 INTRODUCTION

 PRIMARY STORAGE
 SECONDARY STORAGE
 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES
 CONCLUSION (EVERY PART MERON DIN)

LINK
 ORIGIN/INVENTOR
 TOP 20 ENTERPRISE USED/PRODUCED STORAGE
 TIPS FOR LONG LASTING

The Power of Storage: Unlocking Your Digital World (tome.app)

Introduction
Storage devices are an essential part of modern computing, enabling users to store and retrieve large
amounts of data quickly and easily. From hard drives to flash drives, storage devices come in many
shapes and sizes, each with their own unique benefits and drawbacks.

In this presentation, we will explore the importance of storage devices and how they have
revolutionized the way we store and access information.

Data Preservation
One of the most important functions of storage devices is data preservation. By storing data
on a physical device, users can ensure that their information is safe and secure, even if their
computer or mobile device crashes or is lost.
Additionally, storage devices allow users to back up their data regularly, preventing the loss
of important files and documents due to unforeseen circumstances.

Portability
Another key benefit of storage devices is their portability. With the rise of cloud storage and
portable devices such as laptops and tablets, users can now take their data with them
wherever they go.
This allows for greater flexibility and convenience, as users can work on projects or access
important files from anywhere, without having to rely on a single desktop computer.

Speed and Efficiency

Storage devices also play a crucial role in the speed and efficiency of modern computing. By
utilizing fast and reliable storage solutions, users can access their data quickly and
efficiently, improving overall performance and productivity.
Furthermore, advancements in storage technology have led to the development of solid-state
drives (SSDs), which offer lightning-fast read and write speeds compared to traditional hard
disk drives (HDDs).

Security
In addition to data preservation, storage devices also provide enhanced security measures to
protect sensitive information. Many modern storage devices come equipped with encryption
and password protection features, ensuring that only authorized users can access their data.
Moreover, by using multiple storage devices and implementing backup and recovery
strategies, users can safeguard their data against cyber attacks and other security threats.
 Basic unit of data storage

1. Bit
Computer works with binary digits. These digits are in the form of Ots and I's.A binary digit is called bit. One bit
takes one storage liocqtion in memorv It is the smallest unit for data storage.
2. Byte
A collection Ofelght bits is called is use to store single character. The capacity of the memory or the storage is
expressed in terms of bytese

3. Kilobyte

A kilobyte consists of 1024 bytes. It is denoted by KB.

4. Megabyte
A megabyte consists of 1024 kilobytes. It is denoted by MB.
5. Gigabyte
A gigabyte consists of 1024 megabytes. It 'is denoted by GB.
6. Terabyte
A terabyte consists of 1024 gigabytes. It is denoted by TB,
Why Storage Necessary?

Storage devices:
Retain data hen the computer is turned off

Are cheaper than memory

Play an important role during startup
Are needed for output

The Storage Hierarchy

The three levels of storage hierarchy are:
Online storage - Also called primary storage. it is made up of the storage devices that are actively
available to the computer system. User action is not required-
Near-online storage- Also called secondary storage. it is not readily available to the computer •system user
performs an action, such as inserting a disk, to make it available.
Offline storage — Also called tertiary storage or archival storage, it is not readily to the computer system.
Devices such as tape backup units store data for archival purposes.

Introduction to Primary Storage The Power of Primary Storage

(tome.app)
Primary storage is a crucial component of modern computing systems. Also known as main
memory or RAM (Random Access Memory), primary storage is where the computer stores
data that it is actively using.
This type of storage is volatile, meaning that its contents are lost when the computer is
powered off. However, its fast access speeds make it ideal for storing frequently accessed
data and running applications.

Types of Primary Storage

There are two main types of primary storage: dynamic RAM (DRAM) and static RAM
(SRAM). DRAM is the more common type and is used in most consumer-grade computers.
It is slower and less expensive than SRAM, but can store more data per unit of space.
SRAM, on the other hand, is faster and more expensive than DRAM. It is commonly used in
high-performance computing systems such as servers and supercomputers.

How Primary Storage Works

When the computer needs to access data from primary storage, it sends a request to the
memory controller. The memory controller retrieves the requested data from the appropriate
location in memory and sends it back to the requesting component.
Data is stored in primary storage as binary code, with each bit represented by a tiny
electrical charge. These charges are constantly refreshed to prevent them from dissipating,
which is why primary storage requires a constant supply of power.

