IO

1
Recall

 We already learnt how to get input from console. Do you remember

the class we used for this?

2
 Console IO

 Java 6 introduces a new class called Console in java.io package.

 This class has convenient method that can prompt the user for the
input and read input from the terminal at the same time.
 It is also does has features that will not echo the password entry on
the screen.
 This class is character based.
 Console is a final class with no public constructors. To obtain
Console object
System.console() method is used which returns the only
instance that JVM has for this class
 Read and write operations are synchronized methods.
3
JVM and Console

 JVM has a console that is dependent upon the underlying platform.

This object can be obtained using the System.console() method that
returns Console object
 If the JVM is started from command line then its console will exist.
 If the virtual machine is started automatically or from an IDE then
console will not be available.
 Therefore before using the Console object, a check for null has to be
done to ensure that the object exists.
if ((cons = System.console()) != null){
…
}
4
 Console Methods

 Console format(String fmt, Object... args)

 Console printf(String fmt, Object... Args)
 Used to write formatted data. The fmt represents format string which
are same as the one that was used for System.out.printf.
 String readLine(String fmt, Object... args0)
 Prompts and reads a single line of text
 String readLine()
 reads a single line of text
 char[] readPassword(String fmt, Object... args)
 Prompts and reads a password or passphrase from the console with
echoing disabled
 char[] readPassword()
 reads a password or passphrase from the console with echoing
disabled

5
 Example
import java.io.Console;
import java.util.Arrays;

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String pass="abcd";
Console c = System.console();
if (c == null) {
System.err.println("Console Object is not available.");
System.exit(1);
}
String login = c.readLine(“Login:");
char [] pwd = c.readPassword(“Password: ");
String s=new String(pwd);
if(s.equals(pass)) System.out.println("Right pwd");
else System.out.println("Incorrect pwd");
}}
Note that this code throws an exception at runtime when run on eclipse. It
prints “Console Object is not available”.
But it works fine when you run from the command prompt.
6
Working with files at OS level

 java.io.File class can be used to work with system dependent

commands for files and directories.
 The path name in the code hence will depend on the underlying OS
in which JVM is installed.
 To make the code portable so that it works on all systems, static
member separator defined in the File class can be used.
 The path name can be either absolute or relative.

7
 Creating a file using File
 File(String pathname)
 Creates a new File instance (if relative path is given then it converts
it into abstract pathname)
 File(String parent, String child)
 File(File parent, String child)
 Creates a new File instance from a parent pathname and a child
pathname string. If “parent” is null then it behaves like the single-
argument File constructor
 boolean createNewFile() throws IOException
 creates a new, empty file if a file with the name (as specified in the
constructor) does not exist and returns true; otherwise it returns false.
Note that this method throws IOException if I/O error occurs
 So to create a file:
 Create instance of File object
 Call createNewFile method
8
 Other members in File
 static final String separator
 system-dependent separator character
 boolean delete()
 Deletes the file or directory. Directory must be empty in order to be
deleted. Returns true if the delete operation is successful.
 void deleteOnExit()
 Deletes the file or directory when the virtual machine terminates.
Deletion happen only for normal termination of the virtual machine.
Once deletion has been requested, it is not possible to cancel the
request
 boolean renameTo(File dest )
 Renames the file . This is system dependent so return value should
always be checked to make sure that the rename operation was
successful 9
 boolean mkdir()
 Creates the directory named by the pathname. Returns true if the
directory was created; false otherwise
 boolean mkdirs()
 Creates the directory named by this pathname, including any
necessary but nonexistent parent directories. Note that if this
operation fails it may have succeeded in creating some of the
necessary parent directories.
 boolean isDirectory()
 Returns true if the File object denotes a directory; false otherwise.
 String getName()
 Returns the name of the file or directory . just the last name in the
pathname's name sequence
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 String[] list()
 Returns list names files and directories in the directory
 boolean isFile()
 Returns true if the File object denotes a file; false otherwise.
 boolean isHidden()
 Returns true if the File object is a hidden file; false otherwise.
 boolean exists()
 Returns true if the file or directory exists; false otherwise
 String getAbsolutePath()
 Returns the absolute pathname string of this abstract pathname
 long lastModified()

