Third year: EXTC Engineering SEM VI

[Computer Communication Network]

Experiment
Name : __________________________________________________________
Experiment : __________________________________________________________
Title of Experiment : __________________________________________________________

W.I.E.E.C.T
Experiment/Assignment

Concept 02

Execution/Performance 04

Viva 04

Total 10

Date of Submission: __________________

Signature of faculty:

Sr.No Course Outcome

ECCL602.1 Design a small or medium sized computer network including media types, end
devices, and interconnecting devices that meets a customer‘s specific needs.
ECCL602.2 Perform configurations on routers and Ethernet switches. Simulate computer networks
and analyze the simulation results.
ECCL602.3 Demonstrate knowledge of programming for network communications.

ECCL602.4 Troubleshoot connectivity problems in a host occurring at multiple layers of the OSI
model.
 EXPERIMENT NO.3
AIM: Build a simple network topology and configure it for static routing protocol using packet
tracer. Setup a network and configure IP addressing , subnetting , masking.

THEORY: Cisco Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation tool designed by

Cisco Systems that allows users to create network topologies and imitate modern computer
networks. The software allows users to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and
switches using a simulated command line interface. Packet Tracer makes use of a drag and
drop user interface, allowing users to add and remove simulated network devices as they see
fit. The software is mainly focused towards Certified Cisco Network Associate Academy
students as an educational tool for helping them learn fundamental CCNA concepts.

Topology :
Network topology is the layout of a network. It consists of two parts; physical and logical. The
physical part describes the physical layout of a network while the logical part describes how the
data flows in that network. Both, physical and logical parts are also known as the physical
topology and the logical topology.

Physical part (topology) + Logical part (topology) = Network topology

Types of network topology

The popular types of network topology are; Bus, Star, Hybrid, Ring, Mesh, point-to-point, and
point-to-multipoint. Let’s understand each of these types in detail.
Bus topology

In this topology, all computers connect through a single continuous coaxial cable. This cable is
known as the backbone cable. Both ends of the backbone cable are terminated through
the terminators. To connect a computer to the backbone cable, a drop cable is used. To connect
the drop cable to the computer and backbone cable, the BNC plug and BNC T connector are
used respectively.

The following image shows the bus topology.

When a computer transmits data in this topology, all computers see that data over the wire, but
only that computer accepts the data to which it is addressed. It is just like an announcement that
is heard by all but answered only by the person to whom the announcement is made.

For example, if in the above network, PC-A sends data to the PC-C then all computers of the
network receive this data but only the PC-C accepts it. The following image shows this process.
If PC-C replies, only the PC-A accepts the return data. The following image shows this process.

The following table lists the advantages and disadvantages of the bus topology.
Advantages Disadvantages
It is very simple to install. It is very difficult to troubleshoot.
It uses less cable than other topologies. It provides slow data transfer speed.
It is relatively inexpensive. A single fault can bring the entire network down.

This topology is no longer used. But there was a time when this topology used to be the first
choice among the network administrators. The concept that this topology uses to transmit the
data is also used in the other topologies.

Ring topology

In this topology, all computers connect in a circle. Each computer directly connects to two other
computers in the network. Data moves down a one-way path from one computer to another.
When data signals pass from one computer to the next, each computer regenerates the signals.
Since the signals are regenerated on each passing computer, the quality of the signals remains
constant throughout the ring.

The following image shows a typical ring topology.

The following table lists the advantages and disadvantages of the ring topology.
Advantages Disadvantages
It does not uses terminators. It uses more cables.
It is relatively easy to troubleshoot. It is too expensive.
Since data flows only in one direction, there is no A single break in the cable can bring the
collision in the network. entire network down.

Like the bus topology, this topology is also no longer used in modern networks. This topology
was originally developed by IBM to overcome the existing drawbacks of the bus topology.

Star topology

In this topology, all computers connect to a centralized networking device. Usually, a networking
switch or a Hub (in earlier days) is used as the centralized device. Each computer in the network
uses its own separate twisted pair cable to connect to the switch. Twisted pair cable
uses RJ-45 connectors on both ends.

The following image shows an example of the star topology.

To transmit data, the star topology uses the same concept which the bus topology uses. It means,
if you build a network using the star topology, then that network will use the bus topology to
transmit the data.

The following table lists the advantages and disadvantages of the star topology.

Advantages Disadvantages
It is easy to install. It uses more cables than other topologies.
Relocating of computers is easier than other If the centralized device fails, it brings the
topologies. entire network down.
Since each computer uses its own separate cable, The total installation cost is higher than the
a fault in cable does affect other computers of the other topologies.
network.
Troubleshooting is relatively easy. Use the twisted pair cable which is prone to
break.
It provides higher data transfer speed. Too many cables make the network messy.

In modern computer networks, the star topology is the king. Nearly all new network installations,
including small home and office networks, use some form of the star topology.

Hybrid Topology

This topology is a mix of two or more topologies. For example, there are two networks; one is
built from the star topology and another is built from the bus topology. If we connect both
networks to build a single large network, the topology of the new network will be known as the
hybrid topology.

You are not restricted to the bus and star topologies. You can combine any topology with another
topology. In modern network implementations, the hybrid topology is mostly used to mix the
wired network with the wireless network.

The following image shows an example of the hybrid network topology.

Unlike a wired network, a wireless network does not use cables to connect computers. A wireless
network uses radio spectrum to transmit data.

Mesh Topology

In this topology, multiple paths exist between end devices. Based on paths, a mesh topology can
be divided into two types; fully meshed and partially meshed. If a direct path exists from each
end device to every other end devices in the network, it’s a fully meshed topology. If multiple
paths exist between the end devices in the network, it’s a partially meshed topology.

