Straightening Out the Inverted-L

L. B. Cebik, W4RNL
1434 High Mesa Drive
Knoxville, TN 37938-4443
e-mail: [email protected]

Communications via radio is over a century old. One of the antennas that has been around almost
that long is the inverted-L. It has passed through phases of love and hate, honor and denigration, use
and disuse. However, it has never been through a phase of understanding. At most, it is just a simple
wire whose properties are known only by the testimony (both prosecution and defense) of its successful
and unsuccessful users.

I shall now dare a claim. The inverted-L is among the very best inexpensive wire field and small
backyard antennas for multi-band general communications work. It is not a rotating or stationary beam.
It is not a phased broadside, end-fire, or collinear array. Hence, it will never be the strongest signal in the
band (if more than one station is active). However, it will in all of its simplicity put a usable signal in more
places on more bands than almost any other contender, both in the field and in the typical small modern
backyard.

All that we need to do to lay a foundation for this claim is to understand the inverted-L--both how it
works and what to expect from typical installations. In the course of these notes, we shall look at the
electrical properties of the inverted-L to understand and befriend it. However, the main body of these
notes will be devoted to a tabular and graphical compendium of what inverted-Ls of various forms will
produce by way of performance on the HF amateur bands. By picking the material most closely aligned
with your installation, you will have a general idea of what to expect from the inverted-L that you build.

Of course, you will build your own. All you need are a length of wire (#12 or #14 copper or
copperweld will do nicely), a set of insulators, some transmission lines, and an antenna tuner. If I kit up
the wire and insulators and sell them to you for $45 to $50, then I have swindled you. And I could not live
with myself for the hype it would take to make the kit seem like it will do everything short of slicing bread.
Everything else that you need for an effective and safe installation will tend to be site specific, so you will
need to visit your hardware depot. Before we close, we shall examine some ideas for making the
installation both effective and safe.

What is an Inverted-L?

The simplest answer to this question is electrically wrong. The simplest answer is that an inverted-L
is any antenna that looks like an upside-down L. (You may have to walk to the other side of the antenna
to make a correct upside-down L.) The answer is defective in two ways. First, there are many antennas
that do not look like an upside-down L, but that perform electrically just like an inverted-L. Second, if we
could get the antenna high enough, there would be no significant difference in performance from an
inverted-L and an erect L. In fact, a few years ago, I suggested the L-antenna as a workable simple
solution to needs on 10, 6, and 2 meters to communicate with stations using antennas that are
horizontally and that are vertically polarized. Of course, it is easy to raise an antenna 1 to several
wavelengths over the ground at these frequencies, but much harder to push an 80-meter wire up that
high.

We are not interested in looks, but in performance. If an antenna performs like an inverted-L, then it
belongs to the same family of antennas, whatever family name we might concoct. However, we shall
have to think in terms of an extended family, since we are speaking of a complex antenna in terms of its
frequency coverage. Two inverted-Ls may perform similarly on the lowest band used, but show
differences when used at much higher frequencies. Where we feed the antenna and what proportions we
use may make a difference in that performance.
 Fig. 1 shows some of the members of the family. The upper family branch form distinctly L-shaped
antennas. The center-fed doublet type normally uses a center feedpoint relative to the overall wire
length. However, the base-fed types may bend over at almost any point along the way. We might even
curl the horizontal portion. The DDRR car-rooftop antenna of past years is a variety of inverted-L.

The sloping wires seem a strange addition to the group of inverted-Ls, because they lack a definite
bend. However, as a first attempt to imagine why they belong to the family, imagine one of the upper
antennas being stretched slowly by the far end of the horizontal wire. The angle would become shallower
as we continued pulling the antenna until it formed a straight line. However, in the process, it would not
lose the basic electrical properties that made it an inverted-L in the first place.

The property that makes the inverted-L what it is as a multi-band antenna is the fact that it has visible
or virtual horizontal and vertical parts that give the radiation pattern both vertical and horizontal
components. As we change frequency, one or the other component may dominate, but both will be
present. Except for wholly negligible remnant components created by ground reflections, a true
horizontal dipole has only a horizontal component to its field, while a vertical monopole has only a vertical
component to its field. The inverted-L and its cousin, the sloping wire, have both.

You may instantly cry out that the inverted-V also has both components, especially when the sides
droop 45 degrees downward from the horizontal line of a standard dipole. You would be correct. In fact,
the inverted V (and the erect V) as well as the inverted (and erect) L belong to the same even more
extended family. Not a member of this family is the quadrant antenna, one that bends in the middle on a
90-degree angle but remains parallel to the ground. That antenna has only a horizontal component.

In the HF region, where most communications involve ionospheric reactions, the vertical and
horizontal components join and skew so that what comes down is randomly polarized. However, that
does not make the initial components meaningless. They play an important, if not determinant role in the
transmitting and receiving patterns of the antenna. And those patterns make up the core of my starting
claim about the utility of the inverted-L for general communications.
The Center-Fed Inverted-L Doublet

We may feed an inverted L almost anywhere, but the most common places are at the end or the
center. To lay out some foundations of inverted-L operation, the center-fed version is a bit more straight
forward. Fig. 2 shows the main parts of the center-fed inverted-L doublet.

The legs of the L are equal to each other. Hence, the total height of the horizontal leg must be the
length of the vertical leg plus an additional length that I call the base height above ground. For these
notes, I shall place the base of each center-fed antenna 10' above average ground for family and visitor
safety. Since we shall operate the antenna on many bands, we shall need to use parallel feedline and an
antenna tuner (ATU). Ideally, the feed line should depart the antenna at right angles, which would mean
directly into or out of the page. However, approximating a 45-degree angle will also work in minimizing
unwanted coupling between the wires and the line.

The inverted-L derives its special properties as a general communications antenna from the pattern
components of the vertical and horizontal portions of the antenna. Fig. 3 shows the total pattern and its
component parts for two frequencies for a center-fed inverted-L that is cut for 40 meters. On both bands,
the horizontal leg of the antenna would point straight up the page. Hence, the vertical component of the
pattern leans away from the horizontal leg. The horizontal component in both cases has the figure-8 look
that we associate with a horizontal dipole. The vertical component is a distorted circle.