Capacity and Performance Considerations

The capacity of primary storage is measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB). As
applications become more complex and data sets grow larger, the need for greater amounts
of primary storage increases.
Performance is another important consideration when choosing primary storage. Faster
memory modules and higher clock speeds can improve overall system performance, but also
come at a higher cost.

Advancements in Primary Storage Technology

In recent years, there have been significant advancements in primary storage technology.
One of the most promising developments is the use of non-volatile memory (NVM) as a
replacement for traditional volatile RAM.
NVM is capable of retaining its contents even when power is removed, making it ideal for
use in mobile devices and other applications where power consumption is a concern.

Conclusion
Primary storage is a critical component of modern computing systems, providing fast access
to frequently used data and applications. There are several factors to consider when choosing
primary storage, including capacity, performance, and cost.
With advancements in technology, we can expect to see even more improvements in primary
storage in the coming years, leading to faster and more efficient computing systems.

Introduction to Secondary Storage Beyond the Limits: Exploring

the World of Secondary Storage (tome.app)
Secondary storage refers to the non-volatile storage devices that are used to store data for a
long time. Unlike primary storage, secondary storage is not directly accessible to the CPU
and requires input/output operations to read or write data.
Secondary storage devices are typically slower than primary storage devices but offer much
larger storage capacity at a lower cost. Examples of secondary storage devices include hard
disk drives, solid-state drives, optical disks, and magnetic tapes.

Hard Disk Drives

Hard disk drives (HDDs) are one of the most commonly used secondary storage devices in
computers. They consist of one or more spinning disks coated with a magnetic material that
stores data in binary form. A read/write head moves over the disk's surface to read or write
data.
HDDs are available in different sizes and speeds, with larger and faster drives generally
costing more. They are ideal for storing large amounts of data that do not need to be
accessed frequently, such as media files, archives, and backups.

Solid-State Drives
Solid-state drives (SSDs) are a newer type of secondary storage device that use flash
memory to store data. Unlike HDDs, SSDs have no moving parts and are therefore faster,
quieter, and more durable. They also consume less power and generate less heat.
SSDs are more expensive than HDDs but offer better performance, especially in terms of
random access times and data transfer rates. They are often used as boot drives or for
applications that require fast data access, such as gaming, video editing, and virtualization.

Optical Disks
Optical disks are a type of secondary storage device that use laser technology to read and
write data on a plastic disc. There are two main types of optical disks: CD (compact disc)
and DVD (digital versatile disc). CDs can store up to 700 MB of data, while DVDs can store
up to 4.7 GB or more.
Optical disks are relatively cheap and widely compatible, but they are also slow and prone to
scratches and damage. They are still used for distributing software, music, and movies, as
well as for archiving data that needs to be preserved for a long time.

Magnetic Tapes
Magnetic tapes are a type of secondary storage device that use a long strip of plastic or metal
coated with a magnetic material to store data. They were once the dominant medium for
backup and archival purposes, but have been largely replaced by other storage technologies.
Magnetic tapes can store large amounts of data (up to several terabytes) and are relatively
cheap, but they are also slow, fragile, and susceptible to magnetic interference. They are still
used in some industries that require high-capacity and low-cost storage, such as
broadcasting, surveillance, and scientific research.

Conclusion
Secondary storage is an essential component of modern computing systems, providing a
reliable and cost-effective way to store and retrieve data. Each type of secondary storage
device has its strengths and weaknesses, and choosing the right one depends on factors such
as performance, capacity, durability, and cost.
As technology continues to evolve, new types of secondary storage devices may emerge,
offering even higher capacities and faster speeds. However, the basic principles of secondary
storage will remain the same, providing a stable foundation for the ever-expanding digital
universe.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STORAGE

A computer system’s primary and secondary storage provides the fundamental functions
offered by these two data storage services. Data storage offers a hierarchy solution to
access computer or system resources. The system stores all the required information
with the help of several techniques that leads to data storage levels. System storage has
two types such as primary storage and secondary storage.

Computer memory uses to store information in memories. It has four main categories:
CPU register, Cache memory, Primary memory, and Secondary memory. The common
difference between the primary memory & secondary memory is that the CPU or Central
Processing Unit can directly access the main memory. Moreover, secondary memory
cannot access by the CPU.

Primary memory is nothing but the main memory where the essential processing data is
available. Secondary memory is an auxiliary memory where we can store the information
permanently. Here in this article, we will learn more about primary and secondary
storage with their common difference.