 Returns the time that the file object was last modified.
 long length()
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 Returns the length of the file, unspecified it is a directory.
New methods added in Java 6
 boolean canExecute()
 boolean canRead()
 boolean canWrite()
 Returns true if the application can execute/read/write the file
denoted; false otherwise
 boolean setXxx(boolean permission)
 setXxx(boolean permission, boolean ownerOnly)
 Xxx could be Readable, Executable or Writable
 Sets the read/execute/write permission if permission is true
 ownerOnly is true then the read/execute/write permission applies
only to the owner's execute permission provided underlying file
system can distinguish between owner and others; otherwise, it
applies to everybody. 12
Example: Creating a file

Creates a new file named newFile.txt. If file exists then it deletes the file
and creates a new one

import java.io.*;
class FileOper{
public static void main(String str[]){
try{
File file = new File("newFile.txt");
if(file.exists())
file.delete();
boolean b=file.createNewFile();
System.out.println(b);
}catch(IOException e){ }
}}
13
 What are streams
 An IO stream is an abstract term for any type of input or output device.
 There are 2 types of stream
 Input stream to read data from a source. An input stream may be
files, keyboard, console, other programs, a network, or an array!
 Output stream to read data into a destination. An output stream may
be disk files, monitor, a network, other programs, or an array
 Fundamentally stream may be
 Byte stream : data read or written is in the form of byte
or
 Character stream: data read or written is in the form of character
 Stream is a sequence of data

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Stream types in Java
 Character stream
 Character stream writer classes
 Character stream reader classes

 Byte stream
 Byte stream writer classes
 Byte stream reader classes
 Supports Serialization

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Character stream

 As we are aware, the character in java is in the form of unicode.

 Character stream I/O automatically translates unicode to the local
character set.
 At the top of the hierarchy we have Reader and Writer abstract
classes are provided

 First we will explore Writer classes

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Hierarchy of character stream writer

Writer

CharArrayWriter

StringWriter

OutputStreamWriter FileWriter

BufferedWriter

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 Writer
void write(char[] cbuf)
void write(char[] cbuf, int off, int len)
void write(String str)
void write(String str, int off, int len)
void write(int c)
void close()
void flush()

 It is an abstract class for writing to character streams. Methods are to write

or append a character or character array or strings and flush.
 All the methods throw IOException.

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 CharArrayWriter
 CharArrayWriter allows to write data into char array.
 Constructors:
CharArrayWriter()
CharArrayWriter(int initialSize)
 Methods
char[] toCharArray()
int size()
String toString()
CharArrayWriter append(char c)
void writeTo(Writer out)

And all the methods of the Writer class.

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 StringWriter
 StringWriter allows to write data string.
 Constructors:
 StringWriter()
 StringWriter(int initialSize)
 Methods
 StringWriter append(char c)
 String toString()
 StringBuffer getBuffer()

20
OutputStreamWriter
An OutputStreamWriter is a used as a bridge from character
streams to byte streams:
Constructor:
OutputStreamWriter(OutputStream out)
 OutputStream is a the top-most class in the byte stream (like
Writer is top-most class in the character stream )
Example:
Writer out = new OutputStreamWriter(System.out);
If you remember out is a member of System class which is of type
PrintStream which is subclass of OutputStream.
public void write(int c)
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 Example : OutputStreamWriter
The code extracts part of string and displays on the console.
Note the way we have used finally to close the stream.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Writer out = new OutputStreamWriter(System.out);
String s="hello java";
try {
out.write(s, 3, 5);
} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}
finally{
try {
out.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace(); Result
} lo ja
}}}
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 FileWriter
FileWriter inherits from OutputStreamWriter.
Constructors:
FileWriter(File file)
FileWriter(String fileName)
Creates an instance of FileWriter and also the file if it does not exist.
If it exists it overwrites.
If the file exists but is a directory rather than a regular file IOException
is thrown
 FileWriter(File file, boolean append)
 FileWriter(String fileName, boolean append)
Provide same functionalities as that of the previous constructor, if append
is true, then data will be written to the end of the file rather than the
beginning.

