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Previous Year Question(PYQ) With solution of

Wireless Communiocation

One day capsule

Q5(a):-what are difference operation of mobile IP?

Ans:-Mobile IP is a protocol that allows mobile devices to

maintain a consistent IP address when moving between

different networks. The main difference between Mobile IP

operations lies in the way that the protocol handles the

movement of the mobile device between networks.

There are two basic modes of operation in Mobile IP:

1. Home Agent-based operation: In this mode, the mobile device's

home network provides a home agent that acts as a proxy for the
device, receiving and forwarding packets on its behalf. When the
device moves to a new network, it registers with a foreign agent on
that network, which then forwards packets to the home agent. The
home agent then forwards the packets to the mobile device at its
new location.
2. Route optimization: In this mode, the mobile device communicates
directly with other devices on the network without going through a
home agent. When the device moves to a new network, it sends a
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message to its previous network to update its location. Other

devices can then send packets directly to the mobile device at its
new location.

Some other differences in operation between Mobile IP implementations

include:

• Authentication and security mechanisms: Some Mobile IP

implementations may use different authentication and security
mechanisms to ensure that only authorized devices can access the
network.
• Quality of service (QoS) support: Some Mobile IP implementations
may support different levels of QoS for different types of traffic,
such as voice or video.
• Handoff latency: The time it takes for a mobile device to switch
from one network to another can vary between Mobile IP
implementations, depending on factors such as network topology
and distance between networks.

Overall, Mobile IP provides a flexible and scalable solution for

maintaining connectivity for mobile devices in a variety of network
environments
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PYQ:- AKU

Q5(A):-Explain mobile IP SIP in detail?

Mobile IP and SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) are two different protocols
that can be used together to provide seamless mobility and session
continuity for mobile devices. Here is a detailed explanation of how
Mobile IP and SIP work together:

Mobile IP is a protocol that allows mobile devices to maintain a

consistent IP address when moving between different networks. When a
mobile device moves to a new network, it registers with a home agent
(HA) on its home network, which assigns it a "care-of address" (CoA) on
the new network. The HA then forwards packets destined for the device
to the CoA.

SIP, on the other hand, is a protocol used for initiating, modifying, and
terminating multimedia sessions between two or more endpoints. SIP
messages are used to set up and manage multimedia sessions, such as
voice or video calls, instant messaging, or presence information.
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When a mobile device using SIP moves to a new network, it needs to

update its SIP registration information to reflect its new IP address. This
is done by sending a REGISTER message to its SIP registrar, which is
responsible for maintaining the device's current IP address and
forwarding incoming calls or messages to the appropriate CoA.

To ensure session continuity, the SIP registrar can also use the Mobile IP
protocol to track the device's movements and update its own database
with the device's current CoA. This allows incoming calls or messages to
be forwarded to the device's current location, even if it has moved to a
new network.

When a call is initiated between two SIP endpoints, the SIP messages are
used to negotiate the media channels and establish the session. If one or
both endpoints are mobile devices, the SIP messages may also include
information about the device's current location and CoA. This allows the
media channels to be set up directly between the endpoints, without
having to go through a home agent or other intermediaries.

Overall, the combination of Mobile IP and SIP provides a flexible and

scalable solution for maintaining session continuity and mobility for
mobile devices in a variety of network environments
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PYQ:- AKU

Q5(A):- explain the entity and terminology use in

mobile IP along with tunneling and also explain
the three types of Encapsulation mechanism used
in mobile IP?

Mobile IP is a protocol that allows mobile devices to maintain a

consistent IP address when moving between different networks. The
following are the key entities and terminologies used in Mobile IP:

1. Mobile Node (MN): A mobile device that can move between

different networks and maintain its IP address.
2. Home Agent (HA): A router on the mobile device's home network
that maintains a database of the device's current location and
routes packets to the device's Care-of Address (CoA) on the
foreign network.
3. Foreign Agent (FA): A router on the foreign network that provides
the mobile device with a CoA and forwards packets to the mobile
device's HA.
4. Care-of Address (CoA): The temporary IP address assigned to the
mobile device when it moves to a foreign network.
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5. Home Address (HoA): The permanent IP address assigned to the

mobile device on its home network.

