Software Project Spring 2023

Software Project (Java Programming)

Lecture 2. Basics of Java

Joon-Woo Lee

School of Computer Science and Engineering

College of Software
Chung-Ang University
Software Project Spring 2023

Java Language
• First released by Sun Microsystems in 1995.
• One of the most successful programming languages.
• Licensed by Oracle.
• Oracle distributes Java development kit (JDK) and provides technical
support to develop programs with Java.

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Main Features of Java Language

• Runs on any OS
• Programs written in Java run on any operating system
• A program developed in Windows can run on macOS or Linux without any
modifications.
• Object-oriented programming (OOP)
• OOP is the technique of creating objects (parts) and then connecting them
together to form a larger program.
• Automatic memory management
• Java automatically manages RAM so that developers don't have to worry about
memory management and can focus on writing core functionality.
• Abundance of free libraries
• The abundance of open source libraries reduces program development time.

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Java Development Kit (JDK)

• JDK is the implementation of Java Standard Edition (Java SE).
• To develop and run a Java program, you should first install the JDK.
• There are two types of JDKs: Oracle JDK and Open JDK.
• Oracle JDK
• Free for education and development, Non-free for industry
• Better performance in JVM
• Open JDK
• Free!
• Performance is constantly improving
• We will use Open JDK in this class.
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Byte Code and Java Virtual Machine

• Java source file (text file): .java file

• byte code: .class file
• compilation to byte code: javac command
• Compiling the same source file with javac on any operating system.

Java source file Byte code file

(Hello.java) (Hello.class)

javac command
(compilation)

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Byte Code and Java Virtual Machine

• Java Virtual Machine (JVM): bridge software between the Java program
and the operating system.
• java command: translating bytecode files into machine language and
executing.
• The java command runs the Java virtual machine installed with the JDK to translate
and execute the bytecode file into full machine language.
• JVM is installed differently on each operating system.
• It must be translated into machine language understood by the operating system.

Byte code file Machine language

00110110010101010 Execution
(Hello.class) 10001010101100101

java command
(running JVM)
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source file
(*.java)
javac
command
byte code file
(*.class)

JVM for windows java JVM for macOS

command
translation into translation into
machine code for machine code for
windows and execution macOS and execution

Windows OS macOS

Hardware Hardware

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Package Structure and Source Code

• Package declaration: This refers to the location of the source files and
byte code files.
• source code: src/ch01/sec09
• byte code: bin/ch01/sec09
• Class declarations: It must match the source filename. (Hello.java)
• main method: program entry point
package ch01.sec09;

public class Hello {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(“Hello, Java”);
}
}
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Variable Declaration and Initialization

• Variable declaration and initialization is the same as C language.
• Using an uninitialized variable in an expression results in a compilation error.
• A variable can be combined with a string and then output or utilized in an
expression.
package ch02.sec01;

public class VariableInitializationExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int value;
int result = value + 10; // compilation error!
System.out.println(result);

int hour = 3;
int minute = 5;
int totalMinute = (hour * 60) + minute;
System.out.println(“It takes “ + hour + “ hours “ + minute + “ minutes.");
System.out.println(“Total minute: “ + totalMinute) ;
}
}
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Primitive Type in Java

• Java provides 8 primitive types for storing integers, floating-point numbers,
and boolean values.
• Integer literals are regarded as ‘int’ type, if we use literals for ‘long’ type, it
must be attached with l or L.
• Floating-point literals are regarded as ‘double’ type, if we use literals for
‘float’ type, it must be attached with f or F.
• The empty literal for ‘char’ type is one space ‘ ', not a real empty character
‘’.
Value Type Primitive Type (byte)
Integer byte(1), char(2), short(2), int(4), long(8)
Floating-point float(4), double(8)
Boolean (true/false) boolean

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Boolean Type
package ch02.sec05;

public class BooleanExample {

• The logical literals are true and false. public static void main(String[] args) {
boolean stop = true;
• Logical literals can be assigned to if(stop) {
System.out.println(“abort!”);
variables of 'boolean‘ type. } else {
System.out.println(“start!”);
• The outputs of comparison and }

logical operations are true or false, so int x = 10;

they can be assigned to ‘Boolean’ boolean result1 = (x == 20);
boolean result2 = (x != 20);
type variables. System.out.println(“result1: “ + result1);
System.out.println(“result2: “ + result2) ;
}
}

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String Type
• If you want to store a string in a
variable, you should use the 'String' String var = “Apple”;
type. String var2 = “I\’m learning \”Java\”.\n”;
String var3 = “””
• You can also use escape characters. {
“id”:”winter”,
• Java 13 provides a text block syntax. It }
“name”:”snow”

is stored as a string as it is written. “””;

String var4 = “””
• Starting with Java 14, the text block I’m learning \
Java.
syntax allows you to continue writing I will be a Java master.
to the next line without a newline, by “””;

placing a backslash (\) at the end.