All constructors throw IOException 23

Example: Using CharArrayWriter &
FileWriter
In this example we first get all the command-line strings in a CharArrayWriter
and then copy the content of CharArrayWriter to a file using FileWriter
import java.io.*;
public class CharWriterMain {
public static void main(String args[]) {
FileWriter f2 =null;
try{
CharArrayWriter f= new CharArrayWriter();
int i=1;
for (String s:args){
char buf[] = s.toCharArray() ;
f.write(i++ +".");
f.write(buf,0,s.length());
f.write("\n");
}
f2 =new FileWriter("register.txt");
f.writeTo(f2);
} catch(IOException ioe){}
24
finally{
try{if(f2!=null)f2.close();}
catch(IOException e){}}
}}

On executing with the following command

line arguments
java CharWriterMain Ramakrishna
Sharada

register.txt file gets created .

When we open the file we find that the
newline char is written into the file.

This happen s because Notepad expects

"lines" to be separated by \r\n.

Since line separator is OS dependent best

way to code this would be to use
newLine() discussed in the next slide. 25
 BufferedWriter
 This class wraps the Writer class to provide additional functionality of
buffering characters for the efficient writing of single characters, arrays, and
strings.
Constructors:
BufferedWriter(Writer out)
BufferedWriter(Writer out, int size)
Creates a buffered character stream object. The default buffer size is large
enough for most purposes. In cases where more is required size can be
specified.
If size<0 _________________ is thrown.
(Can you guess what exception it could be?)
Methods:
void newLine() throws IOException 26
Example : Creating a CSV file
 This example creates a csv file by getting the inputs from the user.
 Note the use of separator while specifying absolute path.
import java.io.*;
public class CSVWrite {
public static void main(String args[]) {
BufferedWriter f2=null;
try{
f2= new BufferedWriter(new
FileWriter("D:"+File.separator+"a.csv"));
while(true){
Console c= System.console();
String s=c.readLine("Enter Name");
f2.write(s+","); 27
s=c.readLine("Enter ID");
f2.write(s+",");
f2.append(',');
s=c.readLine("Enter Degree");
f2.write(s+",");
f2.newLine();
s=c.readLine("do you want to continue(y/n)");
if(s.equalsIgnoreCase("n")) return;
} } catch(IOException ioe){}
finally{
try{if(f2!=null)f2.close();}
catch(IOException e){}}
}}
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Hierarchy of character stream reader
Reader class hierarchy is very similar to that of the Writer hierarchy.
FileReader and FileWriter form pairs where one can be used
for reading the text which other has written. Similarly we have
CharArrayReader and CharArrayWriter,
Reader InputStreamReader and OutputStreamWriter,
BufferedReader and BufferedWriter

CharArrayReader

BufferedReader LineNumberInputStream

FilterReader PushbackReader

InputStreamReader FileReader
29

…
 Reader
Reader is an abstract class for reading character streams.
Methods:
void close()
int read()
int read(char[] cbuf, int off, int len)
void mark(int readAheadLimit)
void reset()
 Marks the current position in the stream. When reset() is called after
mark() the file pointer is positioned to the marked position.
 readAheadLimit is used to specify how many characters can be read
further from the marked position so as to retain the marked position. If
characters read is greater than what is specified in readAheadLimit,
then calling reset does not position the file pointer in the marked position.
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long skip(long n)
boolean markSupported()
mark() and reset() are optional methods that is not all
implementing class need to provide the implementation for mark()
and reset(). Therefore before they are used we must test if
they are supported by the implementing class using
markSupported()

All of the methods except markSupported() throw IOException.