Tunneling is a mechanism used in Mobile IP to encapsulate IP packets

and route them between the home and foreign networks. Tunneling
allows the home agent to forward packets to the mobile device's CoA on
the foreign network by encapsulating the packets inside an IP tunnel.

There are three types of encapsulation mechanisms used in Mobile IP:

1. IP-in-IP Encapsulation: This method encapsulates the original IP

packet inside a new IP packet with a different source and
destination address. The new packet is then sent through the
tunnel to the foreign network.
2. Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE): GRE is a tunneling protocol
that encapsulates packets inside an additional IP packet, which
allows for additional headers to be added to the original packet.
GRE is often used in Mobile IP to support Quality of Service (QoS)
and security features.
3. Minimal Encapsulation: Minimal encapsulation is a simplified
version of IP-in-IP encapsulation that only includes a 8-byte header
in the encapsulating packet. This method is used when the HA and
FA are on the same link or when security is not a concern.

In summary, Mobile IP is a protocol that allows mobile devices to

maintain their IP address when moving between different networks.
Tunneling is used to encapsulate IP packets and route them between the
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home and foreign networks, and there are three types of encapsulation
mechanisms used in Mobile IP: IP-in-IP encapsulation, GRE, and minimal
encapsulation.

PYQ:- AKU

Q5(A)What is Trangular routing?

Triangle routing is a network routing scenario in which traffic is routed

through an indirect path between two devices. In other words, instead of
a direct path between two devices, traffic flows through an intermediate
device or network before reaching its destination.

In a triangular routing scenario, the data packet from the source device is
sent to an intermediate device (such as a router), then forwarded to the
destination device. This indirect path can cause delays and network
congestion, as the data packet has to traverse an extra hop.
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Triangle routing can occur for various reasons, such as when there are
multiple paths available between two devices, or when the source device
sends data to a device other than the final destination that then forwards
it on to the intended recipient.

In some cases, triangular routing can also lead to security concerns, such
as when an intermediate device intercepts and modifies the data packets
being transmitted. To avoid triangular routing and optimize network
performance, network administrators can implement various techniques
such as route optimization, traffic engineering, and load balancing
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PYQ:- AKU

(Q1) -Discuss the similarity and difference between

conventional cellular radio system and and a space
based (satellite) cellular radio system. what are the
advantage and disadvantage of each system?
Which system could support the larger number of
users for a given frequency allocation and why?
How would this mapact thew cost of service for
each subscriber?

Ans:- Conventional cellular radio systems and space-based (satellite)

cellular radio systems are two types of wireless communication systems
that operate on different frequency bands and have different
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transmission technologies. Here are the similarities and differences

between the two:

Similarities:-

• Both systems provide wireless communication services to users.

• Both systems divide the available frequency spectrum into different
channels to increase the number of users that can be supported.
• Both systems use radio signals to transmit data and voice between
users.

Differences:

• Conventional cellular radio systems are based on terrestrial

(ground-based) infrastructure, while satellite cellular radio systems
use space-based satellites to relay signals between users.
• Conventional cellular radio systems cover a limited geographical
area (e.g. a city or region), while satellite cellular radio systems can
cover a much larger area (e.g. a continent or even the entire
globe).
• Conventional cellular radio systems have lower latency and better
signal quality compared to satellite systems, which can suffer from
signal attenuation, interference, and delay due to the distance
between the satellite and the ground.
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• Satellite cellular radio systems are more expensive to deploy and

maintain compared to conventional cellular radio systems.

Advantages and Disadvantages:

• Conventional cellular radio systems are generally more affordable

and offer higher data rates, lower latency, and better signal quality
compared to satellite systems. However, they have limited
coverage and may not work in areas with no or poor terrestrial
infrastructure.
• Satellite cellular radio systems, on the other hand, can provide
coverage in remote and rural areas where terrestrial infrastructure
is not available. However, they are more expensive and have higher
latency and signal interference compared to conventional systems.

The system that could support the larger number of users for a given
frequency allocation would depend on the specific deployment scenario
and frequency band used. In general, conventional cellular radio systems
can support a larger number of users per unit of frequency than satellite
systems due to their better signal quality and lower latency.
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This could result in lower costs for subscribers as the cost of service is
generally lower in conventional cellular radio systems compared to
satellite systems.

