ENERGY Module-1

ENGINEERING STEAM GENERATORS

18ME81

Prof. Niranjan Kumar V S

Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
ATMECE, Mysuru
 COURSE SYLLABUS

Course Objectives:

1. Understand energy scenario, energy sources and their utilization

2. Learn about energy conversion methods
3. Study the principles of renewable energy conversion systems.
 MODULE - 1
STEAM GENERATORS: Coal and ash handling, Generation of steam using forced circulation, high
and supercritical pressures, LaMount, Benson, Velox, Loeffer, Schmidt steam generators, Cooling towers
and Ponds, Accessories such as Superheaters, De-superheater, Economizers, Air preheaters.

MODULE -2
Solar Energy: Introduction, Solar radiation at the earth’s surface, Solar radiation measurements, Flat
plate collectors, Focussing collectors, Solar pond, Solar electric power generation-Solar photovoltaics.
Biomass Energy: Photosynthesis, photosynthetic oxygen production, energy plantation. Bio Chemical
Route: Biogas production from organic wastes by anaerobic fermentation, Bio gas plants-KVIC, Janta,
Deenbhandu models, factors affecting bio gas generation. Thermal gasification of biomass, updraft and
downdraft gasifiers.
 MODULE - 3
Geothermal Energy: Forms of geothermal energy, Dry steam, wet steam, hot dry rock and magmatic chamber
systems.
Tidal Energy: Tidal power, Site selection, Single basin and double basin systems, Advantages and disadvantages of
tidal energy.
Wind Energy: Wind energy-Advantages and limitations, wind velocity and wind power, Basic components of wind
energy conversion systems, horizontal and vertical axis wind mills, coefficient of performance of a wind mill rotor,
Applications of wind energy.

MODULE - 4
Hydroelectric plants: Advantages & disadvantages of water power, Hydrographs and flow duration curves-
numericals, Storage
And pondage, General layout of hydel power plants-components such as Penstock, surge tanks, spill way and draft
tube and their applications, pumped storage plants, Detailed classification of hydroelectric plants, water hammer.
Ocean Thermal Energy: Ocean thermal energy conversion, Principle and working of Rankine cycle, Problems
associated with OTEC.
 MODULE - 5
NUCLEAR ENERGY Principles of release of nuclear energy-Fusion and fission reactions. Nuclear fuels used
in the reactors, Chain reaction, Moderation, breeding, Multiplication and thermal utilization factors. General
components of a nuclear reactor and materials, Brief description-Pressurized water reactor, Boiling water
reactor, Sodium graphite reactor, Fast Breeder reactor, Homogeneous graphite reactor and gas cooled reactor,
Radiation hazards, Shielding, Nuclear waste, Radioactive waste disposal.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
CO1: Understand the construction and working of steam generators and their accessories.
CO2: Identify renewable energy sources and their utilization.
CO3: Understand principles of energy conversion from alternate sources including wind, geothermal, ocean,
biomass, nuclear, hydel and tidal.
MODULE - 1

STEAM GENERATORS
Energy Sources and uses in India

Energy Sources:
a. Renewable Energy (about 16%)*
b. Non-Renewable Energy (about 84%)*
Energy Uses:
a. Industrial
b. Domestic
c. Commercial and Transportation
 Energy Scenario in India
Energy Consumption in India:
 The latest report available (31 March 2020): 370,106 MW*.
Of Which:
• Thermal Energy: 205,135 MW* from Coal
24,955 MW* from Natural Gas
,510 MW* from Diesel
Total 230,600 MW *
 Nuclear Energy: 6,780 MW*
 Renewable Energy: 45,699 MW* from Hydro Plant
87,028 MW* from other Renewable(Solar, wind etc.)
Total Energy Consumption: 370,106 MW*
Fuels used for Steam Generation
Solid Fuels