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CharArrayReader and StringReader

The data source for this class is a character array. Therefore reading
happens from here.
CharArrayReader(char[] buf)
CharArrayReader(char[] buf, int offset, int length)
This class supports mark() and reset()

The data source for this class is a character array. Therefore reading
happens from here.

StringReader(String s)

This class supports mark() and reset()

32
 Example: using mark and reset
 This example reads from a string and prints “Right-Shift” when it encounters
“>>” and “Greater-Than” when it encounters „>‟.
 Note how we have read-ahead to see if the next symbol to > is again a >,
used mark to go back and read if the symbol is not >.
import java.io.*;
class Expression {
public static void main(String[] s) throws IOException{
String s1="1>>2>3>4>>5;";
StringReader sw= new StringReader(s1);
int i;
while((i=sw.read())!=';„){
if(i=='>') {
sw.mark(1); 1 Right-Shift 2 Greater-Than 3 Greater-Than 4 Right-Shift 5
i=sw.read();
if(i=='>') System.out.print(" Right-Shift ");
else{ System.out.print(" Greater-Than ");
sw.reset();}}
else System.out.print((char)i);}} }
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 PushbackReader
 This class allows characters to be pushed back into the stream. This is a
wrapper class.
 This class supports mark() and reset()
 Constructor
 PushbackReader(Reader in)
 Methods
 void unread(int c)
Pushes back a character specified by c by copying it to the front of
the pushback buffer. Next character that will be read is c.
 void unread(char[] cbuf)
 void unread(char[] cbuf, int off, int len)
Pushes back a char array or part of char array (of length len starting
from offset off) by copying it to the front of the pushback
 long skip(long n)
Places the file pointer after n characters. 34
 Example: PushbackReader
 Same as the previous example using PushbackReader.
import java.io.*;
class TestWrite {
public static void main(String[] s) throws IOException{
String s1="1>>2>3>4>>5;";
StringReader sw= new StringReader(s1);
PushbackReader f = new PushbackReader(sw);
int i;
while((i=f.read())!=';'){
if(i=='>') {
i=f.read();
if(i=='>') System.out.print(" Right-Shift ");
else{ System.out.print(" Greater-Than ");
f.unread(i);}}
else System.out.print((char)i);}} }

Can you guess the result if f.unread(i) changed to f,unread(„#‟)

35
InputStreamWriter
An InputStreamWriter is a used as a bridge from character streams
to byte streams:
Constructor:
InputStreamWriter(InputStream out)
 InputStream is a the top-most class in the byte stream (like
Reader is top-most class in the character stream )
Example:
Reader out = new new InputStreamReader(System.in);
System.in returns InputStream object.

36
 FileReader
FileReader is subclass of InputStreamWriter
This class is used to read from a text file.
Constructors:
FileReader(File file) throws FileNotFoundException
FileReader(String fileName) throws
FileNotFoundException
Either filename can be specified as a String or File object is passed to the
FileReader constructor.
If the file specified by the name does not exist a
FileNotFoundException is thrown
FileNotFoundException is a subclass of IOException
37
BufferedReader
 Reads text from a character-input stream by buffering characters for
the efficient reading of characters, arrays, and lines.
Constructor:
BufferedReader(Reader in)
BufferedReader(Reader in, int sz)
The default buffer size is large enough for most purposes. In cases
where more is required size can be specified.

Methods:
String readLine() throws IOException
This class supports mark() and reset()
38
LineNumberReader
This class is subclass of BufferedReader. So in addition to providing
buffering it is also used to get and set the line number.
Constructor:
LineNumberReader(Reader in)
LineNumberReader(Reader in, int sz)
Methods:
int getLineNumber()
void setLineNumber(int lineNumber)
By default the line number begins from 0.
This class supports mark() and reset()

39
Example: Reading from a CSV file
Code reads from a CSV file and prints on the console
public static void main(String[] as) throws IOException{
LineNumberReader f2=null;
try{
f2= new LineNumberReader(new
FileReader("D:"+File.separator+"a.csv"));
String s=null;
while((s=f2.readLine())!=null){
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer(s,",");
while(st.hasMoreElements()){
System.out.print(f2.getLineNumber());
System.out.print(" Name:" +st.nextElement());
System.out.print("ID:" +st.nextElement());
System.out.println("Degree:" +st.nextElement());
} } }catch(IOException ioe){}
finally{
try{if(f2!=null)f2.close();} 40
catch(IOException e){}} }}
Hierarchy of byte stream

InputStream

Reading happens in the form

ObjectInputStream of byte.