In summary, conventional cellular radio systems and space-based

(satellite) cellular radio systems have different advantages and
disadvantages depending on the deployment scenario and user needs.
While conventional cellular radio systems offer lower latency, better
signal quality, and lower costs, satellite systems offer wider coverage and
can work in remote and rural areas where terrestrial infrastructure is not
available.

PYQ:- AKU

Q5 (B):-consider a different wqay of looking at the

orthogonality properties of CDMA Chip Sequences. Each
bit in a pair of sequence can match or not Match.
Express The orthogonality property in terms of mathches

and mismatches.

Ans:-In CDMA systems, chip sequences are designed to have orthogonal

properties, which means that the correlation between any pair of
sequences is close to zero. One way to express the orthogonality
property of CDMA chip sequences is to consider the number of matches
and mismatches between the bits in a pair of sequences.
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Suppose we have two CDMA chip sequences, denoted by A and B, each

with N chips. We can define the number of matches (M) and mismatches
(m) between the bits in the two sequences as follows:

M = number of bits in A that match the corresponding bits in B m =

number of bits in A that do not match the corresponding bits in B

Note that M + m = N, since there are N bits in each sequence.

Now, if A and B are orthogonal sequences, then the correlation between

them is given by:

C(A,B) = (1/N) * sum(A(i) * B(i))

where i ranges from 1 to N, and sum denotes the sum over all i.

Using the definitions of M and m, we can rewrite the correlation as:

C(A,B) = (M - m) / N

Since A and B are orthogonal, we expect the correlation to be close to

zero. This means that M and m should be approximately equal. In other
words, the number of matches and mismatches between the bits in the
two sequences should be roughly the same.

Thus, we can express the orthogonality property of CDMA chip

sequences in terms of matches and mismatches by stating that
orthogonal sequences have approximately the same number of matches
and mismatches between their corresponding bits.
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PYQ:- AKU

Q7(a):-difference between 3G and 4G networks.

What is the data Rate offered by 4G System?
mention the challenges faced by 4G networks.
What are the application of 4G technology?

Ans:- The main difference between 3G and 4G networks is the data

transfer rates and network capabilities. Here are some key differences
between 3G and 4G networks:

1. Data transfer rates: 4G networks offer much faster data transfer rates
compared to 3G networks. While 3G networks typically offer data
rates up to 2 Mbps, 4G networks can support data rates up to 100
Mbps.
2. Network capabilities: 4G networks are designed to support a wide
range of multimedia applications, including video streaming, online
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gaming, and cloud services, while 3G networks are primarily designed

for voice and data communication.
3. Technology: 4G networks use advanced wireless technologies such as
LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access) to provide faster data rates and better network

coverage.

The data rate offered by 4G systems depends on the specific network

deployment and the wireless technology used. In general, 4G networks can
support data rates up to 100 Mbps for mobile devices and up to 1 Gbps for
fixed wireless connections.

However, 4G networks also face several challenges, including:

1. Network coverage: 4G networks require a large number of base

stations and repeaters to provide good network coverage, which can
be expensive and difficult to deploy in remote or rural areas.
2. Interference: 4G networks can suffer from signal interference and
fading due to the high frequency bands used and the distance
between the device and the base station.
3. Network congestion: As more users connect to 4G networks and
consume more data, network congestion can become a major issue,
leading to slower data rates and reduced network performance.

Some applications of 4G technology include:

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1. Video streaming: 4G networks provide high-speed data transfer rates

and low latency, making them ideal for streaming high-quality video
content on mobile devices.
2. Online gaming: 4G networks offer low latency and high data transfer
rates, which are essential for real-time online gaming.
3. Cloud services: 4G networks allow users to access cloud-based
services and applications on the go, providing greater flexibility and
mobility.
4. Internet of Things (IoT): 4G networks can support a large number of
IoT devices and provide reliable connectivity for applications such as
smart homes, smart cities, and industrial automation.

PYQ:- AKU

Q7(B):-Discuss the design issues of the IEEE 802.11 and

explain the working of BSS, DS and ESS networks.

