Introduction To Clinical Mycology: Prof - Dr.Adnan H.AL-Hamdani College of Medicine, University of AL-Qadisiyah

INTRODUCTION TO
CLINICAL MYCOLOGY
Prof.Dr.Adnan H.AL-Hamdani
College of Medicine,University

• Fungi (yeast& molds) are eukaryotic

organisms whereas bacteria are
prokaryotic, they differ regarding;
• Fungi (yeast& molds) are eukaryotic
organisms whereas bacteria are
prokaryotic, they differ regarding;
• Size-diameter
4 um-------1um
• Nucleus.
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane,
Sterol---absent in bacteria
• Cell wall,
Chitin ----peptidoglycane
Thermal dimorphism. •
Metabolism. •

Fungal cell wall

• Consists of chitin not peptidoglycan
like bacteria.
• Thus fungi are insensitive to

antibiotics as penicillins.

• Chitin is a polysaccharide composed of

long chain of n-acetyleglucasamine.
• Also the fungal cell wall contain other

polysaccharide, B-glucan, which is the
site of action of some antifungal drugs.
Fungal cell membrane

• Consist of ergosterol rather than
cholesterol like human cell membrane.
• Ergosterol is the site of action of
antifungal drugs, amphtericin B &
azole group
Atmospheric & carbon

source requirements
• Most fungi are obligatory aerobes,
some are facultative anaerobes, but
none are obligatory anaerobes.
• All fungi require a performed organic
source of carbon –association with
decaying matter.

Natural habitat
• The environment.
• Exception Candida albicans is part of
normal human flora.

Medical mycology is the study

of mycoses of man and their
etiologic agents. Mycoses are
the diseases caused by fungi.
Of the several thousands of
species of fungi that are known,
less than 100 are pathogenic to
man.
In addition to those species which
are generally recognized as
pathogenic to man it is firmly
established that under unusual
circumstances of abnormal
susceptibility of patient, or the
traumatic implantation of the fungus,
other fungi are capable of causing
lesions. Those are called
(Opportunistic Fungi.)
These circumstances may be :
1. A debilitating condition of the

host, as Diabetes.
2. A concurrent disease such as
leukaemia.
3. Prolonged treatment with
corticosteroids.
4.Immunosuppressive drugs or an
antibiotic for long duration.

Morphology of Fungi
Morphology of Fungi
Morphology of Fungi
1. Filamentous fungi (molds)
Morphology of Fungi
2. Yeasts
Morphology of Fungi
2. Yeasts
3. Yeast-like fungi
Morphology of Fungi
2. Yeasts
3. Yeast-like fungi
4. Dimorphic fungi
Filamentous Fungi
Filamentous Fungi
1.The basic morphological elements of
filamentous fungi are long branching
filaments or hyphae, which intertwine to
produce a mass of filaments or mycelium
Filamentous Fungi
1.The basic morphological elements of
filamentous fungi are long branching
filaments or hyphae, which intertwine to
produce a mass of filaments or mycelium
2.Colonies are strongly adherent to the

medium and unlike most bacterial colonies
cannot be emulsified in water.
mycelium: septate mycelium: non septate
Downloded from
www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Mycelia & Conidia
Downloded from
3. The surface of these colonies may be
velvety, powdery, or may show a cottony
aerial mycelium.
3. The surface of these colonies may be
velvety, powdery, or may show a cottony
aerial mycelium.
4. Pigmentation of the colony itself and of

the underlying medium is frequently
present.
Colony Morphology
Yeasts
Yeasts
1. These occur in the form of round or oval bodies
which reproduce by the formation of buds known
as blastospores.
Yeasts
as blastospores.
2. Yeasts colonies resemble bacterial colonies in

appearance and in consistency.
Yeasts
as blastospores.
2. Yeasts colonies resemble bacterial colonies in

appearance and in consistency.
3. The only pathogenic yeast in medical mycology is
Cryptococcus neoformans.
Yeast colonies
Cryptococcus neoformans
Mucoid
colonies
Downloded from
Cryptococcus neoformans
India Ink
SEM
Capsule
Downloded from
Yeast-Like
Yeast-Like
1.These are fungi which occur in the form of
budding yeast-like cells and as chains of elongated
unbranched filamentous cells which present the
appearance of broad septate hyphae. these
hyphae intertwine to form a pseudomycelium.
Yeast-Like
1.These are fungi which occur in the form of
budding yeast-like cells and as chains of elongated
unbranched filamentous cells which present the
appearance of broad septate hyphae. these
hyphae intertwine to form a pseudomycelium.
2. The yeast like fungi are grouped together in the

genus Candida.
Candida Colonies
Candida albicans
Candida albicans
SEM
Downloded from
Downloded from
Thermally Dimorphic
Fungi
Downloded from
Thermally Dimorphic
Fungi
These are fungi which exhibit a
filamentous mycelial morphology
(saprophytic phase) when grown at room
temperature 27oC, but have a typical
yeast morphology (parasitic phase)
inside the body and when grown at 37oC
in the laboratory (e.g. Histoplasmosis).
Downloded from
Histoplasma capsulatum
27oC
Histoplasma capsulatum
37oc
Human fungal infection;
• Superficial
• Subcutaneous
• Systemic

 
Superficial mycoses
Subcutaneous mycoses
Sporotrich
osis
Myc
eto
Chromomy
Systemic Mycoses
Systemic Mycoses
Thank You

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INTRODUCTION TO

• Fungi (yeast& molds) are eukaryotic

Fungal cell wall

• Thus fungi are insensitive to

• Chitin is a polysaccharide composed of

• Also the fungal cell wall contain other

Fungal cell membrane

Atmospheric & carbon

Medical mycology is the study

1. A debilitating condition of the

2.Colonies are strongly adherent to the

4. Pigmentation of the colony itself and of

2. Yeasts colonies resemble bacterial colonies in

2. Yeasts colonies resemble bacterial colonies in

2. The yeast like fungi are grouped together in the

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