When we operate the 40-meter wire on 20 meters, we notice that the horizontal component becomes
more dominant. The total pattern reduces from a circle with a depression into a distinct oval.
Nevertheless, the radiation off the ends of antenna remains only 6 dB down from a true circle. It does not
have the deep nulls that it might have if we were using a horizontal dipole. As well, the total radiation field
is considerably stronger than we might derive from a standard monopole, thanks in part to the highly
elevated feedpoint and thanks in part to the contribution of the horizontal component of the pattern. The
total pattern on each band will always be a compromise, but a highly usable compromise.
 Do not expect such neat patterns for every band. If all of the patterns were neat, I could stop here.
However, as we continue upward in frequency, the patterns become more complex, but avoid the large
collection of narrow lobes that we associate with long center-fed horizontal doublets. As well, the vertical
component, even though weaker at higher frequencies, does fill in the nulls of a typical center-fed
horizontal doublet.

To complicate matters a bit further, there are 4 typical lengths for center-fed inverted-Ls: the short 44'
version for 40 to 10 meters, the 67-70' version for the same coverage, the short 88' version for 80-10-
meter coverage, and the 120-140' longer version for the same set of HF bands. Each version of the
antenna deserves its own data so that we do not inadvertently introduce misleading performance ideas.
However, the patterns and data that we shall show will presume two things, one important, the other not.
The less important fact is that we shall use average ground as the soil beneath the antenna. Since we
are not connecting the antenna to the ground, soil quality will not make much of a difference. The more
important fact is that we shall presume level ground with no immediate obstructions to alter the patterns.
You will have to make adjustments in your thinking about the patterns to account for both terrain tilting
and yard clutter.

Every pattern presented--and the tabular data behind it--will use the elevation angle of maximum
radiation. The tables will show the azimuth heading of maximum radiation. Along this axis, the table will
list the vertical beamwidth. Although not precise, you may estimate that half the beamwidth is above and
half below the elevation angle of maximum radiation. This calculation will give you a general idea of the
lowest angle for a usable signal from the antenna. The tables will also list the maximum gain in dBi, and
from that number, you can estimate the gain at other azimuth angle from the plot. Finally, the tables will
list an approximate feedpoint impedance at the antenna terminals. If the antenna has a transmission line
between those terminals and the ATU, the value at the ATU will be a function of the line's transformation
properties that depend upon the length and characteristic impedance as they interact with the antenna
terminal impedance.

Because the inverted-L is non-symmetrical with respect to the earth's surface, some of the values will
have limited use. In other words, we should not assume that the elevation pattern is similar all around the
azimuth circle. Fig. 4 shows a typical azimuth pattern for a center-fed inverted-L antenna at 21.05 MHz.
Beside it are three elevation patterns. The first one is along the heading for maximum gain on the
azimuth plot, a heading of 35 degrees (and its 180-degree opposite, 215 degrees). The next two plots
are at 0 (and 180) degrees, that is, broadside to the horizontal wire and at 90 (and 270) degrees, that is,
along the horizontal wire.

Note that all three patterns have very different shapes. In some cases, although not in this one, the
vertical beam width may differ along different headings. The elevation angle of maximum radiation
certainly is different at 90 degrees. Although the patterns fill the rings, if you relate each one to the
azimuth pattern, each has a quite different gain value. How the patterns relate to each other appears in
Fig. 5.

In general, but perhaps not universally, the lower the gain along a given azimuth heading line relative
to the maximum gain heading, the more divergent the elevation pattern will be from the maximum gain
heading values given in the tables. Despite these limitations, you may use the azimuth patterns and
tabulated data in the compendia to follow to get a reasonably good idea of how well each antenna will
perform on each band. All sample antennas use AWG #12 copper wire.

1. 44' Center-Fed Inverted-L for 40- to 10-Meter Use

The first version of the antenna (Fig. 6) varies in height from a base at 10' to 32' above ground. Higher
mounting will tend to result in slightly more gain and slightly lower elevation angles of maximum gain,
especially on the higher amateur bands. The total length of the antenna varies from 1.25 wavelengths at
10 meters to a little over 0.31 wavelength on 40 meters, the lowest frequency of operation (but with
possible matching difficulties). Attempts to use the antenna on 60 or 80 meters will result in very low
feedpoint resistances, with very high levels of capacitive reactance. Antenna is oriented as in Fig. 5.
Frequency Maximum Gain Angles Vertical Beam- Gain Impedance
MHz Azimuth (deg) Elevation (deg) Width (deg) dBi R+/-jX Ohms
7.05 197 47 148 1.7 17 - j 620
10.105 189 37 152 2.7 41 - j 140
14.05 186 27 40 3.9 110 + j 440
18.12 181 22 28 4.8 570 + j 1600
21.05 0 19 23 4.9 5700 + j 930
24.95 8 17 19 4.1 530 - j 1500
28.05 22 15 17 4.1 200 - j 700

A very wide vertical beamwidth, such as 150 degrees, indicates that the gain does not vary by more
than 3 dB across the entire arc of the sky from about 15 degrees above each horizon. Very high values
of resistance or reactance may indicate a difficult match unless the feedline length is chosen carefully. A
purely horizontal version of this antenna at 42' above ground would have bi-directional patterns broadside
to the wire with lobes that become very narrow on the highest bands. The inverted-L version has a lower
maximum gain, but better gain in most directions. On the lower bands, the elevation angle of maximum
radiation is lower using the inverted-L version.

2. 69' Center-Fed Inverted-L for 40- to 10-Meter Use

The 69' inverted-L has a top height of 44.5' with the standard 10' base height. The horizontal leg is
34.5' long. It is also too short for effective use below 40 meters. However, the added overall length
begins to show up in the 12- and 10-meter band patterns. See Fig. 7. Still, the lobes are fewer and
broader than for a 69' horizontal doublet, and the nulls are not so deep. As usual, very high resistance or
reactance values may foretell matching difficulties. Lower elevation angles relative to the 44' inverted-L
are a function of the added top height of the horizontal wire.