Ans:- IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards for wireless local area networks
(WLANs). Some of the key design issues in the IEEE 802.11 standard include:

1. Frequency bands: The IEEE 802.11 standard supports two frequency

bands, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The 2.4 GHz band is more crowded and
susceptible to interference, while the 5 GHz band offers better
throughput and less interference.
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2. Channel bandwidth: The IEEE 802.11 standard supports different

channel bandwidths, including 20 MHz, 40 MHz, and 80 MHz. Wider
channel bandwidths can provide higher data rates but can also lead
to more interference.
3. Modulation schemes: The IEEE 802.11 standard supports different
modulation schemes, including BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM.
More advanced modulation schemes can provide higher data rates
but require a stronger signal.
4. Security: The IEEE 802.11 standard includes several security
mechanisms, including Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), Wi-Fi
Protected Access (WPA), and WPA2. These mechanisms aim to
prevent unauthorized access to the network and protect against

eavesdropping and other security threats.

BSS, DS, and ESS are three types of networks defined in the IEEE 802.11
standard:

1. Basic Service Set (BSS): A BSS is the basic building block of a WLAN
and consists of one or more wireless stations (clients) and an Access
Point (AP). The AP acts as a central hub and provides connectivity to
the wired network.
2. Distribution System (DS): The DS connects multiple BSSs together to
form a larger network. The DS can be implemented using a wired
Ethernet network or a wireless backbone.
3. Extended Service Set (ESS): An ESS is a collection of BSSs that share a
common Service Set Identifier (SSID) and are connected together via
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a DS. An ESS provides seamless roaming for wireless clients between

different BSSs.

The working of BSS, DS, and ESS networks can be explained as follows:

1. BSS: In a BSS, the wireless clients communicate with each other and
with the AP using radio signals. The AP acts as a bridge between the
wireless clients and the wired network. The AP can provide additional
services such as network address translation (NAT), quality of service
(QoS), and security.
2. DS: The DS connects multiple BSSs together to form a larger network.
The DS can be implemented using a wired Ethernet network or a
wireless backbone. In a DS, the APs communicate with each other
using a protocol called the Point Coordination Function (PCF) or the
Distributed Coordination Function (DCF).
3. ESS: An ESS is a collection of BSSs that share a common SSID and are
connected together via a DS. In an ESS, the wireless clients can move
between different BSSs without losing connectivity. The APs in the
ESS coordinate with each other using the PCF or DCF protocol to
ensure seamless handoff between BSSs.
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(Q8)What are Different types of fading? what is the

condition of fast fading? Explain the rayleigh/rician
fading channels. Write the difference between
mean and median of rayeigh fading signal.Envelop
of the sum of two quadrature gussain noise signals
obeys which distribution? list out the necessary
condition for optimal power allocation. What is the
micro-diversity in wireless communication?

Ans:-Different types of fading in wireless communication

are:

1. Path Loss Fading: It occurs due to the attenuation of

signal power as it propagates through the medium.

This type of fading is slow and can be compensated
by using higher transmit power or directional

antennas.
2. Shadowing Fading: It occurs due to the blockage of
the signal by large obstacles such as buildings,
trees, or hills. This type of fading is also slow and

can be reduced by using repeaters or relays.

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3. Fast Fading: It occurs due to the rapid variation of

signal strength caused by the constructive and

destructive interference of multiple signal paths.
This type of fading is highly dependent on the
distance between the transmitter and receiver and

the nature of the medium.

Fast Fading Condition: The condition of fast fading is

when the delay spread of the channel is less than the

symbol duration of the transmitted signal. In other

words, if the delay spread is smaller than the symbol
duration, the channel will experience fast fading.

Rayleigh and Rician fading channels are two types of fast

fading channels:

1. Rayleigh Fading: It occurs when there are multiple

signal paths between the transmitter and receiver,

and the amplitude and phase of each path are

random. The envelope of the received signal follows
a Rayleigh distribution.
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2. Rician Fading: It occurs when there is a dominant

signal path in addition to the multiple random

signal paths. The envelope of the received signal
follows a Rician distribution.

Mean and median are two measures of central tendency

of a distribution. In the case of Rayleigh fading, the

mean and median are not equal, and the mean value is
higher than the median. This is because the Rayleigh

distribution is skewed towards higher values.

The envelope of the sum of two quadrature Gaussian

noise signals follows a Rice distribution.

