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Well Performance & Modelling

This document discusses well performance and reservoir modelling. It covers key topics like reservoir types and drive mechanisms, well completions, wellhead equipment, and reservoir deliverability calculations. The Darcy equation for steady-state flow is presented. Input data needed for reservoir modelling software like Prosper is also outlined, including fluid properties, PVT correlations, equipment specifications, and downhole conditions. The overall goal is to understand well and reservoir performance to optimize oil and gas production.

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Oktodas Waraney
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122 views

Well Performance & Modelling

This document discusses well performance and reservoir modelling. It covers key topics like reservoir types and drive mechanisms, well completions, wellhead equipment, and reservoir deliverability calculations. The Darcy equation for steady-state flow is presented. Input data needed for reservoir modelling software like Prosper is also outlined, including fluid properties, PVT correlations, equipment specifications, and downhole conditions. The overall goal is to understand well and reservoir performance to optimize oil and gas production.

Uploaded by

Oktodas Waraney
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Well Performance and

Modelling
Contents

 Introduction
 Oilfield Equipment
 Inflow Performance
 Wellbore Performance
 Choke Performance
 Well Deliverability
 Problem Wells
 Production Optimisation
The Petroleum Production
System
• The Role of the
Production Engineer is
to maximise oil and
gas production in a
cost effective and
safe manner.
• Well Integrity +
Production
Improvement.
The Reservoir
 A Reservoir is a porous and permeable underground
formation containing an individual bank of hydrocarbons
confined by impermeable rock or water barriers and is
characterized by a single natural pressure system
 An Oil that is at a pressure above its bubble point pressure is
called an “undersaturated oil” because it can dissolve
more gas at a given temperature. Single Phase Flow
prevails in an undersaturated oil reservoir.
 Classification of Reservoirs :
 Oil, Gas, Condensate
 Traps (Structural or Stratigraphic)
 Drive Mechanism (Water Drive, Gas Cap Drive, Dissolved
Gas Drive)
Reservoir
Water Drive Reservoir

 In water Drive Reservoirs, the oil zone is


connected by a continuous path to the
aquifer
 The pressure caused by the “column” of
water forces the oil to the well bore. The trap
boundary restricts the oil and gas
 With the same oil production reservoir
pressure can be maintained above the
bubble point.
 A steady state flow condition can prevail in
the reservoir for a long time before water
breakthrough into the well
Water Drive Mechanisms
Water Drive Reservoir
The Well Completion
The Wellhead
Christmas Tree and Packer
 The Purposes of the Christmas Tree are to:
 Provides the primary means of closing in the well
 Isolate the well from adjacent wells
 Connect a flowline
 Provide Vertical access for well intervention (slickline, eline, Coiled tubing,
etc.)
 Interface with the Tubing Hanger
 Connect or interface the tree to the wellhead
 Packers provide a structural purpose (anchor the tubing to the casing)
and a sealing purpose. They are used to:
 isolate the annulus to provide sufficient barriers or casing corrosion
prevention
 Isolate different production zones for zonal isolation
 Provide a repair or isolation capacity
Wellhead Chokes
 Used to:
 limit production rates for regulations
 protect surface equipment from slugging
 avoid sand problems due to high drawdown
 Control Flow Rate to avoid water or gas coning
 Placing a choke at the wellhead means fixing the wellhead pressure and thus,
the flowing bottom hole pressure and production rate.
 At Sonic flow conditions downstream pressure does not affect upstream pressure.
Decreasing the downstream pressure does not increase the flow rate. If the
pressure does not increase the flow rate.
 If the downstream pressure is gradually increased, there will be no change in
either the flow rate or the upstream pressure until the critical-subcritical flow
boundary pressure until the critical-subcritical flow boundary is reached
 The choke stabilises well production rate and separation operation conditions
Wellhead Chokes
The Mystery of XX
Tubing or Annulus Flow?
 Tubing and Annulus connected to the production
line
 Operations report says that there is tubing and
annulus flow
 Wireline report says that there is tubing and annulus
flow
 Prosper model believes that there is tubing and
annulus flow or a 3 ½ inch tubing
 How would you check?
Properties of Oil
 Rs (scf/stb) - Solution Gas Oil Ratio is defined as the
amount of gas (in standard condition) that will dissolve in a
unit volume of oil when both are taken down to the
reservoir at the prevailing temperature and pressure
141.5
 ◦ API = − 131.5
𝛾𝑜
 Bo (rb/stb) Formation volume Factor of Oil – The volume
occupied in the reservoir at the prevailing pressure and
temperature by a volume of oil in stock tank, plus its
dissolved gas
 Viscosity is an empirical parameter used for describing the
resistance to flow of fluid. The viscosity of oil is of interest in
well-inflow and hydraulics calculations in production
engineering. It can be measured in labs or predicted using
empirical correlations.
Reservoir Deliverability
 Steady State Flow is defined as the flow regime where the pressure at
any point in the reservoir remains constant over time.
 The pressure at the boundary of the reservoir remains constant.
Darcy Equation for Steady
State
 h – reservoir thickness
 k – effective reservoir horizontal permeability
 μo – viscosity of oil
 Bo – Oil Formation Volume Factor
 p – reservoir pressure at distance r from the wellbore
centre
 pe – pressure at the constant-pressure boundary
 re – distance of pressure boundary from the wellbore
centre
 rw – wellbore radius
 pwf – flowing bottom hole pressure
Prosper Data Input
 Options Summary
 Fluid Description
 Calculation Type
 Flow Type

 PVT Properties
 Correlations: Bubble Point, Solution GOR, Oil Formation Factor, Oil Viscosity
 Matching Data

 Equipment Data
 Deviation Survey
 Surface Equipment
 Downhole Equipment
 Geothermal Gradient
 Average Heat Capacities

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