Frequency Maximum Gain Angles Vertical Beam- Gain Impedance

MHz Azimuth (deg) Elevation (deg) Width (deg) dBi R+/-jX Ohms
7.05 190 38 151 2.6 56 - j 4
10.105 184 28 39 3.8 220 + j 830
14.05 0 21 25 5.1 4800 - j 2800
18.12 26 18 19 4.1 180 - j 700
21.05 36 16 17 5.1 120 - j 66
24.95 36 13 14 5.9 310 + j 890
28.05 36 11 12 5.7 4900 + j 380
3. 88' Center-Fed Inverted-L for 80- to 10-Meter Use

The 88' center-fed inverted-L is about the shortest recommended length (with marginal matching
capabilities) for service down to 80 meters. The patterns omit the 60-meter band, although you can easily
infer its shape from the 80- and 40-meter patterns plus the tabular data. By Fig. 8, you should be able to
see the gradual evolution of the patterns as the antenna grows longer. For example, the 17-meter pattern
of Fig. 7 is similar to the 20-meter pattern for the longer antenna in Fig. 8. 10 meters shows the
emergence of 2 additional lobes. As well, the tabular data shows slightly higher average gains as the
antenna grows both longer and higher above ground. You may wish to imagine in advance the pattern
shapes for the 136' center-fed inverted-L, the next antenna in the series, and then check Fig. 9 to see if
you are tracking well. The fact that patterns evolve rather than change suddenly with frequency will let us
use fewer pattern samples in later exercises.
Frequency Maximum Gain Angles Vertical Beam- Gain Impedance
MHz Azimuth (deg) Elevation (deg) Width (deg) dBi R+/-jX Ohms
3.55 201 47 148 1.0 20 - j 660
5.368 191 40 150 2.3 55 - j 50
7.05 185 32 52 3.2 130 - j 490
10.105 0 23 30 4.5 3000 + j 3200
14.05 25 19 21 4.0 190 - j 780
18.12 36 15 17 5.6 160 - j 370
21.05 36 12 14 5.8 1600 - j 2200
24.95 42 10 11 5.5 250 - j 810
28.05 47 9 10 6.3 150 + j 45

4. 136' Center-Fed Inverted-L for 80- to 10-Meter Use

The 136' center-fed inverted-L doublet has a 68' top wire and a vertical wire that extends from 10' to
78' above ground. Although this antenna calls for a height that few may reach, it is useful to show the
continued evolution of the azimuth patterns. See Fig. 9.

Frequency Maximum Gain Angles Vertical Beam- Gain Impedance

MHz Azimuth (deg) Elevation (deg) Width (deg) dBi R+/-jX Ohms
3.55 190 42 150 2.1 60 - j 10
5.368 184 29 43 3.4 330 + j 1100
7.05 0 24 29 4.8 6300 - j 2000
10.105 34 19 21 4.5 130 - j 320
14.05 36 13 14 5.7 4300 + j 2000
18.12 47 10 11 6.1 150 + j 20
21.05 48 8 9 7.0 2000 + j 2100
24.95 53 7 7 7.4 160 - j 110
28.05 54 6 6 7.6 1100 + j 1600

Although the added height and length of the 136' inverted-L continues to lower the elevation angle
and raise the maximum gain, the longest of our doublets raises two question marks. First, note the
number of bands on which we have either very high resistance or very high reactance--or both. Second,
note the increasing unevenness of coverage of the azimuth patterns on the upper bands. For some
installations (but not for all) where this antenna is feasible, it may not be the best choice. For example, if
we can install the 88' version at the 78' top level, we would gain most of the improvement in elevation
angle and a bit of the gain, but have fewer matching challenges.

Before we turn to the next antenna, let's make a comparison of azimuth patterns. The sample in Fig.
10 uses the 88' inverted-L and an 88' doublet, both at the same top height and both on the 12-meter
band.

The doublet has 10 lobes on this band, 4 of which are stronger than the inverted-L major lobes.
However, for a very large portion of the horizon, the inverted-L shows a higher gain, with more even
coverage of the entire horizon. For penetration in specific directions, the doublet may be better, but for
general communications with an installation dictated by available supports (trees), the inverted-L is likely
to make a very good showing of itself.

The Center-Fed Sloping Doublet

At the start of this exercise, I noted that a simple center-fed sloping wire shares most of the main
characteristics of an inverted-L. The time has arrived to demonstrate that fact. The first step is to note
the presence in a sloping wire of both vertical and horizontal pattern components. Our sample antenna
will be a 68' AWG #12 wire sloping at a 45-degree angle with its base 10' above ground. Just as the
inverted-Ls that we have examined start with their vertical legs in the pattern centers, with the horizontal
leg pointed upward on the page, so the sloper will also point upward on the page and in the patterns.

Compare Fig. 11 with Fig. 3. In both cases, we can see for the sample bands the vertical component
along with the horizontal component. The total patterns are very similar, but it is clear that the sloping
doublet tends to concentrate the vertical component on the antenna end that approaches the ground.
This fact does not disable the sloping doublet from operating as a good general communications antenna.
However, it does simplify construction somewhat, since we now need only 1 very tall support for the high
end of the wire. For a 68' 45-degree sloping doublet, the top point is 58' above ground. If we lower the
angle, we lose some of the advantages of the vertical component and raise the elevation angle. Hence, it
may be wiser to restrict band coverage and use a shorter wire at a high angle than to use a longer wire at
a much lower angle.
 The sample sloping center-fed doublet that we shall examine on a band-by-band basis is a 68' long
AWG #12 wire extending vertically from 10' to 58' above average ground. The slope is 45 degrees. The
inverted-L with which to compare this antenna is the 69' version whose patterns appear in Fig. 7. As Fig.
12 reveals, when we compare the patterns with those of the 69' true inverted-L, we do not achieve the
same smooth evolution of patterns. The vertical component of the total pattern is better suppressed in
the direction from the low to high end of the wire much more thoroughly than when the wire forms an L.
The 20- and 17-meter patterns are elongated broadside to the wire, while the 12-and 10-meter patterns
have relatively deep nulls in the broadside directions. See the data table for this antenna to uncover two
more ways in which the antenna is not just like an inverted-L. Despite these differences, the antenna still
covers a good portion of the horizon on almost all bands with moderate gain.
Frequency Maximum Gain Angles Vertical Beam- Gain Impedance
MHz Azimuth (deg) Elevation (deg) Width (deg) dBi R+/-jX Ohms
7.05 197 41 152 2.4 85 + j 7
10.105 192 30 59 3.6 330 + j 810
14.05 188 21 33 5.4 4600 - j 1300
18.12 186 16 23 6.2 170 - j 790
21.05 59 12 * 14 3.0 110 - j 80
24.95 49 12 * 14 4.5 480 + j 810
28.05 40 11 17 5.6 3100 + j 590

The starred entries in the elevation angle column represent cases in which the main lobe is straight
up, and the indicated angle is for a secondary lobe. The gain difference between lobes is not significant
on 12 meters, but is sizable on 15 meters. Most of the other values, including the feedpoint impedances,
are quite comparable to those for the corresponding inverted-L.