ByteArrayInputStream

FilterInputStream BufferedInputStream

LineNumberInputStream

PushbackInputStream

DataInputStream

41
OutputStream
DataOutput interface

ObjectOutputStream

ByteArrayOutputStream

FilterOutputStream

BufferedOutputStream
Writing happens in
the form of byte. ObjectOutputStream

PrintStream

42
Example: using byte stream
 Classes which are not in red in the last 2 slides are similar/parallel to
character stream classes . Only difference is in place of char array
we have byte array. So we end with an example for these classes.
 Example below copies the content of one file into another file.

import java.io.*;
public class CopyFile {
public static void main(String[] args) throws
IOException {
File file1 = new File("D:"+File.separator+"read.txt");
File file2 = new
File("D:"+File.separator+"write.txt");
FileInputStream fin=null;
FileOutputStream fout=null;
43
try {
fin = new FileInputStream(file1);
fout = new FileOutputStream (file2);
byte fileContent[] = new byte[(int)file1.length()];
fin.read(fileContent);
String strFileContent = new String(fileContent);
fout.write(fileContent);
System.out.println(strFileContent);
}
catch(FileNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println("File not found" + e);
}
catch(IOException ioe) {
System.out.println("Exception while reading the
file " + ioe);
}
finally{
if(fin!=null)fin.close();
if(fout!=null)fout.close();}}}
44
DataInputStream and
DataOutputStream

 A data input stream and data output stream lets an application read
and write primitive Java data types from an underlying input stream
and output stream in a machine-independent way.
 An application uses a data output stream to write data that can later
be read by a data input stream and vice versa.

45
DataOutputStream methods
Inherited from OutputStream
void write(int b)
void write(byte[] b, int off, int len)
void writeXxx(xxx v)

DataInputStream methods Inherited from InputStream

int read(byte[] b)
int read(byte[] b, int off, int len)

xxx readXxx()

where xxx can be byte, short, int, long, char, float,

double.
All the above methods throw IOException
46
 Example: using DataInputStream and
DataOutputStream
Example shows how primitive can be written and read using
DataOutputtream and DataInputStream

import java.io.*;
class Test{
public static void main(String[] st) throws Exception{
DataOutputStream out= new DataOutputStream(new
FileOutputStream("a.txt"));
int i=10;
double d= 12.3;
out.writeInt(i);
out.writeDouble(d);
out.close();
DataInputStream in= new DataInputStream(new
FileInputStream("a.txt"));
System.out.println( in.readInt() );
System.out.println( in.readDouble() );
in.close();
} } 47
PrintStream
 PrintStream is a class that has functionality like the ability to
print representations of various data values conveniently.
 System.out is an instance of PrintStream.
 Apart from this, two other functionalities that are provided here are:
A) Unlike other output streams, a PrintStream never throws an
IOException
B)The flush() method can be made to automatically invoked after
println method is invoked or newline („\n‟) is written.

