MEng3102 Chapter 3
MEng3102 Chapter 3
MEng3102 Chapter 3
➢Measurement of Speed
➢ Measurement of Engine Power
➢Fuel Consumption Measurement
➢Measurement of Air Consumption
Measurement of Speed
➢ One of the basic measurements is that of speed
➢ They range from a mechanical tachometer to
digital and triggered electrical tachometers.
➢ The best method of measuring speed is to count
the number of revolutions in a given time.
➢ For accurate and continuous measurement of
speed a magnetic pick-up placed near a toothed
wheel coupled to the engine shaft can be used.
Measurement of Engine power
❑Engine power need to be measured
✓ Indicated power (IP)
✓ Brake power(BP)
✓ Friction power (FP)
Indicated Power(IP)
❑ Indicated Power(IP) : the power produced
within the engine cylinder
❑Method to estimate IP are
➢ Using the Indicator Diagram
➢ Engine Indicator
➢ Electronic Indicator
➢ By Adding FP and BP
Using the Indicator Diagram
➢It is necessary to plot (p-v) diagram.
➢P-v diagram gives the work developed by the
engine per cycle
➢The apparatus used for drawing actual p-v
diagram is called engine indicator
Engine Indicator
Electronic Indicator
Brake power(BP)
❑ Brake power (BP): the power available at the
output shaft.
❑The brake power measurement involves the
determination of the torque and the angular
speed of the engine output shaft
❑The torque measuring device is called a
dynamometer
Principle of a Dynamometer
➢ A rotor driven by the ➢ Hence, the work done
engine under test is per revolution is .
electrically, hydraulically
or magnetically coupled
to a stator.
➢ For every revolution of
the shaft, the rotor
periphery moves through
a distance 2ᴨr against the
coupling force F
Principle of a Dynamometer cont..
➢The external moment or torque is equal to
S × L where, S is the scale reading and L is the
arm. This moment balances the turning
moment R × F, i.e.
Dynamometers
➢ Dynamometers can be broadly classified into two
main types,
✓ Power Absorption Dynamometers And
✓ Transmission Dynamometer.
➢ Absorption Dynamometers: These dynamometers
measure and absorb the power output of the engine
to which they are coupled.
➢ The power absorbed is usually dissipated as heat by
some means.
➢ Example of such dynamometers is prony brake,
rope brake, hydraulic dynamometer, etc.
Dynamometers
➢Transmission Dynamometer: In transmission
dynamometers, the power is transmitted to the
load coupled to the engine after it is indicated
on some type of scale.
➢These are also called torque-meters.
Prony Brake
Rope Brake
Friction Power
➢The difference between indicated power and
the brake power output of an engine is the
friction power.
➢The difference between a good engine and a
bad engine is due to difference between their
frictional losses.
➢Lower friction means availability of more
brake power
Friction Power
➢The friction force power of an engine is
determined by the following methods :
(a) Willan’s line method.
(b) Morse test.
(c) Motoring test.
(d) Difference between Ip and Bp.
Fuel Consumption Measurement
➢ Fuel consumption is measured in two way
✓Volumetric type
✓Gravimetric type
➢ Volumetric type flow meter includes Burette method,
Automatic Burette flow meter and Turbine flow meter.
➢ The method of measuring volume flow and then
correcting it for specific gravity variations is quite
inconvenient and inherently limited in accuracy
➢ Instead if the weight of the fuel consumed is directly
measured a great improvement in accuracy and cost can
be obtained.
Measurement of Air Consumption
➢ In IC engines, the satisfactory measurement of air
consumption is quite difficult because the flow is
pulsating, due to the cyclic nature of the engine and
because the air a compressible fluid.
➢ The various methods and meters used for air flow
measurement include
( assignment # 2 )
a) Air box method, and
b) Viscous-flow air meter
3.Performance and Efficiency
Measurement
➢Engine performance is an indication of the
degree of success of the engine performs its
assigned task, i.e.
➢The conversion of the chemical energy
contained in the fuel into the useful
mechanical work.
3.Performance and Efficiency
Measurement cont…
➢The basic performance parameters are the
following :
a) Power
b) Mean Effective Pressure And Torque.
c) Specific Output.
d) Efficiency
e) Specific Fuel Consumption
f) Fuel-air Ratio.
g) Heat Balance
a) power
➢Power is defined as the rate of doing work and
is equal to the product of force and linear
velocity or the product of torque and angular
velocity.
➢Thus, the measurement of power involves the
measurement of force (or torque) as well as
speed.
➢The force or torque is measured with the help of
a dynamometer and the speed by a tachometer.
a) Power cont..
➢The power developed by an engine and
measured at the output shaft is called the brake
power (bp) and is given by:
➢where,
➢T is torque in N-m and
➢ N is the rotational speed in revolutions per
minute
a) Power cont..
➢ The total power developed by combustion of fuel in the
combustion chamber is called indicated power (ip) and
is given by:
➢ where,
➢ Pim = Mean effective pressure, N/m2,
➢ L = Length of the stroke, m,
➢ A = Area of the piston, m2,
➢ N = Rotational speed of the engine, rpm (It is N/2 for four stroke
engine), and
➢ k = Number of cylinders.
a) Power cont..
➢The difference between ip and bp is called
friction power (fp) and is given by:
b) Mean Effective Pressure And Torque.
➢ Mean effective pressure is defined as a hypothetical/average
pressure which is assumed to be acting on the piston
throughout the power stroke. Therefore,
➢ Where,
➢ Imep= indicated Mean effective pressure, N/m , 2
➢ N = Rotational speed of the engine, rpm (It is N/2 for four stroke
engine), and
➢ k = Number of cylinders.
b) Mean Effective Pressure And Torque cont…
➢ where,
➢bmep = brake Mean effective pressure, N/m2,
➢bp = brake power, Watt,
➢L = Length of the stroke, m,
➢A = Area of the piston, m2,
➢N = Rotational speed of the engine, rpm (It is N/2 for four
stroke engine), and
➢k = Number of cylinders.
b) Mean Effective Pressure And Torque
cont…
➢The Torque is related to mean effective
pressure by the relation
c) Specific Output
• Specific output of an engine is defined as the
brake power (output) per unit of piston
displacement and is given by
c) Specific Output cont…
➢ The specific output consists of two elements – the bmep
(force) available to work and the speed with which it is
working.
➢ Therefore, for the same piston displacement and bmep
an engine operating at higher speed will give more
output.
➢ It is clear that the output of an engine can be increased
by increasing either speed or bmep.
➢ Increasing speed involves increase in the mechanical
stress of various engine parts
➢ whereas increasing bmep requires better heat release
and more load on engine cylinder.
d) Efficiency
d) Efficiency cont…