Liquid Fuels

Gaseous Fuels
Formation of Coal
 Solid Fuels
1. Peat: It is a low grade coal and first stage in the progress of transformation of
buried vegetation in to coal. It contains huge amount of moisture (90%) and small
percentage of volatile matter and carbon. Due to its moisture content, it is not
suitable for use in power plants. It is suitable for domestic and other purposes. It is
to be dried for about 1 to 2 months in sunlight to remove greater part of moisture
before it is to be used.
2. Lignite and brown coals: It is the intermediate stage in the development of coal.
It also possesses high content of moisture (30 to 45%) and ash and can be dried just
by exposing to air.
In comparison with peat, it has high heating value and carbon. It should be stored
properly to avoid spontaneous combustion. It can be used as fuel in pulverised form.
Lignites are brown in colour and burns with a smoky flame. These are suitable for
local use only due to difficulty of easy breaking during the transportation.
 Solid Fuels contd..
3. Bituminuous coal: It is most popular form and has low moisture
content and non disintegrating properties. It may posses low or high ash
contents which varies from 6 to 12%. It has high percentage of volatile
matter and the average calorific value is about 31350 kJ / Kg. It may be
available in two forms, caking and non caking.
4. Anthracite Coals: It is the last stage in the formation of coal and
contains highest carbon content and has the volatile matter of 8%. It has
less heating value and ignites slowly unless furnace temperature is high.
It has high calorific value in the range of 35500KJ/Kg. It has low ash
content, zero caking power and it is difficult to pulverize the Anthracite
coal.
 Liquid Fuels
• The liquid fuels of power plant are always by product of petroleum.
• Crude petroleum oil contains mainly carbon and hydrogen with small
amounts of oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur.
• The chemical composition of petroleum and its derivatives is; carbon
83-87%, hydrozen-10-14% and various percentages of Sulphur,
nitrogen, oxygen etc.,
• The hydrogen is present in the form of hydrocarbon mixtures. The
hydrogen and carbon are combined as hydrocarbons into specialized
products like gasoline, fuel oil etc.,
• The liquid fuels have higher percentage of hydrogen as compared to
coal, resulting in increased moisture loss in the flue gases.
 Gaseous Fuels
• The gaseous fuel may either be natural gas or a artificial gas. The artificial gas is
costly, therefore only natural gas is used in steam generation.
• Natural gas is found under beneath the earth's surface and mainly contains
methane and Ethane The calorific value is nearly equal to 21000 KJ/m3 and is
colourless and odourless.
• The manufactured gases are coal gas, coke-oven gas, blast furnace gas, producer
gas and water or illuminating gas. First two are produced by carbonizing high
volatile bituminous coal. These gases are used in boilers and some times used for
commercial purposes.
• The blast furnace Gas is used in steel industry and is the by product of blast
furnace. The heating value of this gas is very low.
• Producer gas is manufactured from the partial oxidation of coal, coke or peat
when they are burnt with insufficient quantity of air.
 Factors considered for the selection of site for Thermal
power plant
1) Availability of fuel -1,500 tones of coal for every 100 MW
2) Transportation- Rope-ways or railway are the better choices
3) Availability of water-50 to 60 thousand tones of water per houris required for
every 100 MW of power developed.

4) Ash Disposal- produce ash about 20 to 30% of fuel burnt(Many thousand tons per day)
5) Nature of land-good bearing capacity (10 kgf/cm2 )
6) Space Area-About 500 acres of land is necessary for every 100 MW of power produced.
Layout of Steam Power Plant
Steam Generation
Steam Generation
Steam Generation
Steam Generation
Steam Generation
 Coal Handling System
Requirements of Good coal handling plant
1. Higher reliability.
2. Less labour required.
3. Economical for medium and large capacity plants.
4. Operation is easy and smooth.
5. Can be easily started and can be economically adjusted according to the need.
6. With reduced labour, management and control of the plant becomes easy and
smooth.
7. Minimum labour is put to unhealthy condition.
8. Losses in transport are minimized.
 Disadvantages
Disadvantages:
1. Needs continuous maintenance and repair.

