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    Science Y9 9F Summary Sheets

    Uploaded by

    Lobna Shaban

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Science Y9 9F Summary Sheets

    Uploaded by

    Lobna Shaban
    108 views2 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

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    108 views2 pages

    Science Y9 9F Summary Sheets

    Uploaded by

    Lobna Shaban

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    9F Summary Sheets

    Physical changes and chemical reactions


    Physical changes Chemical reactions
    Do not make new substances. Always make one or more new substances.
    Are often easy to reverse. Are usually difficult to reverse.
    The substances may change state or just be The new substances have different properties
    mixed together. from the original substances.
    Examples include: melting, boiling, condensing, Examples include: combustion, neutralisation,
    freezing. thermal decomposition.

    Gas pressure
    Gas pressure is caused by the force of the particles hitting the walls of the container.

    Change that increases pressure Reason


    increase the temperature the particles move faster and so hit the walls of
    the container with more force and more often
    increase the number of particles in the the particles are closer together and hit the
    container walls of the container more often
    decrease the volume of the container the particles are closer together and hit the
    walls of the container more often

    The reactivity series


    This is a list of metals in order of reactivity, with the most reactive at the top.
    The metals that react with water produce a
    metal hydroxide and hydrogen.
    The metals that react with dilute acids
    produce a salt and hydrogen.
    Most metals react with oxygen from the air
    to form metal oxides. This is an oxidation
    reaction.

    Rusting of iron
    Steel is an alloy containing iron mixed with
    small amounts of carbon and sometimes
    other metals. Iron and steel need air and
    water to rust. Salt makes them rust more
    quickly than usual.
    Rusting can be prevented by:
    ● a physical barrier to stop the air and
    water being in contact with the iron
    ● sacrificial protection, in which blocks of
    a more reactive metal, such as zinc or
    magnesium, are attached to the iron.
    They then corrode instead of the iron.
    Stainless steel is an alloy of iron containing
    chromium and it does not rust.

    © Pearson Education Ltd 2015. Copying permitted for


    purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 14 Page 1 of 2
    9F Summary Sheets

    Hydrocarbons
    These substances contain hydrogen and carbon only. They burn in a plentiful supply of air to form
    carbon dioxide and water:
    hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
    The test for oxygen is that it relights a glowing splint.
    An input of energy from a flame or spark is needed to start the combustion reaction by breaking
    some bonds in the reactants. Explosive mixtures contain an oxidising agent to provide extra
    oxygen for the reaction.

    Energy changes
    ● Exothermic reactions transfer energy from the reactants to the surroundings. The temperature
    of the surroundings increases.
    ● Endothermic reactions use energy transferred from the surroundings to the reactants. The
    temperature of the surroundings decreases.

    Displacement reactions
    In a displacement reaction a more reactive metal takes the place of a less reactive metal in a
    compound.

    Extracting metals
    ● Most metals occur as compounds in ores in the Earth’s crust. Only a few, such as silver and
    gold, occur as the metallic element.
    ● The metals high in the reactivity series are difficult to chemically extract from their ores and
    their isolation has happened relatively recently.
    ● The metals lower in the reactivity series are easier to extract from their ores and they have
    been available to use as the pure elements for much longer.
    ● Metals from zinc downwards in the reactivity series can be extracted from their ores by heating
    with carbon.
    ● Metals above zinc in the reactivity series need electrolysis to extract them from their ores.
    ● Oxidation is the gain of oxygen. Reduction is the loss of oxygen.

    Percentage loss or gain


    actual change
    This is the × 100
    original amount

    © Pearson Education Ltd 2015. Copying permitted for


    purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 15 Page 2 of 2

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