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Lighting Design

The document discusses key terms related to lighting design and illumination such as luminous intensity, point source, lumen, luminous flux, illuminance, utilization factor, and maintenance factor. It also covers the inverse square law of illumination and how to calculate the number of lamps required to provide a given level of illuminance over a surface area using these various lighting metrics and coefficients.

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Joel Augustine Dansuma
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91 views28 pages

Lighting Design

The document discusses key terms related to lighting design and illumination such as luminous intensity, point source, lumen, luminous flux, illuminance, utilization factor, and maintenance factor. It also covers the inverse square law of illumination and how to calculate the number of lamps required to provide a given level of illuminance over a surface area using these various lighting metrics and coefficients.

Uploaded by

Joel Augustine Dansuma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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lighting Design

Illumination
• The amount of light falling on a surface is measured by an instrument called a
photometer or light meter

• Illumination is measured in lumens/m2 (lux)


Other terms
• Luminous intensity

• Point source

• Lumen

• Luminous Flux

• Illuminance
Luminous intensity, L.I
• The L.I. of a lamp is defined as the light radiating capacity of the source in a
given direction

• It is expressed in Candelas (Cd.)


Point source, P.S.
• A P.S. of light is a source which is considered concentrated at a point.

• A uniform P.S. is a point source emitting light uniformly in all direction


Lumen
• This is the quantity of light emitted by a source and passing through 1m2 of the
surface area of a sphere.

• The symbol for lumen is Lm


Luminous flux, L.F.
• The L.F. from a light source is a radiant power evaluated according to its ability
to produce a visual sensation

• The unit of LF is Lumen (lm) which is the LF emitted by a uniform point source
having a luminous intensity of 1Cd.
Illuminance
• The illuminance at a point of a surface is the LF per unit area at that point .

• The unit of illuminance is Lumen per square meter (lm/m2)


Inverse square law of illumination
• States that the illuminance at a point of a surface is
inversely proportional to the square of its distance
from the source

• This shows that as the distance from a light source


increases, the intensity of light is equal to a value
multiplied by 1/d2.

• Let I = Luminous Intensity of a source S, in a direction


SA

• d = perpendicular distance between S and A in


meters

• Thus for a surface at the right angle to be incident.


Therefore from the square law, the illuminance at A=
1/d2
• This expression is used to calculate the illuminance on a plane normal or
perpendicular to the incident ray.

• If the surface is not normal to incident ray, then illuminance at A is given by


1
= cos ɵ (lux), where ɵ is the angle of incidence at A.
𝑑2

• We can also say illuminance is proportional to cos ɵ


Illuminance required over a surface
• By using a number of lamps suitable spaced, a fairly even illuminance can be
obtained over a working surface.

• To determine the illuminance required over a surface, the formula is used:


𝑬∗𝑨
• Total lumens from all lamps (sources of light) =
𝑼.𝑭 ∗𝑴.𝑭

• Number of lamps required= Total lumens calculated(required)/ Lumens per lamp

• A= Area to be illuminated (sq. m)

• E= average illuminance on the surface (lux)

• E*A = product of E and A =useful luminous flux (lumen)

• UF = the coefficient of utilization or utilization factor (dimensionless)

• MF= maintenance factor (dimensionless)


U.F.
• UF is defined as the number of lumens on a working plan or the number of
lumens emitted by all lamps (Either 1 or less than 1)

• The importance of UF
It takes care of the light from lamps absorbed by the ceiling, walls, and the luminaires

• Tables given the values of UF for rooms of various shapes, different kinds of
luminaires, different spacing, height ratios, and colour of ceilings and walls are
available

• UF is often between 0.4 to 0.8


M.F.
• Defined as the ratio of illuminance at any given time to illuminance with lamp
new and fittings cleaned

• MF is 1 or less than 1

• This allows for the depreciation in the value of the useful luminous flux density
to:
The accumulation of dust on lamps and on luminaires (lighting fitting)

