Complex Analysis

GEN2804

Dr. M. Elgendy
1. Using complex number
2. Holomorphic functions
3. The Cauchy Riemann equations
4. Power series
5. Contour integration
6. Cauchy’s theorem
7. Cauchy’s integral formula
8. Laurent series
9. Residues and boundaries
10. Singularities and integrals
11. Polynomials and definite integrals
Dr. M. Elgendy
12. Further integration technique
13. Laplace transforms
14. Transforms calculus
15. The inverse Laplace transforms
16. The theory of distributions
17. Working with distributions
18. Convolution of function
19. The Fourier transform
20. Fourier inversion
21. Fourier transforms of distributions
22. Derivatives, series and integrals
23. A final application
Dr. M. Elgendy
Complex Number

Dr. M. Elgendy
complex number
Complex number z can be defined as ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) of real
numbers that are to be interpreted as points in the complex plane, with
rectangular coordinates 𝑥 and 𝑦. The real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦 are,
moreover, known as the real and imaginary parts of z, respectively; and
we write
𝑧 = (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧, 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑚𝑧.
𝑖 = −1 , 𝑖2 = −1,
𝑖3 = −𝑖 , 𝑖4 = 1
Dr. M. Elgendy
Two complex numbers z1 and z2 are equal whenever they have the same
real parts and the same imaginary parts. Thus, the statement 𝑧1 = 𝑧2
means that 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 correspond to the same point in the complex, or 𝑧,
plane. The sum 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 and product 𝑧1𝑧2 of two complex numbers
𝑧1 = (𝑥1, 𝑦1) and 𝑧2 = (𝑥2, 𝑦2) are defined as follows:
(𝑥1, 𝑦1) + (𝑥2, 𝑦2) = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2, 𝑦1 + 𝑦2),
(𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1) + (𝑥2 + 𝑖 𝑦2) = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2) + 𝑖 (𝑦1 + 𝑦2),
(𝑥1, 𝑦1)(𝑥2, 𝑦2) = (𝑥1𝑥2 − 𝑦1𝑦2, 𝑦1𝑥2 + 𝑥1𝑦2)
(𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1)(𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2) = (𝑥1𝑥2 − 𝑦1𝑦2) + 𝑖 (𝑦1𝑥2 + 𝑥1𝑦2) Dr. M. Elgendy
BASIC ALGEBRAIC PROPERTIES
The commutative laws
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 + 𝑧1,
𝑧1𝑧2 = 𝑧2𝑧1
the associative laws
(𝑧1 + 𝑧2) + 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 + (𝑧2 + 𝑧3),
(𝑧1𝑧2)𝑧3 = 𝑧1(𝑧2𝑧3)
the distributive law
𝑧(𝑧1 + 𝑧2) = 𝑧𝑧1 + 𝑧𝑧2
additive inverse
−𝑧 = − 𝑥, 𝑦 = (−𝑥, −𝑦)
𝑧 + −𝑧 = 0
Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. For any nonzero complex number 𝑧 = (𝑥, 𝑦), find the number 𝑧 −1
such that 𝑧𝑧 −1 = 1
𝑧𝑧 −1 = 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑢, 𝑣 = (1,0)
𝑥𝑢 − 𝑦𝑣 = 1 , 𝑦𝑢 + 𝑥𝑣 = 0

𝑥 −𝑦
𝑢= 2 , 𝑣= 2
𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥 + 𝑦2

−1
𝑥 −𝑦
𝑧 = 2 , 2 (𝑧 ≠ 0)
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2
2

Dr. M. Elgendy
Conjugate If 𝑧 is a complex number, the number obtained by changing
the sign of its imaginary part is called the complex conjugate, or simply
conjugate, of 𝑧 and is denoted by the symbol 𝑧. In other words, if
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then its conjugate is 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦.
1. 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2. 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
𝑧1 𝑧1
3. 𝑧1𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 4. =
𝑧2 𝑧2

𝑧+𝑧 𝑧−𝑧
5. 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = , 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 6. 𝑧 = 𝑧
2 2𝑖
Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. For any nonzero complex number 𝑧 = (𝑥, 𝑦), find the number 𝑧 −1

1 1 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
𝑧 −1 = = ∙
𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦

𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 𝑖𝑦
= 2 2
= 2 2
− 2
𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2