Does Ground Quality Make a Difference?

There may be some concern that because the center-fed inverted-L or sloping doublet has one end
close to the ground, the ground quality may make a significant difference in performance. As the
following short table shows, the difference is only about as much as variation in soil type would make for
a horizontal antenna at the same average height in wavelengths above ground. "Cond" means
conductivity in S/m and "Perm" means the permittivity or dielectric constant. The listing for each
combination of soil quality and frequency shows the maximum gain followed by the elevation angle of
maximum radiation.

Frequency Soil Quality Very Good Average Poor Very Poor

MHz Cond/Perm 0.0303/20 0.005/13 0.002/13 0.001/5
7.05 2.9 39 2.6 38 2.5 37 2.2 36
14.05 5.5 21 5.1 21 5.0 21 4.3 21
21.05 5.5 15 5.1 15 5.0 15 4.4 15
28.05 5.9 11 5.7 11 5.7 11 5.3 11

The differentials are small. The variations are functions of the reflection of radiation off the different
soil qualities at a distance from the antenna itself. Therefore, a radial system under the antenna or other
measures to improve soil quality directly under the antenna will have no significant effect on the radiated
signal.

The Base-Fed Inverted-L

Because it has a physically convenient feedpoint--at ground level--the base-fed inverted-L is

considerably more common than the center-fed L. Fig. 13 outlines the most basic parts of the base-fed
inverted-L. Of course, we have the vertical and horizontal sections of wire that together make up the total
length. However, since the feedpoint is no longer at the wire's center, we find considerable variation
among installations, ranging from those that use more vertical and less horizontal wire to those that do
just the opposite. The base-fed version of the antenna differs from the center-fed version also in the fact
that its vertical wire must reach the ground, rather than terminating at some safe height above ground.
Therefore, for any given antenna total length, the base-fed version will be about 10' lower at its top height.

Because the base-fed inverted-L is fed at its end, it requires a good RF ground when its length is at
least ½ wavelength. If used as a ¼-wavelength monopole on its lowest frequency, then it also requires
radials to complete the antenna. Ideally, for monopole use, the antenna requires the same ground radial
treatment as any other ground-mounted monoband monopole. However, most backyard builders use
only as many radials of whatever length they can squeeze into the available space. A scant, small, and
short radial system can provide the good RF ground needed by the feedpoint, but it may fall short of an
ideal radial system. Fig. 13 shows only a few radials.
 Until recent years, feeding a base-fed inverted-L was somewhat of a challenge. As a field antenna,
the L and its sloping cousin, tended to terminate at the operating table, using a manual ATU. However,
we now have access to weather-sealed automatic tuners with remote tuning heads. Hence, we may
mount the tuner directly at the feedpoint and use a length of coax rated for ground burial for the run to the
operating position. However, the older methods will work perfectly well.

An inverted-L that is near resonance as a monopole on 80 meters is about 69' overall. Because we
have so many variations on the basic L to consider, we shall largely focus on this length antenna, with
only a few alternatives considered toward the end of this part of our exploration. As always, the wire will
be AWG #12. However, before we can examine the antenna on a band-by-band basis, we need to
consider some of the alternatives to see how much weight they carry.

How Many Radials and How Long?

Let's begin with a 69' long inverted-L with 34.5' horizontal and 34.5' vertical. One option available to
us is simply to place a ground rod into the soil to use as the remote ATU ground terminal. Although this
technique will work to some extent, a system of at least short radials will provide a superior RF ground.
For a sample exercise, I created models with radials buried 1' deep, although the exact depth from 6" to 2'
is not at all critical. I started with 1 radial, then increased the system size to 4, 16, and 32 radials. All
tests initially used average soil with a conductivity of 0.005 S/m and a dielectric constant of 13.

On bands from 40 meters upward, the antenna wire is ½ wavelength. On 7.05 MHz, I obtained the
following results using 15' long radials.

Short Radials: 7.05 MHz

No. of Maximum Gain Angles Vertical Beam- Gain Impedance
Radials Azimuth (deg) Elevation (deg) Width (deg) dBi R+/-jX Ohms
1 196 47 147 1.8 4200 - j 970
4 196 47 146 1.9 4100 - j 960
16 198 47 146 2.0 4100 - j 980
32 198 48 146 2.0 4100 - j 980
 I then increased the length of the radials to 69' each to see if 80-meter monopole-length radials would
make a significant difference in 40-meter performance.

Long Radials: 7.05 MHz

No. of Maximum Gain Angles Vertical Beam- Gain Impedance
Radials Azimuth (deg) Elevation (deg) Width (deg) dBi R+/-jX Ohms
1 196 47 146 1.8 4100 - j 1000
4 199 46 146 1.9 4000 - j 1000
16 199 47 147 2.1 3900 - j 1100
32 198 46 147 2.3 3900 - j 1200

In practical operating terms, the size of the radial field and its length makes very little difference to the
antenna's performance when it is at least ½ wavelength. However, we cannot make the same claim for
the operation of the antenna as an 80-meter ¼-wavelength monopole. I repeated the same modeling
experiment using 3.55 MHz.