2. Capital cost of the plant is increased.

3. In mechanical handling some power generated is usually consumed, resulting

in less net power available for supply to consumers.
 Coal Transfer Equipment
Belt conveyors
Screw conveyors
Bucket elevator and conveyor
Pivoted bucket conveyor
Grab bucket conveyor
Flight conveyers (or scrapers)
Skip hoists
Mass flow conveyor
Chutes.
Belt Conveyor
Belt Conveyor
 Belt Conveyor
It is basically an endless moving belt over which the coal is moved; the belt
is connected to a pair of drums at the ends, and supported at the upper
portion by a series of rollers (idlers) at regular intervals, as illustrated in Fig.
The belt is usually made of strong and flexible materials such as rubber or
canvas. Belt conveyors are useful for transportation of large quantity of coal
over long distances in power plants. The belt is inclined at about 15-20
degrees from the charge end to the discharge end. The average speed of belt
conveyors is in the range of 50 to 100 m/minute
 Belt Conveyor
Advantages
1) It is simple in construction and operation.
2) The operation is smooth and clean.
3) It requires less power compared to other systems.
4) Large quantities of coal can be conveyed quickly and
continuously.
5) It is comparatively cheaper in maintenance and operation.
 Screw Conveyor
It consists of an endless helicoids
screw fitted to a shaft. The driving
mechanism is connected to one end
of the shaft and the other end of the
shaft is supported in an enclosed
ball bearing. The screw while
rotating in a trough/housing
transfers coal from one end to the
other end. The following
particulars relate to this conveyor
Screw Conveyor
Screw Conveyor
 Bucket elevator
In this type of elevator, steel V-
shaped buckets are rigidly fastened to
an endless chain going round
sprockets. The buckets are equally
spaced on the chain, and receive their
load by dipping into coal pocket at
the lower end of the system. The
material elevated in V-buckets is
discharged either by centrifugal force
at the top of the elevator or by
drawing back the buckets on the
discharged side.
 Bucket elevator
In this type of elevator, steel V-
shaped buckets are rigidly fastened to
an endless chain going round
sprockets. The buckets are equally
spaced on the chain, and receive their
load by dipping into coal pocket at
the lower end of the system. The
material elevated in V-buckets is
discharged either by centrifugal force
at the top of the elevator or by
drawing back the buckets on the
discharged side.
Grab Bucket elevator
 Grab Bucket elevator
It consists of a crane which can lift the coal and move Circumferentially in a
given location. This system is most suitable for handling coal at the coal store
yard. Thus used to load coal from the yard to the wagon tippler, which then
moves inside the plant. This elevator has the unique advantage of operating as a
crane as well as moving in all directions. This helps in lifting the coal using the,
grab bucket from the yard, change its direction, move to the required distance
and unload it onto the wagon tippler..
Flight Conveyor (Scraper)
 Flight Conveyor (Scraper)
It is generally used for transfer of coal when filling of number of storage bins
situated under the conveyor is required. It consists of one or two strands of
chain, to which steel scrapers are attached. The scraper scraps the coal through
a trough and the coal is discharged in the bottom of the trough as shown in fig.
Capacity of a conveyor of this type may range from 10 to 100 tons per hour. It
is used extensively for conveying coal horizontally and for inclinations up to
35°
 Ash Handling System and Equipments
A huge quantity of ash is produced in central stations, sometimes being as much
as 10 to 20% of the total quantity of coal burnt in a day. Hundreds of tones of
ash may have to be handled every day in large power stations and mechanical
devices become indispensable. The commonly used equipments for ash
handling are as follows.
 Mechanical Handling System.
 Hydraulic System.
 Pneumatic System.
 Ash Handling System and Equipments
A huge quantity of ash is produced in central stations, sometimes being as much
as 10 to 20% of the total quantity of coal burnt in a day