The necessary conditions for optimal power allocation in

wireless communication are:

1. The total power constraint: The sum of the power

allocated to all the channels should be less than or

equal to the total available power.

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2. Channel knowledge: The transmitter should have

accurate knowledge of the channel characteristics,

including fading, noise, and interference.
3. Optimal allocation: The power should be allocated
in such a way that the overall system capacity is

maximized.

Micro-diversity is a technique used in wireless

communication to combat fading. It involves using

multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to

create multiple independent signal paths between them.
This improves the quality of the received signal and
reduces the impact of fading
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Q6(A) with a neat diagram, explain the Elements of

the CDMA2000 packet core networks.
Ans:-
The CDMA2000 packet core network consists of several elements that work
together to provide packet data services to mobile users. These elements

are:

1. Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN): The PDSN is responsible for

routing packet data between the CDMA2000 wireless network and
the external IP network. It is the point of entry for all packet data
traffic into the CDMA2000 network.
2. Home Agent (HA): The HA is responsible for managing the mobility
of mobile users by keeping track of their current location and
forwarding packets to their current serving PDSN. It also maintains a
binding between the mobile user's IP address and its current location.
3. Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Server: The AAA
server is responsible for authenticating mobile users and authorizing
their access to the network. It also keeps track of the data usage of
each user for accounting purposes.
4. Domain Name System (DNS) Server: The DNS server is responsible
for resolving domain names into IP addresses. It is used by the PDSN
to route packets to their intended destination.
5. Charging Gateway Function (CGF): The CGF is responsible for
collecting and processing charging information related to the usage
of packet data services. It sends this information to the billing system
for processing.
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6. Policy and Charging Control (PCC) Server: The PCC server is

responsible for enforcing policy rules related to the usage of packet
data services. It also manages charging parameters related to data

usage.

The following diagram shows the architecture of the CDMA2000 packet

core network:

In this diagram, the PDSN serves as the gateway between the CDMA2000
wireless network and the external IP network. The HA manages the mobility
of mobile users by keeping track of their location and forwarding packets
to their current serving PDSN. The AAA server is responsible for
authenticating and authorizing mobile users, while the DNS server is used
for name resolution. The CGF collects and processes charging information
related to data usage, while the PCC server enforces policy rules and
manages charging parameters.
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(Q3)Asssume that a GSM, an IS-95, and a US

digital cellular base station transmit the same
power over the same distance. Which system
will provide the best SNR at mobile receiver?
what is the SNR improvement over the two
system? assume a perfect receiver with only
thermal noise present in each of the three
systems.

Ans:-The best SNR at the mobile receiver will depend on a variety of

factors, including the frequency band used, the modulation scheme, the
coding and interleaving used, and the receiver sensitivity.

Assuming all other factors are equal, the IS-95 system is likely to provide
the best SNR at the mobile receiver. This is because IS-95 uses a direct-
sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) modulation scheme, which spreads the
signal energy over a wide bandwidth. This makes the signal less susceptible
to interference and fading, and allows for better noise immunity.

GSM and US digital cellular systems, on the other hand, use a frequency-
hopping spread-spectrum (FHSS) and a time-division multiple access
(TDMA) scheme respectively, which do not offer the same level of spread
spectrum processing and noise immunity as DSSS.
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Assuming a perfect receiver with only thermal noise present in each of the
three systems, the SNR improvement of IS-95 over the other two systems
can be calculated using the formula:

SNR improvement (in dB) = 10 * log10 (signal energy per bit / noise power
spectral density)

Since all three systems transmit the same power over the same distance,
the signal energy per bit is the same. Therefore, the SNR improvement of
IS-95 over GSM and US digital cellular systems will depend on the noise
power spectral density.

Assuming a typical value of -174 dBm/Hz for the thermal noise power
spectral density, the SNR improvement of IS-95 over GSM and US digital
cellular systems can be calculated as follows:

SNR improvement of IS-95 over GSM = 10 * log10 (1 / 0.2) = 7 dB SNR

improvement of IS-95 over US digital cellular = 10 * log10 (1 / 0.25) = 6 dB

Therefore, assuming a perfect receiver with only thermal noise present, IS-
95 would provide a higher SNR than GSM or US digital cellular systems,
with an SNR improvement of around 6-7 dB over the other two systems.