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Promotion
promotion
• A promotion is an automatic type
conversion that occurs when a type Type with
=
Type with
larger range smaller range
with a smaller allowed range is
substituted for a type with a larger
allowed range. byte byteValue = 10;
int intValue = byteValue;
• The primitive types is listed in order
of allowed range as follows. long longValue = 5000000000L;
float floatValue = longValue;
• byte < short, char < int < long < float double doubleValue = longValue;
< double.
char charValue = 'A';
• A 'byte' type cannot be promoted to int intValue = charValue;
a char type.
byte byteValue = 65;
• char type does not include negative char charValue = byteValue; // compile error!
numbers, while the byte type does.
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Type Casting
type casting

Type with Type with Type with

smaller range
= ( smaller range
) larger range
• Shrinking a type with larger range
into a type with smaller range is
called typecasting. int intValue = 10;
byte byteValue = (byte) intValue;
• Typecasting uses parentheses() as an
long longValue = 300;
operator. int intValue = (int) longValue;

• Make sure that the value can be int intValue = 65;

stored in the type with smaller range char charValue = (char) intValue;
System.out.println(charValue); // ‘A’ is printed.
before performing the typecasting.
double doubleValue = 3.14;
int intValue = (int) doubleValue; // 3 is stored.

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Promotion in Operation
• A byte, short, char type variable is byte byte
automatically converted to an int char operator char
int result =
type to perform the operation. short (+,-,*,/,%) short
int int
• If you try to store the result of an
operation on 'byte' variables in a int int
'byte' variable, a compilation error
occurs.
• Unless there is a special reason, if a byte result = 10 + 20; // OK!

variable is used in an integer byte x = 10;

byte y = 20;
operation, it is better for execution byte ByteResult = x + y; // compile error!
performance to declare an int or long int IntResult = x + y; // OK!

type variable.
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Two functions of '+‘ operation

• If all operands are numbers, the
addition operation is performed for ‘+’
operator. int value = 3 + 7; // 10
String str = “3” + 7; // “37”
• If one of two operands is a string, the String str = 3 + “7” // “37”

concatenation operation is performed int value = 1 + 2 + 3; // 6

for ‘+’ operator. String str = 1 + 2 + “3” // “33”
String str = 1 + “2” + 3; // “123”
• When several + operators occurs in String str = “1” + 2 + 3; // “123“

an expression, the + operation is String str = “1” + (2 + 3) // “15”

performed sequentially, starting at
the beginning.

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Conversion of String and Primitive Types

Conversion Type Examples
String  byte String str = “10“;
byte value = Byte.parseByte(str);
String  short String str = “10“;
short value = Short.parseShort(str);
String  int String str = “10“;
int value = Integer.parseInt(str);
String  long String str = “10“;
long value = Long.parseLong(str);
String  float String str = “10“;
float value = Float.parseFloat(str);
String  double String str = “10“;
double value = Double.parseDouble(str);
String  boolean String str = “10“;
boolean value = Boolean.parseBoolean(str);
primitive  String int value = 100;
String str = String.valueOf(value);
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Printing
• We can print strings on console windows by this commands.
• System.out.println/System.out.print/System.out.printf
• println: Print the contents in the parentheses and have a new line.
• print: Print the contents in the parentheses and do not have a new line.
• printf: Print the contents in the parentheses with some formats.
format explanation print
integer %d integer 123
%6d integer with 6 digit. empty space in the left. ___123
%-6d integer with 6 digit. empty space in the right. 123___
%06d integer with 6 digit. 0's in the left. 000123
floating-point %10.2f 7 digit integer+decimal point+2 digit fraction. empty in the left ____123.45
%-10.2f 7 digit integer+decimal point+2 digit fraction. empty in the right 123.45____
%010.2f 7 digit integer+decimal point+2 digit fraction. 0’s in the left 0000123.45
string %s string abc
%6s string with 6 characters. empty space in the left ___abc
%-6s string with 6 characters. empty space in the right abc___
special character \t tab
\n newline
%% % %
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Scanning
• To read data from the keyboard and store the data, we can use
Scanner type.
• We should import java.util.Scanner on top of the source code.
• Declare a variable of type Scanner, and use the new operator as
follows.
• Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
• Then we run scanner.nextLine() to read the keyboard input as a string
and store it in the left String variable.
• String inputData = scanner.nextLine();
• scanner.nextLine() will wait for the enter key to be pressed, and when
it is, it will read everything that has been typed so far as a string.

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Scanning
package ch02.sec13;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class ScannerExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(“write x value: “);
String strX = scanner.nextLine();
int x = Integer.parseInt(strX);

System.out.print(“write y value: “);

String strY = scanner.nextLine();
int y = Integer.parseInt(strX);

int result = x + y;
System.out.println(“x + y: “ + result);
}
}

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