48
PrintStream members
Constructors:
PrintStream(File file) throws FileNotFoundException
PrintStream(OutputStream out,[boolean autoFlush])
PrintStream(String fileName) throws
FileNotFoundException
( The option in square brackets are optional)
void print(xxx b)
void println(xxx b)
where xxx is any primitive type, String or Object.
PrintStream printf(String format, Object... args)
PrintStream format(String format, Object... args)
Both of the above methods have same functionality.
49
We have been using theses method extensively through System.out
Serialization
 The mechanism of storing the state of an object in the hard disk so
that it can be restored later by your program.
 Serialization enables storing values of all instance variables which
includes both primitives and Serializable objects.
 Serialization mechanism creates a file into which the state of the
object is written.
 This file can later be read by the java program which can then
restore the object‟s state.
 ObjectOutputStream and ObjectInputStream classes are
used for these purposes. They are wrapper classes that take
OutputStream and InputStream objects respectively

50
ObjectOutputStream &
ObjectInputStream
 ObjectOutputStream
 ObjectOutputStream(OutputStream out)throws
IOException
 void writeXxx(xxx v) where xxx is any primitive type, or
Object
 void write(int x)
 And all the methods from OutputStream
 ObjectInputStream
 ObjectInputStream(InputStream in) throws
IOException
 xxx readXxx() where xxx is any primitive type, or Object
 int read()
 And all the methods from InputStream 51
Steps to save and retrieve an object’s state
Saving an object state
1. FileOutputStream f= new
FileOutputStream(“MySerFile.ser”);
2. ObjectOutputStream obfile= new
ObjectOutputStream(f);
3. obfile.writeObject(objectInstance);
4. Obfile.close();

Retrieving an object state

1. FileInputStream f= new
FileInputStream(“MySerFile.ser”);
2. ObjectInputStream obfile= new
ObjectInputStream(f);
3. Object o=obfile.readObject();
4. MyObject m=(MyObject)o;
5. Obfile.close();
52
java.io.Serializable
 Only the objects which implement Serializable interface can be
serialized.
class MyObject implements Serializable{… }
 Serializable is a marker interface.
 If object has references, then the references also must be either
Serializable or should be marked transient.
 In JSE, some classes are not Serializable. For example Thread
class, Subclasses of Writer, Reader, InputStream,
OutputStream.
 All the collection classes, all primitive wrappers, String,
StringBuffer, StringBuilder are Serializable
 If an attempt to serialize an object that does not implement
Serializable is made, NotSerializableException is thrown.
53
transient

 Instance variables marked transient will not be saved.

 When object is de-serialized the transient variables are set to the
default value based on their type.
 During serialization even the private state of the object is stored.
 Hence sensitive information like credit card number, password, a file
descriptor contains a handle that provides access to an operating
system resource must be marked transient.
 Also if a class contains references of object that cannot be serialized
(like Thread), must be marked Serializable .

54
Example: Serialization
package general;
public abstract class Person
implements Serializable{
…
}
import java.io.*;
public class SerializeP {
public static void main(String str[]) throws
IOException{
Teacher f=new Teacher ("Tom");

55
//saving Teacher
ObjectOutputStream o=
new ObjectOutputStream(
new FileOutputStream("t.ser"));
o.writeObject(f);
o.close(); Could be any extension

// reloading the object state from file

ObjectInputStream in= new ObjectInputStream(
new FileInputStream(“t.ser"));
f=(Teacher )in.readObject();
System.out.println(f);
in.close();
}}
56
 Beware!

 You could save any number of object in a file

 Objects are read back in the same sequence as they are written.
 Care must be taken while de-serializing the objects.
1. The objects must be cast into its correct type otherwise an
ClassCastException will be thrown at runtime
2. The objects must be retrieved in the same way as they are saved. For
instance, if you save an integer using writeInt() then you must
retrieve using readInt() method. Using readObject() and
casting it back to int will not work( an
java.io.OptionalDataException will be thrown at runtime)
 Safest and more common way to save and retrieved is to use
writeObject() and readObject() methods
57
 Properties

 Properties are strings stored as key-value pairs that are stored in a

file.
 These values are generally used for configuration purpose like
application startup parameter values, database configuration values
or can be even used to standardize error messages
 The application reads the value of a property based on the key.
 For example
username scott
password tiger
could represent key-value pair for a database configuration file.
 Invariably most of the application need to read from this kind of file.
58
 java.util.Properties

 Java provides a simple class called Properties that helps reading

from and writing into property file.
 Properties class inherits from Hashtable class.
 Call you recall methods of Hashtable class?
 Using the methods of Hashtable is not advisable as they allow the
insertions of key-value that are not strings.
 Instead methods provided in Properties class like
setProperties(), getProperties() are to be used.
 The class has methods to load data from XML file as well. At this point
we are not going to look at these methods.

