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    Public Health and Nutrition Lecture 1st

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    MUzman Khalid 33
    1) Public health involves preventing disease, promoting health and efficiency through organized community efforts like sanitation, disease control education, and access to medical services. 2) Key public health functions include surveillance of population health, developing policies to address issues, promoting health through education, and preventing diseases. 3) There are three levels of disease prevention - primary prevents disease, secondary intervenes early, and tertiary mitigates existing illness. Developing effective health programs is another important public health function.

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    Public Health and Nutrition Lecture 1st

    Uploaded by

    MUzman Khalid 33
    43 views23 pages
    1) Public health involves preventing disease, promoting health and efficiency through organized community efforts like sanitation, disease control education, and access to medical services. 2) Key public health functions include surveillance of population health, developing policies to address issues, promoting health through education, and preventing diseases. 3) There are three levels of disease prevention - primary prevents disease, secondary intervenes early, and tertiary mitigates existing illness. Developing effective health programs is another important public health function.

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    1) Public health involves preventing disease, promoting health and efficiency through organized community efforts like sanitation, disease control education, and access to medical services. 2) Key public health functions include surveillance of population health, developing policies to address issues, promoting health through education, and preventing diseases. 3) There are three levels of disease prevention - primary prevents disease, secondary intervenes early, and tertiary mitigates existing illness. Developing effective health programs is another important public health function.

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    43 views23 pages

    Public Health and Nutrition Lecture 1st

    Uploaded by

    MUzman Khalid 33
    1) Public health involves preventing disease, promoting health and efficiency through organized community efforts like sanitation, disease control education, and access to medical services. 2) Key public health functions include surveillance of population health, developing policies to address issues, promoting health through education, and preventing diseases. 3) There are three levels of disease prevention - primary prevents disease, secondary intervenes early, and tertiary mitigates existing illness. Developing effective health programs is another important public health function.

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    of 23

    Public Health and Nutrition

    Lecture by Mr. Usman


    Definitions and concepts
    Nutrition
    o study of food in relation to man, and study of man in relation to food
    o science of food as it relates to optimal health and performance
    o study of foods in relation to needs of living organisms
    Human Nutrition
    A scientific discipline concerned with the access and utilization of food and
    nutrients for life, health, growth, development and well-being.
    Scope of Human Nutrition
    ➢ Biological and metabolic nutrition
    ➢ Clinical nutrition
    ➢ Public health nutrition
    Public Health Definition
    (Winslow, 1920)
    • Public health is the science and art of preventing disease,
    prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficiency
    through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the
    environment, the control of community infections, the
    education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene,
    the organization of medical and nursing service for the early
    diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the
    development social machinery which will ensure to every
    individual in the community a standard of living adequate for
    the maintenance of health
    Public health defined by WHO
    • Public health is considered to be about the health of people
    or communities, as opposed to individual health.it is
    everyone's responsibility
    • The concept of public health is not unique and has changed
    over the years due to changes in the health status of the
    population and determining situations of health
    • This definition of public health is directly linked to the
    wider definition of health, found in the preamble of the
    constitution of the WHO (1948) where health is referred to
    as “ a state of complete physical, mental and social well-
    being and not merely the absence of disease.”
    Nutrition Needs
    Nutrition is a fundamental pillar of human life, health and development
    across the life span
    ❑ Fetal development
    ❑ Birth
    ❑ Infancy
    ❑ Childhood
    ❑ Adolescence
    ❑ Adulthood and old-age
    Proper food and good nutrition is essential for
    ❑ Survival
    ❑ Physical growth
    ❑ Mental development
    ❑ Performance and productivity
    Public Health Nutrition
    • Studies relationship between dietary intake and diseases
    • Uses tools of nutritional epidemiology
    • Knowledge for nutrition intervention to prevent disease
    Malnutrition:-
    A pathological state resulting from a relative or absolute
    deficiency or excess of one or more essential nutrients, this state
    being clinically manifested or detected only by biochemical,
    anthropometric or physiological tests.
    Forms of Malnutrition
    An isolated form of deficiency is rarity. Usually combinations of
    nutrients are missed
    Under nutrition:-
    pathological state resulting from the consumption of an inadequate
    quality/quantity over an extended period of time
    Specific deficiency:-
    The pathological state resulting from a relative/absolute deficiency
    of an individual nutrient
    Over nutrition:-
    pathological state resulting from the consumption of an energy
    excess, over an extended period of time
    Imbalance:-
    pathological state resulting from the disproportion of nutrients
    Examples
    ➢ Under nutrition: starvation, PEM kwashiorkor,
    marasmus, marasmic-kwashiorkor and under weight
    below the standard weight
    ➢ Over nutrition: Obesity, fluorosis, type-2 diabetes
    ➢ Specific deficiency diseases: vitamins and minerals e.g.
    • Xerophthalmia
    • Scurvy
    • Rickets
    • Pernicious anemia
    • Goiter
    • dwarfism
    Four major forms of malnutrition
    1. PEM (Protein energy malnutrition)
    2. IDA (iron deficiency anemia)
    3. VAD (vitamin A- deficiency)
    4. IDD (iodine deficiency)
    PEM
    • Growth faltering/ development
    • Children can recover their weights
    • Stunting is irreversible
    • Children below 30 months are most vulnerable(6-30) at risk
    IDA
    • Impairment of child growth and development
    • Increase morbidity and mortality rates
    • The main iron foliate deficiency
    • Poor iron absorption from cereal base
    • Blood loss from malaria, hookworm and schistosmiasis
    IDD
    • Affects development of children at all stages
    • Impairment of mental and intellectual functions
    • In severe cases deafness and mutism
    • Abortion and still birth rates
    • Pre natal and infant mortality
    VAD
    • Increase morbidity and mortality in young children
    • Main cause of blindness in childhood
    • Vitamin A supplementation can reduce childhood mortality by
    30%
    Public Health Overview

