Gender
[ ] Male
[ ] Female

1.3 Civil Status

[ ] Single
[ ] Married
[ ] Widow
[ ] Separated
[ ] Annulled
[ ] Cohabitation
[ ] others, please specify ________

1.4 Educational Attainment

[ ] Elementary Level
[ ] Elementary Graduate
[ ] High school Level
[ ] High school Graduate
[ ] College Level
[ ] College Graduate
[ ] Others, please specify_____________
1.5 Trainings/seminars attended
[ ] In Service Training
[ ] Pre-service Training
[ ] Supervisory Training

71
 [ ] leadership training
[ ] Other trainings/seminars attended, Please specify _____________

Instruction: Please check the box (/) that correspond your choice based on a given scale
below. Feel free on answering each item. There is no right or wrong answer to the given
choices.

5- Strongly Agree
4- Agree
3- Undecided
2- Disagree
1- Strongly Disagree

Part II. On the effects of the conflict between National Police and the
Local Officials in coping up peace and order situation
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
1. There will be conflict in the
implementation of the ordinance in the
municipality
2. There will be no unity in terms of
program and policies in the
Municipality where PNP and local
officials have conflict
3. Peace and order in the community is at
stake
4. PNP may not immediate rescue if local
officials may interfere
5. The conduct of the PNP may be against
to the Local officials due to their
conflict
6. Public policy in the Municipality where
conflict arise will be affected
7. The PNP is being reluctant to persevere
their duties and responsibility by reason
of the conflict

72
Part III. On the government actions with regards to such conflict

Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
1. An amicable settlement will be made
by the higher officials in the
government to settle dispute between
the PNP and local officials
2. A policy will be imposed by the
government to supress any conflict by
the PNP and local official
3. Exhaust all the administrative remedy
for the solution of the said conflict
4. The government enforced sanction to
the erring policeman or local official
who caused conflict
5. The government imposed strict
mediation to end conflict between the
PNP and local official
6. The government investigate the root
cause of the conflict to apply efficient
solution
7. A code of conduct is being framed to
avoid possible conflict between the PNP
and local officials

Part IV. On the problems encountered regarding such government actions

1. An irrepealable damages which cannot
be settle amicably
2. A policy imposed is not effective in the
dispute between the PNP and the local
official
3. The remedies in order to solve the
conflict is not fully exhausted
4. The erring policeman or local official
who caused conflict is sometimes
tolerated and not given proper sanction
5. Their no serious mediation made
between the two conflicting agency
6. Lack of investigation by the
government as to the main cause of the
conflict
7. There is no code of conduct being
framed between the PNP and the local

73
 officials

Part V. On the possible solutions to the above mentioned problem

1. Any damages made between the PNP and the local
officials be settle amicably
2. The policy must benefit both with the PNP and the
local officials
3. In order to avoid a court dispute, a remedy outside of
court settlement must be exhausted
4. The erring policeman or local official must be given
proper sentence or penalty to serve as deterrence
5. Serious mediation be made between the two
conflicting agency for betterment
6. A full investigation by the government as to the main
cause of the conflict should be addressed
7. Code of conduct should be framed between the PNP
and the local officials for their good relationship

Part VI. On the researcher’s findings be utilized towards public safety

Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
1. Findings of this study will be beneficial to both the
PNP and local officials
2. Result of the study will benefits the public as a
whole and to the community
3. It will lead to a more respectful and cooperative PNP
and local officials
4. With this study, it will make the PNP and local
officials work hand on hand
5. Result of the study will bring more closer outlook to
the main issue of the dispute between the PNP and
local officials
6. It will be a fundamental guide to both the PNP and
local officials
7. Result of the study will help how dispute be settled
amicably

Prepared by:

JOVIL DOMANAIS

74
JHON PAUL VARGAS

MANUEL ANQUILO
4TH year Crim

75