(other definition and typed of primary and secondary storage)

What is primary storage?

Primary storage is also known as the main memory of computer system. Data access is
quicker from primary memory because it is a computer’s internal memory. It is volatile
memory. If data is not stored during a power outage, it does not reside in primary
memory. Cost-wise, primary memory is more expensive than secondary memory. It has a
much lesser capacity than the secondary memory and is severely constrained.

A semiconductor memory or primary memory serves as the main memory. When

compared to secondary memory, it is more expensive. Primary memory has a minimum
storage capacity and is always smaller than secondary memory. It stores information
that the central processing unit can access directly.

There are two types of Primary Memory:

 RAM
 ROM

RAM (Random Access Memory):

RAM is the primary memory of a computer system. Also, it is the main memory of a
computer system, and hence, it is known as cache memory. Further, we can also call it a
temporary memory. If the computer is unexpectedly turned off, the data in this memory
is gone. RAM is kept in computer chips for quick, minimally if not instant, access. It is a
fast data storage media that communicates with the processing unit directly over the
memory bus, allowing running algorithms to do so.

ROM (Read Only Memory):

Read-Only Memory or ROM is permanent memory, and when the PC suddenly shuts
down, its data is not lost. The device’s maker chooses the information in this memory.
Also, it is permanently saved at the time of production and cannot be cleared by the
user. PROM is an advanced form of ROM that can be programmed once after it has been
made. Read-only memory is the volatile memory that functions between the central
processing unit.

Characteristics of primary storage

 Firstly, the computer cannot function or run without primary memory.
 Secondly, it is the main memory of the computer system.
 Thirdly, if the power is lost, you could lose data.
 Another name for primary memory is volatile memory.
 Primary memory is the working memory of a computer system.
 Lastly, primary memory is faster than secondary memory.

What is secondary storage?

Another excellent option for memory storage in a computer is secondary storage.

Secondary memory or secondary storage refers to all hardware and software that can
store large amounts of data. It is slower than the main memory. Moreover, you can store
much information in GB (Gigabyte) to TB (Terabyte) with secondary storage. Further, the
alternative names for secondary memory include backup storage and mass storage
medium.

They are non-volatile, sometimes known as external memory, which is different from
primary storage in that the central processing unit cannot directly access them.
Regarding accessing data, secondary storage is somewhat slower than prior storage
devices because the I/O channels do not directly access them.
However, the ability to permanently store software and programs makes it one of the
most significant assets in the data storage hierarchy. It’s a long-term storage option that
increases the data storage capacity, just like the Random Access Memory RAM.

Types of Secondary Memory

Mass storage devices:

For both small and large devices, the magnetic disc is a mass storage system that offers
affordable storage. Two categories of magnetic discs exist Floppy discs, and hard drives
are second.

Flash/SSD:

SSD stands for Solid State Drive, which offers speedy permanent flash memory
compared to hard drives.

Optical drives:

Data is read and written using lasers from an optical drive, which serves as secondary
storage. Up to 185TB of data can fit inside—for instance, CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray.

USB drives:

USB drives are the most widely used compact, rewritable, removable secondary storage
devices.

Magnetic tape:

Magnetic tapes are serial access storage devices with a large data storage capacity
typically used for backups.

Characteristics of Secondary Storage

 These memories are magnetic and optical.
 Another name for secondary memory is backup memory.
 Secondary memory is a non-volatile type of memory
 Data is kept indefinitely even after the computer’s power is turned off.
 It helps store data on a computer.
 The machine can run without secondary memory.
  Secondary memory is slower than primary memory.

What is the difference between primary storage and secondary storage?

As we know, data storage is a computer system’s basic functionality. It has two main
types, i.e., primary and secondary storage, and primary storage, the central computer
system storage. Secondary storage is the computer system’s external storage that stores
long-term data.

Here we will study some common differences between primary storage and secondary
storage:

Features of Primary and Secondary data storage

 The memory (Primary and secondary) is where we can store the processed data
and instructions that need to be processed.
 Primary is the main memory that accesses data faster than secondary memory.
It is an internal memory of a computer system.
  Secondary memory refers to all secondary storage devices that can store large
volumes of information.
 There are two primary memory, i.e., RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM
(Read Only Memory).
 Types of secondary memory are Hard Drive, SSD, Flash, Optical Drive, USD Drive,
and Magnetic Tapes.
 The system cannot run without primary memory. If you face power loss, you can
lose data.
 Even after the computer’s power is turned off, data can be permanently
preserved in secondary memory.
 Secondary memory is cheaper than primary memory.