Handling of ash is a problem because ash coming out of the furnace is too hot, it is
dusty and irritating to handle and is accompanied by some poisonous gas. Ash
needs to be quenched before handling due to following reasons
• Quenching reduces corrosion action of the ash.
• It reduces the dust accompanying the ash.
• It reduces temperature of the ash.
• Ash forms clinkers by fusing in large lumps and by quenching clinkers will
disintegrate.
 Characteristics of Good Ash Handling System
1. It should have enough capacity to cope with the volume of ash that may be produced in a
station.
2. It should be able to handle large clinkers, boiler refuse, soot etc. with little personal
attention of the workmen.
3. It should be able to handle hot and wet ash effectively and with good speed.
4. It should be possible to minimize the corrosive or abrasive action of ashes and dust
nuisance should not exist.
5. The plant should not cost much.
6. The operation charges should be minimum possible.
7. The operation of the plant should be noiseless as much as possible.
8. The plant should be able to operate effectively under all variable load conditions.
9. In case of addition of units, it should need minimum changes in original layout of plant.
Mechanical Ash Handling System
Hydraulic Ash Handling System
Pneumatic Ash Handling System
Generation of steam using Natural and Forced circulation
• In a good boiler design, proper circulation
of water is essential to generate steam.
• The water is required to be circulated
from the boiler drum through the water
tubes for heat absorption generation of
steam and back to the drum.
• This circulation can be achieved by two
means natural circulation and forced
circulation.
• Natural circulation of water takes place
due to difference in densities of cold water
and hot water.
Generation of steam using Natural and Forced circulation
• In this type of circulation, saturated water comes down
the boiler drum by gravity through the downcomer tube,
and reaches the bottom header of the water tubes (see
Fig).
• The water from the bottom header rises up through the
riser tubes. As the heat is absorbed by the riser tube, the
water partially boils with the formation of bubbles/steam
and then flows back to the boiler drum.
• The density of the steam water mixture in the riser tube
is lower than the density of the saturated water in the
downcomer.
• This difference in density sets up circulation current from
the downcomer to the riser to the drum. As the steam
formation takes place, the water loss is compensated by
the continuous supply of feed water to the drum, and the
wet steam from the boiler drum is taken through the
superheater and finally for use in the turbine.
Generation of steam using Natural and Forced circulation
• Forced Circulation:
• At critical pressure (180 bar), the natural circulation of
water is completely stopped. In such situations, the water
has to be subjected to forced circulation.
• For this purpose, a circulation pump is used (as shown in
fig.) in downcomer line.
• The flow rate of the saturated water in the downcomer
and the flow rate of the steam from the boiler drum are
related by the term circulation ratio.
• The circulation ratio should be kept between 6 and 25.
BOILERS
• Boiler is an apparatus to produce steam. Thermal energy released by combustion
of fuel is transferred to water, which vaporizes and gets converted into steam at
the desired temperature and pressure.
• The steam produced is used for:
• (i) Producing mechanical work by expanding it in steam engine or steam turbine.
• (ii) Heating the residential and industrial buildings
• (iii) Performing certain processes in the sugar mills, chemical and textile industries.
• Boiler is a closed vessel in which water is converted into steam by the application of heat.
 Definition
• Boiler is a closed metallic vessel in which the water is heated beyond the boiling state
at required temperature and pressure by the application of heat liberated by the
combustion of fuels to convert it into Steam.
Classification of boilers
• Based on Position of Vessel: Horizontal, vertical or inclined
• Type of Circulation: Fire tube and Water tube boilers
• Place of Combustion of Fuel: Externally fired and internally fired
• Type of Circulation of Water: Forced circulation and natural circulation
• Based on Working Pressure: High pressure and low pressure
• Based on mobility: Stationary and portable
• Number of tubes used in boiler: Single tube and multi tube
Water tube boiler
FIRE tube boiler
BOILERS
• Usually boilers are coal or oil fired. A boiler should fulfill the following requirements

• (i) Safety. The boiler should be safe under operating conditions.