To know how many connections require to make a network fully meshed, we can use the
following formula.

Required connections = n * (n-1)/2

Here, n is the number of end devices or locations.

For example, to make a fully meshed network of 4 end devices, we need 4*(4-1)/2 = 6
connections.

We can also use this formula to figure out whether a network is fully meshed or partially meshed.
If the number of connections in a network is less than the total required number of the
connections then the network is considered as the partially meshed network. For example, a
network of 4 end devices has less than 6 connections, then it will be considered as the partially
meshed network.

The following image shows an example of both types.

Mesh topology is commonly used in the WAN network for backup purposes. This topology is not
used in the LAN network implementations.

Create a Network Topology using Cisco Packet Tracer

Basics of Cisco Packet Tracer

Adding PCs in Cisco Packet Tracer

To add PCs in Cisco Packet Tracer, you need to perform the following steps:

1. In the Cisco Packet Tracer console, click on the PC icon, click Generic, and then click
in the logical view area to add a Generic PC.
2. Repeat the same step to add three more Generic PCs in the logical view area, as shown
in the following figure.
Adding Switches in Cisco Packet Tracer

1. To add a switch in Cisco Packet Tracer, click the Switch icon, select a switch type, such
as 2960, and then add the selected switch in the logical view area.
2. Repeat the same step to add one more switch.

Adding Routers in Cisco Packet Tracer

1. To add a router in Cisco Packet Tracer, click the Router icon, select a router type, such
as 2811, and then add the selected router in the logical view area.
2. Repeat the same step to add one more router.

Note: Different types of router series provide different types of features and limitations.

Understanding Connection Types in Cisco Packet Tracer

To connect devices in Cisco Packet Tracer, first, you need to understand the various types of
cables (connections) used to connect network devices. Some of the common types of cables
are:

1. Straight-through: Used to connect different types of devices (devices that use different
wiring standards), such as Router-to-Switch and Switch-to-PC.
 2. Cross-over: Used to connect same types of devices, such as router-to-router, PC-to-PC,
and switch-to-switch.
3. Serial DCE: Used to connect router-to-router in a WAN network.
4. Console: Used to take console (using hyper terminal) of a router on a PC.

To see the various types of connections, click the Connection icon. Spend some time to
understand the connections. Once you are familiar with the types of connections, connect the
devices to create the network topology.

Since we have chosen the modular router (that allows you to modify the number of
interfaces), you may need to customize the interfaces before it can be used to connect other
network devices. To do this, double-click Router0, on the Router0 properties dialog box,
click the Power button to power off Router0.

The following figure displays how to add a module in a router using Cisco Packet Tracer.
Now, open the Router1 properties dialog box, add the same module to Router1 also, and
then close the Router1 properties dialog box.

Connecting Devices in Cisco Packet Tracer

1. To connect devices in Cisco Packet Tracer, click the connection type icon, and select an
appropriate cable. For example, to connect PC0 to Switch0, select the straight-through
cable, click on PC0, select the FastEthernet0 interface.
2. Next, click on Switch0, and then select the FastEthernet0/1 interface. The following
figure displays how to connect a PC to a switch in Cisco Packet Tracer.
3. Now, add PC1 to Switch0 using the FastEthernet0/2 interface. Also,
add PC2 and PC3 to the FastEthernet0/1 and FastEthernet0/2 interfaces
of Switch1, respectively.
4. If you have connected a wrong device to a wrong interface, you can use
the Delete option to delete a connection or device. The following figure displays how to
use the Delete option to delete a device or connection in Cisco Packet Tracer.
 5. Once, you have connected all the PCs to switches, now,
connect Switch0 to Router0, and Switch1 to Router1 using the straight-through cables.
6. Select the straight-through cable, click on Switch0, and then
select FastEthernet0/3 interface.
7. Click Router0 and select the FastEthernet0/0 interface.
8. Select again the straight-through cable, click on Switch1, and
select FastEthernet0/3 interface.
9. Next, click Router1 and then select the FastEthernet0/0 interface.

The following figure displays how to connect routers to switches to create a network
topology.

If you wish, you can save the created network topology for the later use. To do this, you need
to perform the following steps:

1. In Cisco Packet Tracer, click File, and select Save As.

2. In the File name text box, type a name of the topology, and then click Save.

Star Topology using CPT:

Steps :

1) Select PC and add 5 PCs (Generic or Laptop) in Logical View Area

 (PC0 , PC1 , PC2 , PC3 & PC4).
2) Select Switch and add in Logical View are as in Above Diagram.
3) Select Straight cable anf connect to switch as show in above figure.
4) Click on PC0 a window opens.Go to Desktop -> IP configuration and give static IP address
192.168.0.1 .default mask 255.255.255.0 , Default gateway 192.168.1.1
5) follow steps 4 & 5 for other remaining four PCs
Give following IPs addresses
PC1 : 192.168.0.2
PC2 : 192.168.0.3
PC3 : 192.168.0.4
PC4 : 192.168.0.5
And same gateway and mask

6) Click on simulation control.Select filter ICMP only and deselect other filters.
7) select simple PDU and click on PC0 and click on any other PC to send packek.
8) observe the Route of Packet and acknowledgement of the packet.

Similarly Other Topologies can be developed

Static Routing using Network Topology
Configure the router Ethernet connections for router as shown make connection on
Give the appropriate IP addresses to the pcs accordingly.
Test the network with the help of packets . send send simple PDU to different PCs observe the
response

CONCLUSION: Hence we have successfully created simple network using CISCO

PACKET TRACER.