C Language - eBook

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 C Introduction

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 History

C
Developed
by
Dennis Ritchie

Directly
Interact with the
Hardware devices
Developed
in 1972
American
Telephone &
Bell laboratories Telegraph
Of AT & T

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 Features

simple
Machine Independent or Portable Mid-level Programming Language

Fast Speed Pointers

Rich Library C
C
Recursion

Structured Programming Language Extensible

Memory Management
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 C Installation

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Introduction to first program

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Standard
Console Input
Input and
and Output
Output #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
printf(“FortuneCloud”);
}

Main method Output

Statement

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 Variables

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  A variable is a name of the memory location.
 A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area.
 The name of a variable can be composed of letters, digits, and the
underscore character.

Rules for defining variables

 A variable can have alphabets, digits, and underscore.

 A variable name can start with the alphabet, and underscore only.
 It can't start with a digit.
 No whitespace is allowed within the variable name.
 A variable name must not be any reserved word or keyword, e.g. int,
float, etc.
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Valid Variable Names Invalid Variable names

int a; int 2;
int _ab; int a b;
int a30; int long;

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 Types of Variables

Local Global

Static

Automatic External

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Local Variable

void display()
{
int a=10; //local variable
}

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Global Variable

int value=20; //global variable

 Declared outside the function
or block
void display()
{
 Any function can change the
printf(“Hi”);
value of the global variable.
}

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Static Variable

void display()
{ Declared with the
int a=10; //local variable static keyword
static int b=10; //static variable

a=a+1;
b=b+1;
printf("\n%d,%d",a,b);
} Output:

void main() 11,11

{ 11,12
display(); 11,13
display();
display();
}

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Automatic Variable

Output:
void main()
{  All variables in C that are
11,11
int a=10; //local variable (also automatic) declared inside the
11,12
block, are automatic
11,13
auto int b=20; // automatic variable variables by default.
}

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External Variable

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>  Also known as
Output:global variable
extern int e=50; // external variable
 11,11
Defined outside
void main() 11,12
the function
{ 11,13
printf(“%d”,e);
}  They are
everywhere in
the program

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 Datatypes

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extensive
system used
for declaring
variables or The type
functions of of a
different variable
types determine
s how
It specifies the
much
type of data
space it
that a variable
occupies
can store such
in storage
as integer,
floating,
character, etc.

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 Datatypes in C

Basic Derived Enumeration Void

void
array enum
int
pointer
char
structure
float
union
double

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2 byte 4 byte
1.175494351 E - 38
−32,768 to 32,767 to
1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38

int
char
e stands for Exponent
float
double
1 byte 8 byte
2.225073858507201
−128 to 127 4 E – 308 to
1.797693134862315
8 E + 308

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 Control Statements

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 if
Decision else if
Making switch

Control
Statements

for
Loops while
do-while

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Decision Making

 one or more conditions to be

evaluated or tested by the
program

 statement or statements to be
executed if the condition is
determined to be true

 other statements to be executed

if the condition is determined to
be false
if
else if
switch

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Loops

 block of code needs to be

executed several number of
times

 statements are executed

sequentially

for
while
do-while

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Decision Making if

if(expression)
{
//code to be executed  check some given
} condition and
perform some
operations
depending upon the
if(expression) correctness of that
{ condition
//code to be executed
}
else
{
//code to be executed if condition is false
}

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 Example

Ex. Even odd number

int num=10;

if(num%2==0)
{
printf(“Even Number”);
}
else
{
printf(“Odd Number”);
}

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Decision Making else if

if(condition1)
{
//code to be executed if condition1 is true
}
else if(condition2)
{
//code to be executed if condition2 is true Multiple
} cases to be
else if(condition3) performed
{ for different
//code to be executed if condition3 is true conditions
}
Else
{
//code to be executed if all the conditions are false
}

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 Example

Ex. Display days name

int day=1;

if(day==1)
{
printf(“Sunday”);
}
else if(day==2)
{
printf(“Monday”);
}
…….
else
{
printf(“Day not found”);
}

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Decision Making switch

switch(expression)
{
case value1:
//code to be executed;
break;
Alternate to if-else-if
case value2: statement which
//code to be executed; allows us to execute
break; multiple operations
......

default:
code to be executed if all cases are not matched;
}

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 Example

int choice=1;

switch(choice)
{
case 1:
printf(“Case 1 executed”);
break;

case 2:
printf(“Case 2 executed”);
break;

default:
printf(“Wrong choice”);
}

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 Loops for

iterate the statements or

for(initialization;condition;incr/decr) a part of the program
{ several times
//code to be executed used to traverse the data
} structures like the array
and linked list.