Conclusion
In conclusion, primary memory offers actual working space to the processor. It contains
the information and commands that the processor is currently processing. Both primary
and secondary storage plays a crucial role in the data storage hierarchy and offers quick
and effective access to computer resources, but they go about it differently.

Introduction Storing Your Data: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
(tome.app) * advantages and disadvantages
Storage devices are an essential part of our daily lives. They allow us to store and access
data easily, but they also come with their own set of pros and cons.
In this presentation, we will explore the advantages and disadvantages of using storage
devices to help you make an informed decision about which one is right for your needs.

Pros: Convenience
One of the biggest advantages of using storage devices is their convenience. They are small,
portable, and can hold a lot of data.
This means that you can easily carry important files with you wherever you go, without
having to rely on an internet connection or cloud storage services.

Cons: Security
While storage devices are convenient, they also come with security risks. If lost or stolen,
anyone can access the data stored on them.
Additionally, storage devices can be infected with malware or viruses, which can
compromise the security of your computer or other devices.

Pros: Cost
Another advantage of using storage devices is their cost. They are generally much cheaper
than cloud storage services or external hard drives.
This makes them an affordable option for people who need to store a lot of data but don't
want to spend a lot of money.

Cons: Limited Lifespan

One of the downsides of using storage devices is that they have a limited lifespan. Over
time, they can become damaged or corrupted, which can result in data loss.
Additionally, some types of storage devices, such as flash drives, have a limited number of
write cycles, meaning that they can only be written to a certain number of times before they
start to fail.

Conclusion
In conclusion, storage devices offer many benefits, including convenience and affordability.
However, they also come with their own set of drawbacks, such as security risks and a
limited lifespan.
Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to use storage devices depends on your individual
needs and preferences. By weighing the pros and cons, you can make an informed decision
about whether or not they are the right choice for you.

Introduction to Storage * ( types of storage) Unleashing the

Power of Storage (tome.app)
Storage is the process of preserving digital data for later use. It is an essential aspect of
modern computing, as it allows users to keep their files and programs safe and accessible.
There are many types of storage devices available today, including hard disk drives (HDDs),
solid-state drives (SSDs), flash memory cards, USB drives, and cloud storage services.

Hard Disk Drives

Hard disk drives (HDDs) are one of the most common types of storage devices. They consist
of one or more spinning disks that store data magnetically. The disks are read and written to
by a mechanical arm with a magnetic head.
HDDs are popular because they offer large amounts of storage at a relatively low cost.
However, they are also prone to failure due to their mechanical nature.
Solid-State Drives
Solid-state drives (SSDs) are a newer type of storage device that use flash memory to store
data. They have no moving parts, which makes them faster and more reliable than HDDs.
SSDs are becoming increasingly popular, especially in laptops and other portable devices,
due to their speed and durability. However, they are still more expensive than HDDs and
offer less storage capacity.

Cloud Storage
Cloud storage is a type of storage that allows users to store their data remotely, on servers
owned by third-party companies. Users can access their data from anywhere with an internet
connection.
Cloud storage is convenient and often free or low-cost, but it does come with some risks.
Users must trust the cloud provider to keep their data secure, and there is always the
possibility of a data breach or outage.

Flash Memory Cards

Flash memory cards are small, portable storage devices that are commonly used in cameras,
smartphones, and other devices. They use flash memory to store data, and can be easily
removed and replaced.
Flash memory cards are popular because they are small, lightweight, and easy to use.
However, they are also prone to failure and can be lost or damaged easily if not handled
carefully.

USB Drives
USB drives, also known as thumb drives or flash drives, are small, portable storage devices
that connect to a computer's USB port. They use flash memory to store data, and are often
used to transfer files between computers.
USB drives are popular because they are small, inexpensive, and easy to use. However, they
are also prone to failure and can be lost or stolen easily if not handled carefully.

Future Developments*( eto pwedeng pandulo)

As technology continues to advance, so too will storage devices. In the near future, we can
expect to see even faster and more efficient storage solutions, such as holographic storage
and quantum storage.
These developments will not only improve the way we store and access data, but also pave
the way for new innovations and breakthroughs in fields such as artificial intelligence and
machine learning.