The fall in light output of each lamp during its life

MF are often between 0.6 to 0.85


Problem
• A room 10m by 5m by 4m is to have an average illuminance of about 200 lux on
a working plane 0.85 above the floor. Assume the UF to be 60% and an MF of
80%, calculate
The number of 200W lamps to be installed and indicate on the diagram a suitable
arrangement of the lamps. Assume each lamp when new to emit 2700 lumen and a
spacing/height ratio of about 1.
More on lighting design, finding U.F.
• Room Index (k) 𝑎∗𝑏
𝑘=
Room Dimensions: ℎ𝑘 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
• Length (a)
Where K= room index
• Width (b)

• Height (h)

Useful height-/working space, 𝒉𝒌


• Can be calculated as:

• 𝒉𝒌 = 𝒉 − 𝒉𝒅

• Where: 𝒉𝒌 = useful height, h=room height,


𝒉𝒅 =height of working area (0.85m)
Finding U.F. from a Table
• Reflection factor-ϱ

• This means the light reflected from ceilings, walls and floors depends on the colours, type of floor and ceilings.

• The reflection coefficients ρ can be used to determine the utilization factor UF for any luminaire from the
manufacturer’s catalogues when the room index is calculated.

• For example, Table -2 gives the utilization factor UF for a fluorescent luminaire with a single 40W lamp and
prismatic diffuser 1300mm length for different values of the room reflection coefficients:

• C – ceiling reflection,

• W- wall reflection,

• F- floor reflection.

• . If these values are: (0.5, 0.5, 0.2) and the room index is calculated to be 1.50, then the UF = 0.52
M.F. from Table
Class work 1
It is proposed to illuminate a classroom of dimensions 6 x 8 x 2.85 m to an
illuminance € of 400 lx at the bench level. The specification calls for
luminaires having one 1050 mm 40 W fluorescent natural tube with an initial
output of 3200 lumens with a white metal base and prismatic plastic diffuser
(its UF is given in Table -2). Determine the number of luminaires required for
this installation when the MF is 0.7, respectively. The reflection coefficients
are: (C= 0.70, W= 0.3, F=0.2)
Luminaires Distribution
𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑔𝑡ℎ
• Distance between two adjacent luminaires ,s=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑤

1 1
• Distance between luminaire and the adjacent wall = ( 𝑡𝑜 )* Room height
2 3

• Room height/2

• Note that: When the dimensions of the room are such that the ratio of the
length to breadth is less than 1.6, we use ½, otherwise we use 1/3.
• In the example:
Distance between two adjacent luminaires ,s = 8/4 =2m

Distance between the luminaire and the adjacent wall =2.85/2= 1.425≈1.50m

(since, 8/6=1.3, and is ≺ 1.6)


Class Work 2
A room 10m by 5m by 4m is to have an average illuminance of about 200lx
on a working plane of 0.85m above the floor. Assume UF to be 60% and an
MF to be 80%. Calculate

1) The number of 200W lamps to be installed and indicate on the diagram a


suitable arrangement of the lamps. Assume each lamp when new to emit
2,700 lm and a spacing/height ratio of 1.0
Solution
• Area of working plane = L* B = 10*5 = 50 sq. m

• Useful luminous flux on working plane , EA = 50*200=10,000 lm

• Luminous flux from required lamps = E*A/(UF*MF)= 10000/0.6*0.8= 20,800 lm

• Number of lamps required= Total lumens calculated(required)/ Lumens per


lamp

• = 20,800/2,700= 7.7 Lamps = 8 Lamps

• Spacing/height = 1

• Working surface= Height- working plane= 4-0.85= 3.15m


• In the example:
Distance between two adjacent luminaires ,s = 10/4 =2.5m

Distance between the luminaire and the adjacent wall =height/3= 4/3= 1.33≈1.3m

(since, 10/5=2, and is ≻ 1.6)


Arrangement

1.25m

2.0m
2.5m 5m

1.0m
1.25m

10m

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