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Hydraulics Terminologies

Chapter 3 discusses that the horizontal component of hydrostatic force on a curved surface equals the normal force on the vertical projection, and the vertical component equals the weight of liquid above the area. The line of action passes through the center of gravity pressure. Chapter 4 states that the buoyant force on a submerged body equals the weight of displaced fluid, acting through the center of buoyancy. For stability, a floating object's center of gravity must lie below the center of buoyancy. Chapter 7 defines various fluid flow types such as steady/unsteady, laminar/turbulent, and one-dimensional/two-dimensional/three-dimensional flows. Flow nets indicate two-dimensional or three-dimensional flow

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88 views3 pages

Hydraulics Terminologies

Chapter 3 discusses that the horizontal component of hydrostatic force on a curved surface equals the normal force on the vertical projection, and the vertical component equals the weight of liquid above the area. The line of action passes through the center of gravity pressure. Chapter 4 states that the buoyant force on a submerged body equals the weight of displaced fluid, acting through the center of buoyancy. For stability, a floating object's center of gravity must lie below the center of buoyancy. Chapter 7 defines various fluid flow types such as steady/unsteady, laminar/turbulent, and one-dimensional/two-dimensional/three-dimensional flows. Flow nets indicate two-dimensional or three-dimensional flow

Uploaded by

Krisleen Elyzel Gullas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Hydraulics Terminologies

EXAM COVERAGE

Chapter 3 - Hydrostatic Force on Surface

Horizontal component of the hydrostatic force on a curved surface is equal to the normal force
on the vertical projection of the surface.

Vertical component of the hydrostatic force on a curved surface is equal to the weight of the
volume of liquid above the area, real or imaginary.

Line in action passes through the center of gravity pressure

Chapter 4 – Buoyancy

A body floating or submerged in a fluid is buoyed (lifted) upward by a force equal to the weight
of the fluid that would be in the volume displaced by the fluid. This force is known as the
buoyant force. The point through which the buoyant force acts is called the center of
buoyancy, it is located at the center of gravity of the displaced fluid.

For stability of a floating cylinder or sphere, the body's center of gravity must lie below the
center of buoyancy.

Stability of other floating objects will depend upon whether a righting or overturning moment
is developed when the center of gravity and center of buoyancy move out of vertical alignment
due to shifting of position of the center of buoyancy.

Chapter 7 – Fundamental of Fluid Flows

Fluid flow may be steady or unsteady; uniform or non-uniform; laminar or turbulent; one-
dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional; and rotational or irrotational.

One-dimensional flow of an incompressible fluid occurs when the direction and magnitude of
the velocity at all points are identical.
Two-dimensional flow occurs when fluid particles move in planes or parallel planes and the
stream line patterns are identical in each plane.

For an ideal fluid in which no shear stresses occur and hence no torques exist, fluid particles
cannot experience rotational motion about their own mass centers. Such ideal flow, which can be
represented by a flow net, is called irrotational flow.

Uniform flow occurs when the magnitude and direction of the velocity do not change from point
to point in the fluid.

Non-uniform flow occurs when velocity, depth, pressure, etc., change from point to point in the
fluid flow. The equation of continuity results from the principle of conservation of mass.

Flow nets are drawn to indicate flow patterns in cases of two-dimensional flow, or even three
dimensional flow.

Energy is defined as the ability to do work.


Work is the result of the application of a force through a distance and is generally defined
mathematically as the product of a force and the distance traversed in the direction of
application.

Potential energy refers to the energy possessed by the element of fluid due to its elevation above
a reference datum.

Kinetic energy refers to the energy possessed by the element of fluid due to its velocity.
Pressure energy, sometimes called flow energy, is the amount of work required to force the
element of fluid across a certain distance against the pressure.

Chapter 12 – Measurement of Flow of Fluids

Weirs measure the flow of liquids, usually water, in open channels.


The suppressed weir with no end contractions and generally used for larger flows, and the
contracted weir for smaller flows.

Chapter 13 – Forces Developed by Moving Fluids

Drag is the component of the resultant force exerted by a fluid on a body parallel to the relative
motion of the fluid.
Lift is the component of the resultant force exerted by a fluid on a body perpendicular to the
relative motion of the fluid.

Total drag force consists of friction drag and pressure drag.


Water hammer is the term used to express the resulting shock caused by the sudden decrease in
the motion (velocity) of a fluid.

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