    2nd Lecture
    Key terms
    • Clinical care
    • Prevention
    • Treatment
    • Management of illness
    • Preservation of mental and physical well-being through the
    services offered by medical and allied health professions also
    known as health care
    Determinant factor:-
    Factors that contribute to the generation of traits
    Continued…
    Epidemic or outbreak:- occurrence in a community or
    region of cases of an illness, specific health related event
    clearly in excess of normal expectancy.
    Endemic:- A disease that exists permanently in particular
    regions or areas.
    Pandemic:-spreading of disease throughout the world
    Health outcomes:- result of medical condition that directly
    effects the length or quality of a persons life.
    Public Health vision
    • Public health is the combination of sciences, skills, and beliefs
    that is directed to the maintenance and improvement of the
    health of all the people through collective or social actions
    • Public health is one of the efforts organized by society to
    protect, promote, and restore the peoples health.
    • Healthy people in healthy communities
    • Promote physical and mental health
    A Public Health System
    Public Health Functions
    Public Health Functions(I)
    • Surveillance, analysis and evaluation of populations health
    status
    • Monitor health status to identify population or community
    health problems
    • Diagnosis and investigate health problems health hazard in the
    community
    • Monitor environmental and health status to identify and solve
    community environmental health problems
    • Act as quickly possible with efficacy in solving and improving
    these problems
    PUBLIC HEALTH FUNCTIONS
    (II)
    • Develop policies and plans that support individual and
    community health efforts
    • Once the health problems is identified public health seeks the
    best interventions and strategies to solve the public health
    problem and identify health and social agents that can be
    carried out in the best way possible
    Health promotion(III)
    • This is a public health function that tries to promote public
    health of the population educating in health from the different
    health education and mass media facilities
    Disease prevention(IV)
    • There are two strategies to address disease prevention
    • First is high risk approach is aimed at individuals
    particularly predisposed to an illness and individual prevention
    manner is offered to them.
    • Second is population approach this approach attempt to
    control the factors of the population as a whole without
    focusing on a specific collective matter.
    Levels of disease prevention
    • There are three levels of prevention
    Primary prevention: to intervene before a disease
    appears
    Secondary prevention: to intervene in pre-
    symptomatic phases
    Tertiary prevention: to intervene when the individual
    is already ill. Try to mitigate the effects of disease
    Develop Effective plans(V)
    • To develop effective programs and health facilities to protect
    health the development and implementation of programs that
    promote health improvement of the population as a whole,
    with the condition that they are based on efficacy and scientific
    evidence based and that they help to increase the populations
    quality of life

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