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 Example

Ex. Display 1 to 10 numbers

int i;

for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
printf(“%d”,i);
}

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Loops while

Mostly used
while(condition) in the case
where the
{
number of
//code to be executed iterations is
} not known in
advance.

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 Example

Ex. Display 1 to 10 numbers

int i=1;

while(i<=10)
{
printf(“%d”,i);
i++;
}

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Loops do-while

 post tested loop

do  repeat the
{ execution of
//code to be executed several parts of the
} while(condition); statements
 termination
condition depends
upon the end user.

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 Example

Ex. Display 1 to 10 numbers

int i=1;

do
{
printf(“%d”,i);
i++;
} while(i<=10);

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 Difference between while and do-while

 do-while loop is
executed for first time
 While loop is executed irrespective of the
only when given condition. After
condition is true. executing while loop
for first time, then
 Condition is checked first condition is checked.
then statement(s) is
executed.  Statement(s) is
executed atleast once,
 while loop is entry thereafter condition is
controlled loop. checked.

 do-while loop is exit

controlled loop.

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 Function

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 we can divide a large program into the basic building blocks known as function.

 It contains the set of programming statements enclosed by {}.

Advantages

 we can avoid rewriting same logic/code again and again.

 We can call C functions any number of times in a program.

 We can track a large C program easily when it is divided into multiple functions.

 Reusability is the main achievement.

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 Types of Functions

Function

Library Function
User-defined
printf(), scanf(), etc. Function

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User-defined function

Default Function Parameterized Function

void display() void addition(int a, int b)

{ {
printf(“default function”); int c;
} c=a+b;
printf(“addition=%d”,c);
void main() }
{
display(); void main()
} {
addition(10,20);
}

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User-defined function

Function with return

int addition(int a, int b)

{
int c;
c=a+b;
return c;
}

void main()
{
printf(“%d”,addition(10,20));
}

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Call by value and Call by reference

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 Call by value

void show(int num)

{
printf(“\nBefore adding=%d",num);  value of the actual
num=num+10; parameters is copied
printf(“\nAfter adding=%d", num); into the formal
} parameters

int main()  can not modify the

{ value of the actual
int a=10; parameter
printf(“\nBefore function call a=%d", a);
 different memory is
show(a); allocated for actual and
formal parameters
printf(“\nAfter function call a=%d", a);

return 0;
}
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 Call by reference

void show(int *num)

{
 the address of the
printf(“\nBefore adding=%d",*num);
variable is passed into
(*num)+=10;
the function call as the
printf(“\nAfter adding=%d", *num);
actual parameter.
}
 the memory allocation is
int main()
similar for both formal
{
parameters and actual
int a=10;
parameters.
printf(“\nBefore function call a=%d", a);
 modified value gets
show(&a);
stored at the same
address.
printf(“\nAfter function call a=%d", a);

return 0;
}
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 Arrays

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 fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type.

 collection of similar type of data items stored at contiguous memory locations.

 store the primitive type of data such as int, char, double, float, etc.

 each data element can be randomly accessed by using its index number.

 All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations.

 The lowest address corresponds to the first element and the highest address to the last
element.

Code Optimization Ease of traversing

Advantages
Ease of sorting Random Access
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 Types of Array

One dimensional array Two dimensional array

Multi-dimensional array

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One dimensional array

int num[3];

num[0]=10;//initialization of array
num[1]=20;
num[2]=30;

printf(“%d”,num[0]);
printf(“%d”,num[1]);
printf(“%d”,num[2]);

OR

int i;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
printf("%d ",num[i]);
}

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Two dimensional array

int num[2][2]={{1,2},{3,4}};

int i,j;
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
printf("%d ",num[i][j]);
}
}

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Multi-dimensional array

int num[2][2][2];

int i,j,k;

for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
for(k=0;k<2;k++)
{
printf("%d ",num[i][j][k]);
}
}
}

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Example: Find out sum of elements in a given array

int num[5];
int i,sum=0;

printf(“Enter the array elements”);

for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&num[i]);
}

for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
sum=sum+num[i];
}

printf(“Sum=%d”,sum);

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 Strings

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 one-dimensional array of characters terminated by a null character '\0'.