Short Radials: 3.55 MHz

No. of Maximum Gain Angles Vertical Beam- Gain Impedance
Radials Azimuth (deg) Elevation (deg) Width (deg) dBi R+/-jX Ohms
1 270 28 53 -5.6 94 + j 25
4 270 28 54 -2.5 50 + j 11
16 270 29 54 -1.5 40 + j 7
32 270 29 54 -1.3 38 + j 5

Long Radials: 3.55 MHz

No. of Maximum Gain Angles Vertical Beam- Gain Impedance
Radials Azimuth (deg) Elevation (deg) Width (deg) dBi R+/-jX Ohms
1 270 28 54 -6.2 112 + j 40
4 270 28 54 -2.5 51 + j 23
16 270 28 54 -0.4 32 + j 15
32 270 28 54 +0.3 28 + j 12

Fig. 14 shows the elevation patterns for 3.55 MHz using the short radials on the left and the long
radials on the right. The 4-radial patterns are of equal strength. Obviously, using the longer radials and
more of them provides a significant improvement in 80-meter gain--almost 2 dB for the 32-radial system.
Hence, the advice is this: install as many radials as possible--even up to 64 ¼-wavelength radials--if
circumstances permit. However, most backyard inverted-L users are likely to have room only for a
smaller set of shorter radials--and their lengths and paths may vary according to what is already in the
yard. Note that there is little difference between the 16- and 32-radial systems when using 15' radials--
enough for a good RF ground and little more. Therefore, for the remainder of our sampling work, we shall
adopt that system as the standard. However, if you plan to use the inverted-L as a monopole on the
lowest band, strive for the largest, most complete, and most symmetrical system of radials that you can
manage.

Does Soil Type Make a Difference to the Base-Fed Inverted-L?

The answer to our next question is simple: yes and no. Which answer you choose depends on the
band of concern. For the lowest or monopole band, the soil quality makes a considerable difference.
However, for bands on which the antenna is at least ½ wavelength, Soil quality makes only a small
difference. The following table compares 3.55-MHz and 7.05-MHz model reports for the soils we
previously classified as Very Good, Average, Poor, and Very Poor under the center-fed version of the
antenna. The listing for each combination of soil quality and frequency shows the maximum gain followed
by the elevation angle of maximum radiation.

Frequency Soil Quality Very Good Average Poor Very Poor

MHz Cond/Perm 0.0303/20 0.005/13 0.002/13 0.001/5
3.55 1.1 21 -1.5 29 -2.2 31 -4.3 34
7.05 2.6 47 2.0 47 2.0 47 1.5 44

Fig. 15 graphically portrays the differences for each band in terms of elevation patterns along the axis
of maximum gain. Clearly, soil quality makes a considerable difference to the performance of the 80-m
monopole, even with the short radials used in the test. The range of gain values is nearly 5.5 dB across
the soil types. On 40 meters, the range of gain differences is just over 1 dB, not dissimilar to the
differences we might see with a horizontal antenna at the same top heights at the base-fed inverted-L.
However, remember that the models use the same soil type both just below the antenna and at the
distances responsible for ground reflections. So treating the local soil will have only a limited effect on
improving antenna performance.

Does the Ratio of Vertical Wire to Horizontal Wire Make a Difference in Performance?

Base-fed inverted-Ls of any selected total length tend to vary in proportions according to how many
convenient supports may be available. It is not possible to explore every possible variation, and even if it
were possible, we could not include every yard or field clutter scenario. However, we can sample at least
three variations on the 69' L. The basic version places 50% of the wire horizontally and 50% vertically.
Next comes a short version, with 33% of the wire vertical and 67% horizontal. Finally, we can reverse the
proportions, with 67% of the wire vertical and the remaining 33% horizontal. The most general conclusion
that will aid you in keeping the tables that follow straight is that the low elevation angles at lower
frequencies result from the vertical portion of the antenna. The higher the frequency that we reach before
encountering a jump in the elevation angle, the more of the antenna that is vertical. In all cases, we shall
use the set of 16 15' radials.

1. The 69' Base-Fed Inverted-L for 80- to 10-Meter Use, with 50% Vertical and 50% Horizontal

As the following table shows, the antenna functions essentially as a monopole on 80 and 60 meters.
Above that frequency, operation becomes much more like an end-fed horizontal wire with a minimum
length of ½ wavelength. See Fig. 16 for sample patterns (with 60 meters omitted to save space). As a
reminder, the vertical part of the antenna is at the pattern center, and the horizontal part extends
vertically, that is, up the page.

Frequency Maximum Gain Angles Vertical Beam- Gain Impedance

MHz Azimuth (deg) Elevation (deg) Width (deg) dBi R+/-jX Ohms
3.55 270 29 54 -1.5 40 + j 7
5.368 257 32 78 -0.2 160 + j 580
7.05 198 47^ 146 2.0 4100 - j 980
10.105 0 40 64 5.6 75 - j 130
14.05 4 27 35 5.3 1500 + j 470
18.12 20 24 38 4.5 130 + j 80
21.05 34 21 28 4.6 1100 + j 620
24.95 38 16 20 5.8 160 + j 40
28.05 38 15* 51 5.0 770 + j 360

The symmetrical division of the 69' base-fed inverted-L gives it performance values similar to those of
the center-fed inverted-L of the same general length. The base-fed model has higher elevation angles in
the upper HF region because it is lower overall compared to the center-fed version, with its 10' base
height. However, the shapes of the patterns are quite similar to those of the center-fed model. Even
when the pattern begins to form multiple lobes, they are broad, and the nulls are not fatally deep. In
exchange for small deficits relative to the center-fed inverted-L, we gain operation on 80 and 60 meters.

The starred elevation angle entry indicates that the table uses a lower lobe when maximum gain
belongs to a higher angle lobe. However, on 10 meters, the difference in strength between the two lobes
is very small. See Fig. 17 for a comparison between a "normal" upper HF elevation pattern and the worst
case, which occurs on 10 meters. Starred entries generally were unnecessary with the center-fed
inverted-L because its greater overall height tended to ensure that the lowest elevation lobe was the
strongest. However, such entries will be common in our survey of base-fed inverted Ls. The "^" indicates
the band where the elevation angle increases rather then decreases.

