CH-415

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
Engr. Muhammad Shahid, Dr. Sajid Muhbat
Chemical Engineering
NED University of Engineering and Technology
Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

Normal stress: force acts Shear stress: force acts

perpendicular to area of parallel to area but
contact but change change occurs in the
occurs in the direction direction perpendicular
of force. to force. 2
 Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

• Previously we formulated the Newton’s Law of Viscosity with only one viscous stress tensor
component (𝜏𝑦𝑥 )

• Usually we are interested in more complicated flows. The general case in this situation will
be

• Generalization of the Newton's Law of Viscosity in three dimensions took about a century
and half

• In this situation, there will be nine stress tensor components as discussed previously

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 Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

• Consider a small volume element as shown in

the figure

• Each face of the element has unit area

• The center of the volume element is at the

position x, y, z as shown in the figure

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Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

Normal stress

x-momentum flux in x-direction

𝜏𝑥𝑥

𝜏𝑦𝑥 Shear stress

x-momentum flux in y-direction

Vector Force per unit
area, 𝝅𝒙 = p𝜹𝒙 + 𝝉𝒙
𝜏𝑧𝑥 Shear stress

x-momentum flux in z-direction

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Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

Normal stress
𝜏𝑦𝑦 y-momentum flux in y-direction

𝜏𝑥𝑦 Shear stress

y-momentum flux in x-direction

Vector Force per unit

Shear stress area, 𝝅𝒚 = p𝜹𝒚 + 𝝉𝒚
𝜏𝑧𝑦 y-momentum flux in z-direction

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Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

Normal stress

𝜏𝑧𝑧 z-momentum flux in z-direction

Shear stress
𝜏𝑥𝑧
z-momentum flux in x-direction

Vector Force per unit

Shear stress area, 𝝅𝒛 = p𝜹𝒛 + 𝝉𝒛
𝜏𝑦𝑧 z-momentum flux in y-direction

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 Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧

𝜏𝑥𝑥
𝝉 𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑦

𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜏𝑧𝑧

All the component of viscous stress tensor 8

Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

• Molecular stress tensor in general

𝜋𝑖𝑗 = p𝛿𝑖𝑗 + 𝜏𝑖𝑗 , where i and j may be x, y and z

• 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = Kronrcker Delta

• 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 1, for i = j, 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 0, for i ≠ j

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Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)
𝜏𝑧𝑥
x-momentum flux

• 𝜋𝑖𝑗 = p𝛿𝑖𝑗 + 𝜏𝑖𝑗

• 𝛿𝑖𝑗 , i = x, y, z, j = x
𝜏𝑥𝑥
• 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 1, for i = j, 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 0, for i ≠ j

• 𝜋𝑥𝑥 = p + 𝜏𝑥𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑥
• 𝜋𝑦𝑥 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥

• 𝜋𝑧𝑥 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥
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Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

𝜏𝑧𝑦 y-momentum flux

• 𝜋𝑖𝑗 = p𝛿𝑖𝑗 + 𝜏𝑖𝑗

• 𝛿𝑖𝑗 , i = x, y, z, j = y
𝜏𝑥𝑦
• 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 1, for i = j, 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 0, for i ≠ j

• 𝜋𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜏𝑦𝑦
• 𝜋𝑦𝑦 = p + 𝜏𝑦𝑦

• 𝜋𝑧𝑦 = 𝜏𝑧𝑦
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Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

𝜏𝑧𝑧
z-momentum flux

• 𝜋𝑖𝑗 = p𝛿𝑖𝑗 + 𝜏𝑖𝑗

𝜏𝑥𝑧 • 𝛿𝑖𝑗 , i = x, y, z, j = z

• 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 1, for i = j, 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 0, for i ≠ j

𝜏𝑦𝑧 • 𝜋𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧

• 𝜋𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧

• 𝜋𝑧𝑧 = p + 𝜏𝑧𝑧
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Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

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 Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

Note:

• Force applied per unit area (p) is a separate force that generates molecular momentum flux
and convective momentum flux

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 Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

Non-Newtonian fluids and the impacts of many resulting parameters have not been included in
this equation yet, e.g.

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 Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

The generic equation for the viscous stress tensor may be written as

Or

Or more conveniently written as

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Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

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Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

Dilatational viscosity, also known as bulk viscosity, is a

measure of a fluid's resistance to changes in volume
or compression under an applied stress or pressure.
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Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(Bird, P-16)

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