 The character array or the string is used to manipulate text such as word or sentences.

Ways to declare a string

By char array By string literal

char ch[5]={‘h', ‘e', ‘l', ‘l', ‘o‘, '\0'}; char ch[]=“hello”;

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gets() and puts()

char str[30]; char str[30];

Both the
functions are
printf("Enter the string"); involved in the printf("Enter the string");
scanf(“%s”,&str); input/output gets(str);
operations of
printf(“String=%s“,str); the strings printf(“String=");
puts(str);

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char ch1[10]=“hello”;
String Functions
char ch2[10]=“world”;
char ch3[10];

strlen(ch1) strrev(ch1)
strlen strrev
strcpy(ch3,ch1) strlwr(ch1)
strcpy strlwr

strcat(ch1,ch2) strcat strupr strupr(ch1)

strcmp(ch1,ch2) strcmp strstr strstr(ch1,”substring”)

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Example: Count number of vowels in a string

char str[100];
int i=0, count=0;

printf(“Enter a string\n");
gets(str);

while (str[i] != '\0')

{
if (str[i] == 'a' || str[i] == 'A' || str[i] == 'e' || str[i] == '
E' || str[i] == 'i' || str[i] == 'I' || str[i] =='o' || str[i] =='O'
|| str[i] == 'u' || str[i] == 'U')
count++;
i++;
}
printf("Number of vowels in the string: %d", count);
return 0;

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 Structure-Union

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 Structure in c is a user-defined data type that enables us to store the collection of
different data types.

 Each element of a structure is called a member.

 struct keyword is used to define the structure.

Why use structure

 There are cases where we need to store multiple attributes of an entity.

 It can have different attributes of different data types.

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Declaring Structure

By struct keyword By declaring a variable

struct employee
{ int id; struct employee
char name[20]; { int id;
float salary; char name[20];
}; float salary;
}e1,e2;

struct employee e1, e2;

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Example:

struct employee
{ int id;
char name[20];
}e1;

int main( )
{
e1.id=101;
strcpy(e1.name, “abc");

printf( “Id : %d", e1.id);

printf( “\nName : %s", e1.name);
return 0;
}

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Array of structure

struct student collection of multiple

{
structures variables
int id;
char name[10];
};

int main()
{
struct student s[5]; printf("\nStudent Information\n");
int i;
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
for(i=0;i<5;i++){ printf("\nId:%d, Name:%s",s[i].id,s[i].name);
printf("\nEnter Id:"); }
scanf("%d",&s[i].id); return 0;
printf("\nEnter Name:"); }
scanf("%s",&s[i].name);
}
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 Union

 Store different data types in the same memory location

 It occupies less memory because it occupies the size of the largest member only.

union employee
{ int id;
char name[20];
}e1; id gets garbage
value because
void main() name has large
{ memory size
e1.id=101;
strcpy(e1.name, “abcd");

printf( "id : %d\n", e1.id);

printf( "name : %s\n", e1.name);
}
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 Difference Between Structure And Union

 Memory is allocated only to

 Separate memory location is
one member having largest size
allotted to each input
among all other input variables
member
 union student
 struct student
{
{
int id;
int id;
char name[20];
char name[20];
};
};
 Its size equal to the size of
 Size of Structure is equal or
largest member among all data
greater than the sum of size
members.
of all the data members.

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 Pointers

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 A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable, i.e., direct address
of the memory location.

 The pointer in C language is a variable which stores the address of another variable.

 This variable can be of type int, char, array, function, or any other pointer.

Example

int num = 10;

Int *p = &num;

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Advantages

Pointer reduces the code and improves the performance

It makes you able to access any memory location

We can return multiple values from a function

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Address Of (&) Operator

Returns the
address of a
variable
int num=10;

printf("value of number is %d”,num);

printf(“address of number is %u",&num);

we need to use
%u to display the
address of a
variable.