1. The 69' Base-Fed Inverted-L for 80- to 10-Meter Use, with 33% Vertical and 67% Horizontal

The "short" version of the 69' base-fed inverted-L uses a 23' vertical wire and a 46' horizontal wire.
Hence, we should expect some performance differences from the version just sampled. A lower overall
antenna height (23') will produce higher elevation angles when the horizontal component becomes the
dominant contributor to the total pattern. Even the feedpoint impedances will differ, but not so far from
the initial values that we cannot recognize the relationships. Fig. 18 supplies the patterns to go with the
tabular data.
Frequency Maximum Gain Angles Vertical Beam- Gain Impedance
MHz Azimuth (deg) Elevation (deg) Width (deg) dBi R+/-jX Ohms
3.55 270 33 72 -2.1 31 + j 7
5.368 237 64^ 129 -0.5 130 + j 590
7.05 210 84++ 110 4.4 3800 - j 1900
10.105 1 61+ 133 5.2 95 - j 95
14.05 15 35 71 3.5 2000 + j 450
18.12 39 32 42 5.6 130 + j 70
21.05 37 26 35 5.8 980 + j 450
24.95 45 25 34 6.1 140 + j 45
8.05 49 22 27 6.4 800 + j 570

The short version of the 69' inverted-L has no stronger upper lobes per se, but the overall decrease in
height yields some entries marked with a plus sign. Note the very high angles for 60 through 30 meters,
and see Fig. 19. These angles are generally well above normal skip angles, especially on 40 meters. At
7.05 MHz, the signal strength at normal skip angles for that band is considerably lower than indicated by
the maximum gain value. Also note that by the 60-meter band, the antenna has lost the low elevation
angle advantage to compensate for a lower maximum gain value. Even on the upper HF bands, the
elevation angle of maximum radiation is 7-8 degrees higher than it is with the evenly divided version of
the inverted-L. The longer horizontal length shows up in the fact that on 10 meters, we find the
emergence of 2 more lobes to the overall azimuth pattern structure. Although this version of the antenna
is perfectly usable, it approaches perfection far less closely than the basic antenna with equal vertical and
horizontal legs.

1. The 69' Base-Fed Inverted-L for 80- to 10-Meter Use, with 67% Vertical and 33% Horizontal

Frequency Maximum Gain Angles Vertical Beam- Gain Impedance

MHz Azimuth (deg) Elevation (deg) Width (deg) dBi R+/-jX Ohms
3.55 270 26 47 -1.4 49 + j 10
5.368 270 25 46 -0.4 200 + j 570
7.05 227 24 45 0.5 3600 - j 660
10.105 184 32^ 45 4.5 40 - j 120
14.05 2 27 27 4.5 2000 + j 660
18.12 3 17 20 5.0 140 + j 70
21.05 3 15* 52 4.1 1000 + j 420
24.95 8 12* 15 3.8 160 + j 50
28.05 40 39+ 24 5.2 860 + j 480
 The final version of the 69' base-fed inverted-L reverses the vertical and horizontal proportions. It is
46' tall by 23' horizontally. Fig. 20 presents the azimuth patterns that coincide with the data in the table.

The tall version of the 69' inverted-L retains its vertical component domination through 40 meters.
However, on 15 and 12 meters, the lowest elevation lobe is not the strongest, although it is not far behind
the higher-angle main lobe. See Fig. 21 for a picture of how the elevation pattern evolves with increasing
frequency. On 10 meters, the lowest lobe is somewhat diminutive, making the high angle (39-degree)
lobe the major lobe worth notice. The 10-meter pattern in Fig. 20 may be somewhat misleading: although
coverage is wide, it is at an angle well above most signals on the band.

Of the three variations on the 69' inverted-L, the first version, with balance between the horizontal and
vertical legs, offers the best combination of patterns and elevation angles. The others are usable, but
tend to have 2 or more bands with lesser performance.
A 100' Base-Fed Inverted-L for 80- to 10-Meter Use, with 50' Vertical and 50' Horizontal

A second typical length for a base-fed inverted-L is about 100'. Although it is equally subject to
variations in proportions, we shall examine only the version using equal lengths for the vertical and
horizontal lengths. From that data, you can easily infer the likely performance variations for other ratios of
vertical to horizontal legs. With a greater top height (50' rather than 34.5'), we might expect slightly higher
gain values and slightly lower elevation angles than for the corresponding 69' model. However, inverted-
L antennas are in fact fairly complex in the interactions between vertical and horizontal components of the
total pattern. So the antenna may offer a few surprises. See Fig. 22 for a selection of representative
azimuth patterns for the 100' inverted-L.

Frequency Maximum Gain Angles Vertical Beam- Gain Impedance

MHz Azimuth (deg) Elevation (deg) Width (deg) dBi R+/-jX Ohms
3.55 270 30 70 -0.3 130 + j 490
5.368 189 49^ 141 3.6 430 - j 1400
7.05 0 38 60 5.6 76 - j 120
10.105 5 26 33 5.6 1300 - j 830
14.05 33 23 31 4.4 570 + j 680
18.12 38 16* 20 5.1 270 + j 250
21.05 39 14* 18 6.0 260 - j 270
24.95 61 37+ 19 7.5 960 - j 360
28.05 48 10 10 5.3 320 + j 290

The 100' inverted-L offers fairly easy matching on all bands, with the possible exceptions of 60 and 30
meters. However, the spectrum from 17 through 12 meters is subject to wasting energy at very high
angles relative to the normal skip angles on those bands. On 17 and 15 meters, the lower lobe is nearly
as strong as the higher main lobe, but on 12 meters, the high angle lobe dominates. Hence, the high gain
for 12 meters may be more illusory than real in practical operation. On 10 meters, we find 6 well-
developed lobes and nulls. For general HF communications, the 100' length may not be as satisfactory
as the 69' version of the antenna. Greater length of an antenna does not always mean that it is a better
antenna for a particular situation or task. Nor does it always mean better gain, if we think about general
communications and the need for some gain all across the horizon.
Is There A Perfect But Realistic Inverted-L Length?

The practical inverted-L builder has two considerations to balance in answering the lead question.
Let's consider versions of the antenna between 69' and 100' on the premise that one of those
considerations--pattern properties--is satisfactory at both ends of the progression. Since patterns evolve,
you can infer the small changes in pattern shape with each step by reviewing the patterns for the 69'
base-fed inverted-L and those for the 100' version. As well, we shall restrict ourselves to antennas in
which 50% of the wire is horizontal and 50% is vertical. Again, you can review the variations presented
for the 69' inverted-L to infer both pattern changes and impedance changes as we alter the ratio of
vertical to horizontal sections.