• (ii) Accessibility. The various parts of the boiler should be accessible for repair and
maintenance.
• (iii) Capacity. The boiler should be capable of supplying steam according to the
requirements.
• (iv) Efficiency. To permit efficient operation, the boiler should be able to absorb a
maximum amount of heat produced due to burning of fuel in the furnace.
• (v) It should be simple in construction and its maintenance cost should be low.
• (vi) Its initial cost should be low.
• (vii) The boiler should have no joints exposed to flames.
• (viii) The boiler should be capable of quick starting and loading
 LA MONT BOILER
• A forced circulation boiler was first introduced
in 1925 by La Mont. The arrangement of water
circulation and different components are
shown in Fig.
• The feed water from hot well is supplied to a
storage and separating drum (boiler) through
the economizer. Most of the sensible heat is
supplied to the feed water passing through the
economizer.
• A pump circulates the water at a rate 8 to 10
times the mass of steam evaporated. This
water is circulated through the evaporator
tubes and the part of the vapour is separated
in the separator drum. The largquantity of
water circulated (10 times that of evaporation)
prevents the tubes from being overheated.
 LA MONT BOILER
• A pump circulates the water at a rate 8 to
10 times the mass of steam evaporated.
• This water is circulated through the
evaporator tubes and the part of the
vapour is separated in the separator drum.
• The large quantity of water circulated (10
times that of evaporation) prevents the
tubes from being overheated.
• The centrifugal pump delivers the water to
the headers at a pressure of 2.5 bar above
the drum pressure.
• The distribution headers distribute the
water through the nozzle into the
evaporator.
LA MONT BOILER
• The steam separated in the boiler
is further passed through the
super-heater Secure a uniform
flow of feed water through each
of the parallel boiler circuits a
choke is fitted entrance to each
circuit.
• These boilers have been built to
generate 45 to 50 tonnes of
superheated steam at a pressure
of 120 bar and temperature of
500°C.
 BENSON BOILER
• The main difficulty experienced in the La Mont boiler is
the formation and attachment of bubbles on the inner
surfaces of the heating tubes.
• The attached bubbles reduce the heat flow and steam
generation as it offers higher thermal resistance
compared to water film
• 1. Benson in 1922 argued that if the boiler pressure
was raised to critical pressure (225 atm.), the steam
and water would have the same density and therefore
the danger of bubble formation can be completely
eliminated.
• 2. Natural circulation boilers require expansion joints
but these are not required for Benson as the pipes are
welded. The erection of Benson boiler is easier and
quicker as all the parts are welded at site and workshop
job of tube expansion is altogether avoided.
• 3. The transport of Benson boiler parts is easy as no drums are
required and majority of the parts are carried to the site without pre-
assembly.
• 4. The Benson boiler can be erected in a comparatively smaller floor
area. The space problem does not control the size of Benson boiler
used.
• 5. The furnace walls of the boiler can be more efficiently protected by
using small diameter and close pitched tubes.
• 6. The superheater in the Benson boiler is an integral part of forced
circulation system, therefore no special starting arrangement for
superheater is required.
• 7. The Benson boiler can be started very quickly because of welded
joints.
• 8. The Benson boiler can be operated most economically by varying
the temperature and pressure at partial loads and overloads. The
desired temperature can also be maintained constant at any pressure.
• 9. Sudden fall of demand creates circulation problems due to bubble
formation in the Natural circulation boiler which never occurs in
Benson boiler.
 LOEFFLER BOILER
• The major difficulty experienced in Benson boiler is the
deposition of salt and sediment on the inner surfaces of the
water tubes. The deposition reduced the heat transfer and
ultimately the generating capacity.
• This further increased the danger of overheating the tubes due
to salt deposition as it has high thermal resistance.
• The difficulty was solved in Loeffler boiler by preventing the
flow of water into the boiler tubes.
• Most of the steam is generated outside from the feedwater
using part of the superheated steam coming out from the boiler.
• The pressure feed pump draws the water through the
economiser and delivers it into the evaporator drum as shown
in the figure.
• About 65% of the steam coming out of superheater is passed
through the evaporator drum in order to evaporate the feed
water coming from economizer.
LOEFFLER BOILER
• The steam circulating pump draws the saturated
steam from the evaporator drum and is passed
through the radiant superheater and then connective
super heater from the superheater is supplied to the
H.P. steam turbine.
• The steam coming out from H.P passed through
reheater before supplying to L.P. turbine as shown in
the figure.
• The amount of steam generated in the evaporator
drum is equal to the steam tapped (65%) from the
superheater.
• The nozzles which distribute the superheated steam
through the water into the evaporator drum are of
special design to avoid priming and noise.
 SCHMIDT-HARTMANN BOILER
• The operation of the boiler is similar to
an electric transformer. Two pressures
are used to effect an interchange of
energy.
• In the primary circuit, the steam at
100 bar is produced from distilled
water. This steam is passed through a
submerged heating coil which is
located in an evaporator drum as
shown in the figure.
 SCHMIDT-HARTMANN BOILER
• The high pressure steam in this coil
possesses sufficient thermal potential and
steam at 60 bar with a heat transfer rate of
2.5 kW/m2 -°C is generated in the
evaporator drum.
• The steam produced in the evporator
drums from impure water is further passed
through the superheater and then supplied
to the prime-mover.
• The high pressure condensate formed in
the submerged heating coil is circulated
through a low pressure feed heater on its
way to raise the feed water temperature to
its saturation temperature. Therefore, only
latent heat is supplied in the evaporator
drum.
 VELOX-BOILER
• Now, it is known fact that when the gas velocity
exceeds the sound-velocity, the heat is transferred
from the gas at a much higher rate than rates achieved
with sub-sonic flow.
• The advantages of this theory are taken to effect the
large heat transfer from a smaller surface area in this
boiler.
• Air is compressed to 2.5 bar with an help of a
compressor run by gas turbine before supplying to the
combusion chamber to get the supersonic velocity of
the gases passing through the combustion chamber
and gas tubes and high heat release rates (40
MW/m3).
• The burned gases in the combustion chamber are
passed through the annulus of the tubes as shown in
figure.
 VELOX-BOILER
• The heat is transferred from gases to water while
passing through the annulus to generate the steam.
• The mixture of water and steam thus formed then
passes into a separator which is so designed that
the mixture enters with a spiral flow.
• The centrifugal force thus produced causes the
heavier water particles to be thrown outward on
the walls.
• This effect separates the steam from water and then
supplied to the prime-mover. The water removed
from steam in the separator is again passed into the
water tubes with the help of a pump.
 VELOX-BOILER
• The gases coming out from the annulus at the top are
further passed over the superheater where its heat is
used-for superheating the steam.
• The gases coming out of superheater are used to run a
gas turbine as they carry sufficient kinetic energy. The
power output of the gas turbine is used to run the air
compressor.
• The exhaust gases coming out from the gas turbine are
passed through the economizer to utilise the remaining
heat of the gases.
• The extra power required to run the compressor is
supplied with the help of electric motor.
• Feed water of 10 to 20 times the weight of steam
generated is circulated through the tubes with the help
of water circulating pump. This prevents the
overheating of metal walls.
 Cooling Ponds and Towers
The cooling towers are desired when positive control on the temperature
of water is required, the space occupied by the cooling system is
considerable factor and the plant is situated near load center and far
away from the adequate natural resources of cooling water.
The rate of evaporation of water in cooling tower and subsequent reduction in water
temperature depends upon the following factors :
• Amount of water surface area exposed.
• The time of exposure.
• The relative velocity of air passing over the water droplets formed in cooling
tower.
• The R.H. of air and difference between the inlet air WBT and water inlet
temperature.
• The direction of air flow relative to water.
 Types of cooling towers
1. Natural Draft Cooling Towers:
The natural draft cooling tower is an open,
direct-contact system.
It works using a heat exchanger, allowing hot
water from the system to be cooled through
direct contact with fresh air.
To increase the heat transfer surface area
(and optimize the cooling process), hot water
is sprayed from nozzles within the tower.
 Forced Draft Cooling Tower
The forced draft cooling towers remove
low-potential heat generated in the
production process.
They use atmospheric cooling with wet
technology and forced draft.
A counterflow of air and hot water in the
cooling fill results in a heat transfer.