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NULL Pointer

 A pointer that is not assigned any value but NULL is known as the NULL pointer.

int *ptr=NULL;

if(ptr!=NULL)
{
printf("value of ptr is : %d",*ptr);
}
else
{
printf(“Null pointer");
}

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Pointer Arithmetic

int a=10,b=20,c;
int *p,*q;

p=&a;
q=&b;

c=*p+*q;

printf(“addition: %d",c);

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sizeof() operator

int a=10;

It determines the
printf(“%d”,sizeof(a)); size of the
expression or the
//sizeof(int); data type
//sizeof(char);
//sizeof(float);

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Function pointer

int (*p) (int , int); //Declaration of a function

pointer.

int add( int , int ); // Declaration of function.

p = add; // Assigning address of add to the p

pointer.
We can get the
address of
memory by using
the function
pointer.

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 Example

int main()
{
int a,b;

int (*p)(int,int);
int add(int a, int b)
{
int result;
int c;
printf("Enter a and b : ");
c=a+b;
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
return c;
}
p=add;

result=(*p)(a,b);

printf(“Addition: %d",result);

return 0;
}
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 File Handling

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 File Handling is the storing of data in a file using a program.

 File handling in C enables us to create, update, read, and delete the files stored on the
local file system through our C program.

Operations

Create Open Read Write Delete

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 Modes

r Opens an existing text file for reading purpose.

w Opens a text file for writing. If it does not exist, then a new file is created.

a
Opens a text file for writing in appending mode. If it does not exist, then a new file is
created.

r+ Opens a text file for both reading and writing.

Opens a text file for both reading and writing. It first truncates the file to zero length
W+
if it exists, otherwise creates a file if it does not exist.

Opens a text file for both reading and writing. It creates the file if it does not exist.
a+
The reading will start from the beginning but writing can only be appended.
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fopen rewind
Functions for
fprintf ftell
file handling

fscanf fgetw

fputc fputw

fgetc fseek

fclose

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fprintf() and fscanf()

FILE *fp;
fp = fopen("file.txt", "w");//opening file used to
write set of
fprintf(fp, "Hello file by fprintf...\n");//writing data into file characters
into file
fclose(fp);//closing file

FILE *fp;
char buff[255];//creating char array to store data of file
used to
fp = fopen("file.txt", "r");
read set of
characters while(fscanf(fp, "%s", buff)!=EOF)
from file {
printf("%s ", buff );
}
fclose(fp);
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fputc() and fgetc()

FILE *fp;
fp = fopen("file.txt", "w");//opening file used to write
a single
fputc('a',fp);//writing single character into file character
into file
fclose(fp);//closing file

FILE *fp;
char c;
returns a
single fp=fopen("file.txt","r");
character
from the file while((c=fgetc(fp))!=EOF)
{
printf("%c",c);
}
fclose(fp);
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fputs() and fgets()

FILE *fp;

fp=fopen("myfile.txt","w"); writes a line of

fputs("hello c programming",fp); characters
into file
fclose(fp);

FILE *fp;
char text[300];
reads a line of
characters fp=fopen("myfile.txt","r");
from file printf("%s",fgets(text,200,fp));

fclose(fp);

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fseek()

FILE *fp;

fp = fopen("myfile.txt","w+"); It is used to set

the file pointer
fputs(“C programming", fp);
to the specified
fseek( fp, 7, SEEK_SET ); offset. It is used
to write data
fputs(“Practical", fp); into file at
desired location.
fclose(fp);

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rewind()
FILE *fp;
char c;

fp=fopen("file.txt","r");
 sets the file
pointer at the while((c=fgetc(fp))!=EOF){
beginning of printf("%c",c);
the stream }

 It is useful if you rewind(fp);

have to use
stream many while((c=fgetc(fp))!=EOF){
times. printf("%c",c);
}

fclose(fp);

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ftell()

FILE *fp;
int length;  returns the
current file
fp = fopen("file.txt", "r"); position of the
fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END); specified
stream
length = ftell(fp);
 get the total
fclose(fp); size of a file
after moving
printf("Size of file: %d bytes", length); file pointer at
the end of file.

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 Thank you !

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