The consideration that may override perfection of pattern is the impedance at the antenna feedpoint.
We shall use the 16-short-radial antenna model as a basis for seeing if there is a probable ideal length in
a 50-50 inverted L by looking at the impedance on all HF bands from 80 through 10 meters. The table of
impedances provides approximate values and does not take into consideration variations created by the
actual radial system available or by the effects of nearby objects. However, the data may be useful for
initial planning, assuming that available supports will cooperate. Each data entry lists the resistance plus
or minus the reactance in abbreviated form. All modeled values are rounded to 2 significant digits.

Freq. Total Length of the Inverted-L, With Half Vertical and Half Horizontal
MHz 69' 75' 80' 85' 90' 95' 100'
3.55 40+7 49+82 58+150 70+220 85+300 110+390 130+490
5.368 160+580 290+880 590+1300* 1700+2K* 4400-610* 1300-2K* 430-1400*
7.05 4100-980* 590-1500* 210-900 110-580 82-380 73-240 76-120
10.105 75-125 97+57 140+220 240+410 520+660 1400+650* 1300-830*
14.05 1500+470* 520-740 170-350 110-92 130+120 220+350 370+680
18.12 130+80 290+430 1200+630* 610-740 170-270 160+17 270+250
21.05 1140+620* 310-500 150-77 230+190 560+390 900-270 260-270
24.95 160+39 430+370 920-200 230-200 190+140 490+440 960-360
28.05 770+360 280-230 200+150 550+470 660-460 180-40 320+290

To use this initial guidance chart, evaluate two factors in addition to the maximum size of inverted-L
that you can install. First, what length provides the most easily matched impedances on the bands that
you wish to work--using long-range thinking rather than just short term habits. The chart stars entries in
which either the resistance or the reactance exceeds 1,000 Ohms, and those bands might be difficult to
match well. The goal is to select an antenna length that minimizes starred entries next to bands you may
wish to use. Compare the 75' and 85' versions of the antenna. Both star only one entry, but the 75'
antenna shows a high impedance on one of the most popular general communications bands.

Second, consider the matching range of your tuner. Most automatic tuners placed at the antenna
feedpoint have somewhat restricted ranges of reactance compensation, but resistance matching may
also be somewhat more limited than for other antenna tuner types. If we eliminate 60 meters, then the
85' and 90' versions of the antenna may provide a satisfactory match on all of the other HF bands. If the
tuner will handle 60 meters and its reduced power levels with under 2:1 SWR at the rig end of the line,
then we can use that band also. However, remember that your backyard may have enough clutter to
alter the listed values significantly. As well, changing the ratio of vertical to horizontal sections of the wire
may also change the impedance at the feedpoint.

Nevertheless, the chart gives you some idea of what to expect. The modeled ideal length range of
about 85' to 90' is not usually recommended, most likely because few folks have surveyed what inverted-
L length means to the matching problem. Now that you have some initial guidance, as limited as it might
be, you can also use the chart as a suggestive start in knowing whether to lengthen or shorten an
installation that presents a matching problem on one or more desired bands. Shortening is usually no
problem. If you have to add a few feet of wire, do not be afraid to let is hang down so long as no one can
touch it.
The Base-Fed Sloping Wire

We covered the center-fed sloping doublet earlier because, like the inverted-L doublet, it included
both vertical and horizontal components in the formation of its total patterns on each band. A sloping
base-fed wire shares that property with base-fed inverted-Ls, so we should briefly check out its potential
performance. Let's use a 69' wire sloping at an angle of 45 degrees. In all patterns, the wire will extend
from the pattern upward on the diagrams, just like the horizontal leg of the inverted Ls. The top height of
the AWG #12 wire will be at 48.8' above ground. Fig. 23 shows the patterns that go with the tabular data.

Frequency Maximum Gain Angles Vertical Beam- Gain Impedance

MHz Azimuth (deg) Elevation (deg) Width (deg) dBi R+/-jX Ohms
3.55 270 30 63 -1.4 46 + j 18
5.368 226 35 108 -0.0 230 + j 630
7.05 203 46^ 150 1.4 2100 - j 1500
10.105 2 40 65 2.9 70 - j 80
14.05 32 23 116 2.5 2200 - j 620
18.12 47 19 109 2.9 110 + j 130
21.05 53 16 61 3.3 1800 + j 190
24.95 66 14* 25 3.7 110 + j 100
28.05 71 12* 25 3.9 1400 + j 520

The sloping wire is similar in performance to, but not just like, the corresponding inverted-L. On the
lowest 2 bands, performance is as good as, if not a tiny bit better than, the L. However, all of the gain
values from 40 meters through 10 meters are lower than the L values by a noticeable amount, that is, by
2 dB or more. Most of the gain reduction stems from the very wide vertical beamwidths. Even though the
elevation angle of maximum gain is low, the gain remains considerable even at high angles well above
normal skip angles on each band. On 12 and 10 meters, there is a high-angle lobe that is stronger than
the low-angle lobe listed.

As a consequence, a true inverted-L is more likely to give satisfactory performance than the sloping
wire. However, where there is only 1 high support, the sloping wire will provide communications across
most of the horizon. As well, for emergency communications work in the HF region, the sloping base-fed
wire is a proven performer, and one that you can easily replace should it break due to weather conditions.
Some Notes on Building an Inverted-L

The performance of an inverted-L or its sloping cousin will depend as much upon using sound
mechanical and electrical installation techniques as upon the wire itself. Therefore, in our effort to
straighten out the inverted-L, we should close with a potpourri of building ideas. Not all of them will apply
to a given backyard or field situation, but the general principles involved will trigger more specific ideas for
actual antenna sites.

Let's begin at the far end of the antenna, the elevated wire end that is common to both an inverted-L
and a sloping wire. Fig. 24 encapsulates a number of sound practices for both temporary and permanent
installations.

In the field, throwing a rope over a high and handy limb is a time-proven method of securing a wire
end. The rope should be both UV and abrasion resistant, or else it requires replacement after every few
field exercises. Since these antennas are useful for HF emergency communications, it never pays to use
cheap materials that fail in the midst of public service activity. Of course, with this end of the antenna and
all other parts, inspection before taking to the field is not merely recommended; it is mandatory.