Fill
 Induced Draft Cooling Tower
• An induced draft tower is a type of
mechanical draft tower which has one or
more fans, located at the top of the tower,
that draw air upwards against the downward
flow of water passing around the wooden
decking or packing.
• Since the airflow is counter to the water
flow, the coolest water at the bottom is in
contact with the driest air while the warmest
water at the top is in contact with the moist
air, resulting in increased heat transfer
efficiency.
• Induced draft tower comes in square or
round shape and the distribution of water
may be done either by static branch system
or by the sprinkler.
Boiler Accessories: Economiser
The function of an economiser is to heat the feed water,
before being supplied to the boiler, using the products of
combustion discharged from the boiler.
Generally feed water is heated 20-30°C below the boiling
point.
The economiser makes use of waste flues, recovers heat
energy and hence the name economiser. Thus the
economiser increases the boder efficiency.
As an approximation, it is shown that the boiler
efficiency increases by 1% for every 6ºC raise in the feed
water temperature.
The working principle of an economiser is schematically
illustrated in Fig.
Boiler Accessories: Air pre-heater
The function of an air preheater, as the name indicates,
is to preheat the air being supplied to the furnace for
combustion.
This makes use of the flues discharged from the furnace
and from the economiser. As this also recovers further
heat from the flues, it increases the boiler efficiency.
An increase in temperature of the air by 20°C increases
the boiler efficiency by 1%.
Some times, it can be considered as the secondary
function of an air preheater to heat the air which is being
used to dry the coal (to remove the moisture) in the
pulverising mills.
This helps in proper grinding of the coal and further
combustion of the pulverised coal. The air preheaters
can be classified as follows:
 Boiler Accessories: Super Heater
The schematic arrangement of a typical
superheater is illustrated in Fig. It is a coil of
steel tubes placed in the path of the hot
flues. The wet steam from the boiler drum is
passed through the superheater coils, which
absorb heat from the flues and get
superheated.
Superheaters can be classified based on the
heat transfer method. There are two types
of superheaters, as follows:
a) Convective superheater absorbs heat
from the hot gases by convection.
 Boiler Accessories: Super Heater
This is the primary superheater, that
receives nearly saturated steam from the
boiler drum.
This superheater is located in the
convective zone of the furnace, just before
the economiser.
b) Radiant superheater-absorbs heat from
the hot gases by radiation. This is the
secondary superheater, that receives
steam from the primary superheater. This
superheater is located
Boiler Accessories: Steam Separator
 Academic File- Present Format
The capacity to learn is a Gift;
The ability to learn is a Skill;
The willingness to learn is a Choice.
-Brian Herbert