59
 Members of Properties
 Properties()
 Properties(Properties defaults)
 void load(InputStream inStream) throws IOException
 void load(Reader reader) throws IOException
Reads a key and element pairs from a character stream or byte stream.
 Object setProperty(String key, String value
 String getProperty(String key)
 String getProperty(String key, String defaultValue)
setProperty()calls sets the key-value pair in the
getProperty() looks for the property with the specified key in this
property list. If the key is not found in this file, the default property list,
and its defaults, recursively, are then checked. The method returns null
in case of the 1st getProperty() method and defaultValue in
case of 2nd if the property is not found.
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 void store(OutputStream out, String comments) throws
IOException
 void store(Writer writer, String comments) throws
IOException
Write the key-values pairs in the property list to the byte/character
stream.

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 Structure of a property file
 Properties are processed in terms of lines. There are 2 types of line (as
specified by the API)
 Natural line:
 Line of characters terminated by \n or \r or \r\n
 Example: blank line, comment line
 Comment line begins within # or !
 # This is a property file
 Logical line:
 Line that holds all the data of a key-element pair or
 Multiple (natural) lines by escaping the line terminator sequence
with a backslash character \. Any white space at the start of
subsequent line is ignored. (example in next slide)
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 Key-Value pair in a logical line
 The key contains all of the characters in the line starting with the first
non-white space character and up to, but not including, the first = or :
or blank spaces.
 Examples of acceptable key-value pairs:
 flowers rose
 flowers:rose, lily
 flowers:rose,lily
 flowers : rose
 flowers=rose
 flowers = rose
 flowers rose, lily, \
lotus, orchid
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 Example: Property file
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Properties;

public class PtyFile {

public static void writeProperties() {
FileWriter fileWriter = null;
try{
Properties props = new Properties();
fileWriter = new FileWriter("D:"+
File.separator+"db.properties");
props.setProperty("uname", "scott");
props.setProperty("pwd", "tiger");
props.store(fileWriter,"Database
credentials");
}catch(IOException ioe){ ioe.printStackTrace(); }
finally{ try{
fileWriter.close();
}catch(IOException ioe1){} }
} 64
public static void main(String[] args) {
//writeProperties();
readProperties(); }

public static void readProperties() {

FileReader fileReader = null;
try{
Properties props = new Properties();
fileReader = new FileReader("D:"+
File.separator+"db.properties");
props.load(fileReader);

System.out.println(props.getProperty("uname"));
System.out.println(props.getProperty("pwd"));
}catch(IOException ioe){ ioe.printStackTrace();}
finally{
try{ fileReader.close();
}catch(IOException ioe1){ }
} } 65
Result

Result of execution of the code

scott
tiger

66
 Resource bundles

 Resource bundle is also like properties files.

 But these are specifically used to store locale-specific information
usually used for internationalization/globalization of messages.
 For every locale there could be separate resource bundle.
 For example, we could have 2 different files one for US (English ) as
ResBun_en_US.properties and another for France(french) as
ResBun_fr_FR.properties.
 Two java classes are of help here
 ResourceBundle
 Locale