You may secure the lower end of the rope by several wraps round the tree or with a weight. If you
use a counter-weight, be certain that it is low to the ground for safety. With a long-term (sometimes
miscalled a permanent) installation, a boat or pick-up truck cleat is a superior way to lock down the
extension tope to the wire and the insulator. In long-term installations, an insulator usually provides
smoother surfaces around which to wrap the wire on one side and the rope on the other, thereby reducing
the chance of cutting the rope with the wire as the two bounce in the breezes. Use a nautical wrap
around the cleat for a no-knot, secure, termination.

The near end of an inverted-L presents the builder with the greatest challenges. Fig. 25 shows some
ways to achieve a satisfactory installation of the vertical wire. First and foremost on the list of necessities
is to set the vertical wire as far from any vertical support or other object as possible. Tree trunks and
house sides will change conductivity with the weather and the season, and houses have all manner of
hidden metal in their walls. The sketch shows the vertical wire spaced many feet from a tree trunk.
Increase that spacing if you use a tower or a house as the support. If the vertical portion of the antenna
does little other than to irradiate a tree trunk or house wiring, the antenna performance will range from
poor to pathetic.

At the upper end, the antenna wire will make a right-angle turn. Support it with a non-conductive ring.
Do not use a metal ring, and do not drape the wire directly over a limb or other support. Trees and other
wood supports are not true insulators. At best, they are semi-conductors capable of dissipating a good bit
of power over their surfaces. Even in the 1920s, amateurs used wood insulators only after soaking them
in boiling paraffin. Since that practice is not applicable to a limb that is still on the tree, some variant of
the rope and ring system is necessary for proper support of the L. At the base, you may use either the
field or long-term techniques of Fig. 24 to secure the rope.

For a center-fed inverted-L doublet, replace the suspended ring with an insulator or a commercial
doublet centerpiece designed for use with parallel feedline (either ladder line or vinyl-covered
transmission line). Use care to design the center support of the junction of transmission line and antenna
wire for the type of support that you will use. A tree limb will require a flexible support. However, if you
use a tall wooden post or similar structure, then you may wish to devise a more rigid extension to the
doublet center insulator to reduce movement. Parallel feedlines show their greatest weakness where
they emerge from the junction fixture. 24-hour a day wind movement will gradually flex the wires to the
breaking point.
 Fig. 25 does not show any particular means of mechanically terminating the lower end of a sloping or
vertical wire. The base-fed and center-fed terminations require different treatments. Fig. 26 is only a
starter set of ideas, designed to show what is necessary by way of installation, but not necessarily what
specific hardware you will need. What both systems have in common is the need to pin down the end of
the vertical assembly without creating so much tension that the system breaks in the middle or at the far
end.

With the base-fed inverted-L, the wire descends all of the way to near-ground level. Even in a field
operation, do not connect it directly to an ATU terminal. The diagram shows a non-conductive plate with
terminals. On one side, the terminal connects to a ground stake or rod, and to that rod, we connect the
radials. The other terminal secures the antenna wire. Then, leads from the ATU connect with no stress
to the plate terminals. In permanent installations, waterproof all connections. In fact, consider adding a
secondary weatherproof housing to the commercial remote antenna tuner as an added layer of
protection. Do not place the ATU directly on the ground. In fact, keep it above the level of water that
even the worst yard flooding might produce.

The center-fed doublet requires an extension rope (and insulator) between the wire and a ground
anchor. Unless the installation is very heavy or undergoes extreme stresses, a guy-wire screw anchor is
usually not necessary. There are pet chain anchors that will secure AWG #12 wire and rope ends quite
well. However, be certain that the device is non-rusting.

The diagram lists a height of 8' to 10' as the distance between the ground and the element end. A
better way to determine the minimum height above ground for the antenna wire end is to consider the
highest level a family member or visitor (or pet) might jump (with arms extended) and then add 2' to that
level. The goal is to ensure that no one can reach the wire under any normal circumstance. Doublet wire
ends can carry considerable voltage, even at low power levels. Safety is the first concern in all antenna
installations.

The base-fed inverted-L is not amenable to the safety height that we can build into the center-fed
inverted-L. Therefore, we must take other steps to keep family members, pets, and visitors from
accidental contact with antenna wires and terminals. Fig. 27 shows essentially a 2-tier safety
arrangement for the casual backyard installation.

The first line of safety defense consists of a non-conductive tube placed over the wire and extending
high enough that no one can jump and touch the wire emerging from it. For HF, rigid PVC drainage pipe
is usable by cutting a slot along the ATU side to pass the leads from the tuner. The plate and the ground
rod go inside the tube. Less rigid but equally usable are section of ABS or similar drainage pipes
designed to carry downspout water away from a house. By lightly sanding the surface of either type of
protective pipe, you may prime and paint the pipe to a yard-compatible color, so long as you use a paint
with no metallic content. Note that this first line of defense also contains a safety cover for the ATU to
prevent unwanted contact. This same cover may also act as the recommended secondary weatherproof
shield for the unit.

The second line of defense consists of a non-conductive fence, such as a set of PVC or similar
pickets. This fence adds a radius of a few feet from the central tube and tuner (if the antenna is base-
fed). Adding a flowerbed inside the fence but away from the antenna itself further discourages the
inquisitive from entering the area just to see what the end of an antenna really feels like. Similar
techniques have long been used around the bases of towers to discourage potential climbers.

In the field, you are unlikely to use any of these safety measures. However, do not presume that
everyone at the site will be on the watch for your antenna wires. Add flags to all wires, and if they slope,
add several to make the angle obvious. Use construction perimeter flags to mark the route of any cable.
And never set any wire in a position that it might catch a passerby just under the chin.

These precautions take some of the excitement out of antennas. But all antennas must have a
mixture of excitement and responsibility, with a heavy dose of the latter.

In the end, either the center-fed or the base-fed inverted-L has a number of properties that make it a
good candidate for the amateur seeking multi-band general communications in as many directions as
possible. The vertical and horizontal components combine to produce moderate gain in most directions.
The lobes tend to be fewer and broader--and the nulls shallower--than they are when using a horizontal
doublet. The antennas are not perfect. But they are cheap and relatively easy to build from locally
available parts. If they do not merit first place among your antennas, they make very good back up
antennas for the main system. However, for many field operations and small backyards, they may be the
best choice for a simple, multi-band wire antenna.