−1
𝑥 −𝑦
𝑧 = 2 , 2 (𝑧 ≠ 0)
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2
2

Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. If 𝑧1 = 2 + 4𝑖 and 𝑧2 = −3 + 8𝑖, find
(a) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 (b) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 (c) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 (d) 𝑧1𝑧2 (e)1/𝑧1 (f) z2/𝑧1

(a) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 2 + 4𝑖 + −3 + 8𝑖 = 2 − 3 + 4 + 8 𝑖
= −1 + 12𝑖
𝒃 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 2 − 4𝑖 + −3 − 8𝑖 = (−1 − 12𝑖)
𝒄 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = −1 + 12𝑖 = (−1 − 12𝑖)

(d) 𝑧1𝑧2 = 2 + 4𝑖 −3 + 8𝑖 = 2 −3 + 8𝑖 + 4𝑖 −3 + 8𝑖
= −6 − 12𝑖 + 16𝑖 + 32𝑖2 = −38 + 4𝑖 Dr. M. Elgendy
 1 1 1 2 − 4𝑖
𝒆 = = ∙
𝑧1 2 + 4𝑖 2 + 4𝑖 2 − 4𝑖
2 − 4𝑖
=
20

𝑧2 −3 + 8𝑖 −3 + 8𝑖 2 − 4𝑖
𝒇 = = ∙
𝑧1 2 + 4𝑖 2 + 4𝑖 2 − 4𝑖
26 − 28𝑖
=
20

Dr. M. Elgendy
Complex Plane
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
The horizontal or x-axis is called the real
axis because each point on that axis
represents a real number. The vertical or y-
axis is called the imaginary axis because a
point on that axis represents a pure
imaginary number.
Dr. M. Elgendy
The modulus of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, is the real number

|𝑧| = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

1. 𝑧 2 = 𝑧𝑧 , 𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧
𝑧1 |𝑧1|
2. 𝑧1𝑧2 = |𝑧1||𝑧2| , =
𝑧2 |𝑧2|

3. |𝑧1 − 𝑧2| = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1)2 +(𝑦2 − 𝑦1)2

4. 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + |𝑧2|
5. 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≥ | 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 |
Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. Describe the set of points z in the complex plane that satisfy
|𝑧| = |𝑧 − 𝑖|

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1

1
𝑦=
2
The last equation yields 𝑦 = 1/2.Since the equality is true for arbitrary 𝑥
Dr. M. Elgendy
Dr. M. Elgendy
Polar Form of Complex Numbers
Let 𝑟 and 𝜃 be polar coordinates of the point (𝑥, 𝑦)
that corresponds to a nonzero complex number
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦. Since 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃, the
number 𝑧 can be written in polar form as
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃).

𝑟= 𝑧 , 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑦/𝑥 , 𝜃 = Arg 𝑧

𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = Arg 𝑧 + 2𝑛𝜋 , 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, …

Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. Express − 3 − 𝑖 in polar form

2
𝑟= 𝑧 = − 3 + −1 2 =2

−1 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 =
− 3 6

𝜋 7𝜋
𝜃 = Arg 𝑧 = + 𝜋 =
6 6
7𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = + 2𝑛𝜋
6
Dr. M. Elgendy
 7𝜋 5𝜋
𝜃 = Arg 𝑧 = 2𝜋 − =
6 6

7𝜋 7𝜋
𝑧 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6

5𝜋 5𝜋
= 2 cos − + 𝑖 sin −
6 6

Dr. M. Elgendy
 3
Ex. Express in polar form
−1+𝑖

Dr. M. Elgendy
The symbol 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , or exp(𝑖𝜃), is defined by means of Euler’s formula as
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
where 𝜃 is to be measured in radians. It enables one to write the polar
form more compactly in exponential form as
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
Ex. Express −1 − 𝑖 as Exponential form
−1
−1 5𝜋
𝑟 = 𝑧 = 1+1= 2 , 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
−1 4
5𝜋
𝑧= 2𝑒 4𝑖 Dr. M. Elgendy
Dr. M. Elgendy
Multiplication and Division

𝑧1 = 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑟2(cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2)

𝑧1𝑧2 =
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 − sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2
=𝑟1 𝑟2 cos 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 + 𝜃2
𝜃1 +𝜃2
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒

𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑟1 𝜃1 −𝜃2
= cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 = 𝑒
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑟2
Dr. M. Elgendy
 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑟2(cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2)

𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝑧1/𝑛 = 𝑤𝑘 = 𝑟1/𝑛 cos + 𝑖 sin
𝑛 𝑛

𝜃+2𝑘𝜋
1/𝑛 𝑖 𝑛
=𝑟 𝑒 𝑘 = 0,1,2, . . , 𝑛 − 1
Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. Let 𝑧1 = 3 + 𝑖, 𝑧2 = − 3 − 𝑖 find
1/2
1) 𝑧1 𝑧2 2) 𝑧1 /𝑧2 3) 𝑧17 4) 𝑧23 5) 𝑧1

1 𝜋
𝑟1 = 𝑧 1 = 3 + 1 = 2 , 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 =
3 6

−1 −5𝜋
𝑟2 = 𝑧 2 = 3 + 1 = 2 , 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 =
− 3 6

Dr. M. Elgendy
 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
1) 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 2 2 cos − + 𝑖 sin −
6 6 6 6

2𝜋 2𝜋
= 4 cos − + 𝑖 sin −
3 3

2𝜋
−3𝑖 1 3
= 4𝑒 =4 − − 𝑖
2 2

Dr. M. Elgendy
 2 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
2) 𝑧1 /𝑧2 = cos + + 𝑖 sin +
2 6 6 6 6

= cos 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 𝜋 = 4𝑒 𝜋𝑖 = −1
𝜋 𝜋
3) 𝑧17 =2 7
cos 7 + 𝑖 sin 7
6 6
7𝜋
7 𝑖
= 2 𝑒 6 = −64( 3 + 𝑖)

7𝜋 7𝜋
4) 𝑧23 = 23 cos 3 + 𝑖 sin 3
6 6
7𝜋
= 23 𝑒 2 𝑖 = −8𝑖 Dr. M. Elgendy
 1/2 (𝜋/6) + 2𝑘𝜋 (𝜋/6) + 2𝑘𝜋
5) 𝑧1 = 𝑤𝑘 = 21/2 cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2
(𝜋/6)+2𝑘𝜋
𝑖
= 21/2 𝑒 2

𝑘 = 0,1

1/2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑘=0 𝑤0 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
12 12

1/2
13𝜋 13𝜋
𝑘=1 𝑤1 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
12 12
Dr. M. Elgendy
Dr. M. Elgendy
Dr. M. Elgendy
Sets of Points in the Complex Plane

Circles Suppose 𝑧0 = 𝑥0 + 𝑖𝑦0. Since

|𝑧 − 𝑧0| = (𝑥 − 𝑥0)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦0)2

is the distance between the points 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and
𝑧0 = 𝑥0 + 𝑖𝑦0, the points 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 that satisfy the
equation
|𝑧 − 𝑧0| = 𝜌, 𝜌>0
lie on a circle of radius 𝜌 centered at the point 𝑧0 Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex.
(a) |𝑧| = 1
is an equation of a unit circle centered at the origin.

(b) By rewriting |𝑧 − 1 + 3𝑖| = 5 as

|𝑧 − (1 − 3𝑖)| = 5,
the equation describes a circle of radius 5 centered at the point
𝑧0 = 1 − 3𝑖
Dr. M. Elgendy
Disks and Neighborhoods The points z that satisfy the inequality |𝑧 − 𝑧0|
≤ 𝜌 can be either on the circle |𝑧 − 𝑧0| = 𝜌 or within the circle which called a
disk of radius ρ centered at 𝑧0. But the points 𝑧 that satisfy the strict inequality
|𝑧 − 𝑧0| < 𝜌 lie within, and not on, a circle of radius ρ centered at the point z0
called a neighborhood of 𝑧0. A neighborhood is defined by the simultaneous
inequality 0 < |𝑧 − 𝑧0| < 𝜌 and is called a deleted neighborhood of 𝑧0.
point 𝑧0 is said to be an interior point of a set 𝑆 of the complex plane if there
exists some neighborhood of 𝑧0 that lies entirely within 𝑆. If every point 𝑧 of a
set 𝑆 is an interior point, then 𝑆 is said to be an open set.
Dr. M. Elgendy
Dr. M. Elgendy
Dr. M. Elgendy
With my best wishes

Dr. M. Elgendy