67
 java.util.Locale
 This class is used to represents a specific geographical, political, or
cultural region.
 The date format, for instance are different in different regions. In India,
we have dd/mm/yyyy where as in US they follow mm/dd/yyyy.
 Application must be locale sensitive when it displays data so that users
are comfortable.
 Constructor
 Locale(String language)
 Locale(String language, String country)
 Locale(String language, String country, String
variant)
 Language argument should be ISO Language
Code(http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/englangn.html)
 Country argument should be ISO Country
(http://www.iso.ch/iso/en/prods-services/iso3166ma/02iso-3166-code-
lists/list-en1.html )
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 Members of Locale
 Static constant that return local for many language and countries (some of
them are listed here)
 static final Locale ENGLISH
 static final Locale FRENCH
 static final Locale GERMAN
 static final Locale CHINESE
 static final Locale JAPANESE
 static final Locale US
 static final Locale UK
 static final Locale GERMANY
 static final Locale CHINA
 static final Locale JAPAN
 Get methods like
 String getCountry()
 String getLanguage()
 static Locale getDefault() which gets the current value of
the default locale for this instance of the Java Virtual Machine.
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 ResourceBundle
 This is abstract class.
 This class allows working with the resource bundle files with the help of
Locale class.
 The resource bundle files are to be named in specific manner.
 baseName + "_" + language1 + "_" + country1
 baseName + "_" + language1
 baseName

 Extension could be either .properties or .class.

 Example:
 ResBun_en_US.properties
 ResBun_fr_FR.properties
 ResBun_en_US.class
70
 Members of ResourceBundle
 There are many overloaded getBundle() methods in this class of which
we are looking at only two in this session:
 static final ResourceBundle getBundle(String baseName)
 Gets the default locale specific resource bundle using the specified
base name
 static final ResourceBundle getBundle(String baseName,
Locale locale)
 Gets the locale specific resource bundle using the specified base
name
These methods throw a MissingResourceException when the file is
not found
 Locale getLocale()
 This method is usually called after getBundle() to make sure that
the resource bundle returned was really corresponds to the requested
locale or is a fallback. 71
Example: ResourceBundle

 GreetResourceBundle.properties
GoodMorning=Good Morning
Goodbye=Good Bye

 GreetResourceBundle_fr_FR.properties
GoodMorning=Bonjour
Goodbye=Au revoir

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import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.ResourceBundle;
import java.util.MissingResourceException;
public class ResBundle {
public static void main(String [] argv) {
try {
ResourceBundle rb1 =
ResourceBundle.getBundle("GreetResourceBundle");
System.out.println(rb1.getLocale());
System.out.println(rb1.getString("GoodMorning"));
System.out.println(rb1.getString("Goodbye"));
Locale frenchLocale = new Locale("fr", "FR");
ResourceBundle rb =
ResourceBundle.getBundle("GreetResourceBundle",
frenchLocale);
System.out.println(rb.getString("GoodMorning"));
System.out.println(rb.getString("Goodbye"));
} catch (MissingResourceException mre) {
mre.printStackTrace();73 } }}
 RandomAccessFile
 This class supports both reading and writing to a file simultaneously.
 A file pointer is maintained which can be read by
the getFilePointer() method and set by the seek() method.
 Constructor:
 RandomAccessFile(File file, String mode)
 Methods:
 String readLine()
 void writeBytes(String s)
 XXX readXXX() where XXX represents all primitive type.
 XXX writeXXX() where XXX represents all primitive type.
 void seek(long pos)
 long length()
74
 long getFilePointer()
 Modes
 r: Open for reading only. Invoking any of the write methods of the
resulting object will cause an IOException to be thrown.
 rw: Open for reading and writing. If the file does not already exist then
an attempt will be made to create it.
 rws: Same as rw, and also require that every update to the file's
content or metadata be written synchronously to the underlying storage
device.
 rwd: Same as rw, and also require that every update to the file's
content be written synchronously to the underlying storage device.

75
 Example: RandomAccessFile
Code that replaces : by ;
import java.io.*;
public class Semi {
public static void main(String str[]) {
try {
File file = new File("Test1.java");
RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(file,"rw");
String s="";
long fp=raf.getFilePointer();
while((s= raf.readLine())!=null){
System.out.println("line: " +s);
if(s.contains(":")){
s= s.replace(':', ';');
raf.seek(fp);
raf.writeBytes(s); }
fp=raf.getFilePointer(); }
raf.close(); } catch (IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();} }}
76