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Aldersgate College Mathematics in the Modern World

College of Arts, Sciences and Education

MODULE 1: THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS


OVERVIEW
This module introduces the learner to the nature of mathematics. It discusses the nature of
mathematics, the importance and uses of mathematics in real-life, the different patterns and regularities
in the world.

Lesson 1: The nature and importance of mathematics

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:


a. Argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is expressed, represented and used;
b. Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life; and
c. Express appreciation for mathematics as human endeavour.

PRE-TEST
Answer the given activities below in a short bond-paper.
A.
1. What is mathematics?
 Mathematics is a useful way to think about nature and our world. Mathematics is an integral
part of daily life; formal and informal. It is used in technology, business, medicine, natural and
data sciences, machine learning and construction.
2.What is the nature of mathematics?
 The nature of mathematics underscores the exploration of patterns. Mathematics relies on both
logic and creativity, and it is pursued both for a variety of practical purposes and for its intrinsic
interest. For some people, and not only professional mathematicians, the essence of
mathematics lies in its beauty and its intellectual challenge.
3.Where is Mathematics?
 The origin of mathematics can be traced to the history and significance of patterns and
numbers. It deals with ideas translated to objects and concepts created by humans. They are
invented to link the meaning of pattern which result experiences associated with the counting,
sequences, and regularities.
4.What role does mathematics play in your world?
 It helps organize patterns and regularities in the world, predict the behaviour of nature and
phenomenon in the world, control nature and occurrences in our world for our end.
Mathematics has numerous applications in the world making it indispensable. Mathematics
exists everywhere and it is applied in the most useful phenomenon. Even looking by just at the
ordinary part of the house, the room and the street, mathematics is there. This is one subject
thought as the sole objective language that people in the modern world understand each other

B. Read the following statements given below and write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if it is incorrect on the given space provided after the item number.
TRUE 1. Mathematics is a useful way to think about the nature and our world.

FALSE 2. Mathematics is just for the books, confined in the classroom.

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FALSE 3. Mathematics is just about numbers.

TRUE 4. Mathematics exists everywhere and it is applied in the most useful phenomenon.
FALSE 5. Mathematics has no place in my life.

LEARNING FOCUS

What is Mathematics?
Mathematics is a useful way to think about nature and our world. The nature of mathematics
underscores the exploration of patterns. Mathematics exists everywhere and it is applied in the most
useful phenomenon. Even looking by just at the ordinary part of the house, the room and the street,
mathematics is there. This is one subject thought as the sole objective language that people in the
modern world understand each other.
The origin of mathematics can be traced to the history and significance of patterns and
numbers. It deals with ideas translated to objects and concepts created by humans. They are invented
to link the meaning of pattern which result experiences associated with the counting, sequences, and
regularities.
Mathematics is an integral part of daily life; formal and informal. It is used in technology,
business, medicine, natural and data sciences, machine learning and construction. It helps organize
patterns and regularities in the world, predict the behaviour of nature and phenomenon in the world,
control nature and occurrences in our world for our end. Mathematics has numerous applications in the
world making it indispensable.
“Mathematics reveals its secrets ONLY to those who approach it with pure LOVE, for its own
BEAUTY”
- ARCHIMEDES
“Pure mathematics is, in its way, the poetry of logical ideas.”
-ALBERT EINSTEIN
The Nature of Mathematics
According to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1990), Mathematics
relies on both logic and creativity, and it is pursued both for a variety of practical purposes and for its
intrinsic interest. For some people, and not only professional mathematicians, the essence of
mathematics lies in its beauty and its intellectual challenge.
1. Patterns and Relationships
Mathematics is the science of patterns and relationships. As a theoretical discipline,
mathematics explores the possible relationships among abstractions without concern for
whether those abstractions have counterparts in the real world. The abstractions can be
anything from strings of numbers to geometric figures to sets of equations.
2. Mathematics, Science and Technology
Because of its abstractness, mathematics is universal in a sense that other fields of human
thought are not. It finds useful applications in business, industry, music, historical scholarship,
politics, sports, medicine, agriculture, engineering, and the social and natural sciences.
3. Mathematical Inquiry
Normally, people are confronted with problems. In order to live at peace, these problems must
be solved. Using mathematics to express ideas or to solve problems involves at least three
phases: (1) representing some aspects of things abstractly, (2) manipulating the abstractions

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by rules of logic to find new relationships between them, and (3) seeing whether the new
relationships say something useful about the original things.
4. Abstraction and Symbolic Representation
Mathematical thinking often begins with the process of abstraction – that is, noticing a similarity
between two or more objects or events. Aspects that they have in common, whether concrete
or hypothetical, can be represented by symbols such as numbers, letters, other marks,
diagrams, geometrical constructions, or even words. Whole numbers are abstractions that
represent the size of sets of things and events or the order of things within a set. Abstractions
are made not only from concrete objects or processes; they can also be made from other
abstractions, such as kinds of numbers (the even numbers, for instance).
5. Manipulating Mathematical Statements
After abstractions have been made and symbolic representations of them have been selected,
those symbols can be combined and recombined in various ways according to precisely
defined rules. Typically, the strings of symbols are combined into statements that express ideas
or propositions.
6. Application
Mathematical processes can lead to a kind of model of a thing, from which insights can be
gained about the thing itself. Any mathematical relationships arrived at manipulating abstract
statements may or may not convey something truthful about the thing being modelled. For
example, if 2 cups of water are added t 3 cups of water and the abstract mathematical
operation 2+3=5 is used to calculate the total, the correct answer is 5 cups of water.

Appreciating Mathematics as a Human Endeavour


In order to appreciate mathematics much better, every person should have the thorough
understanding of the discipline as a human endeavour. Mathematics brings impact to the life a learner,
worker, or an ordinary man in society. The influences of mathematics affect anyone for a lifetime.
Mathematics works in the life of all professionals.
Mathematics is appreciated as human endeavour because all professionals and ordinary
people apply its theories and concepts in the office, laboratory and marketplace. According to Mark
Karadimos (2018), the following professions use mathematics in their scope and field of work.
Accountants assist businesses by working on their taxes and planning for upcoming years.
They work with tax codes and forms, use formulas for calculating interest, and spend a considerable
amount of energy organizing paper works.
Agriculturists determine the proper amount of fertilizers, pesticides, and water to produce
bountiful amounts of foods. They must be familiar with chemistry and mixture problems.
Architects design buildings for structural integrity and beauty. They must know how to calculate
loads for finding acceptable materials in design which involve calculus.
Biologists study nature to act in concert with it since we are very closely tied to nature. They
use proportions to count animals as well as use statistics/ probability.
Chemists find ways to use chemicals to assist people in purifying water, dealing with waste
management, researching superconductors, analysing crime scenes, making food products and in
working with biologists to study the human body.
Computer Programmers create complicated sets of instructions called programs/software to
help us use computers to solve problems. They must have a strong sense of logic and have critical
thinking and problem solving skills.

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Engineers build products/ structures/systems like automobiles, buildings, computers, machines


and planes, to name just a few examples. They cannot escape the frequent use of a variety of calculus.
Geologists use mathematical models to find oil and study earthquakes.
Managers maintain schedules, regulate worker performance and analyse productivity.
Medical Doctors must understand the dynamic systems of the human body. They research
illnesses, carefully administer the proper amounts of medicine, read charts/ tables, and organize their
workload and manage the duties nurses and technicians.
Military personnel carry out a variety of tasks ranging from aircraft maintenance to following
detailed procedures. Tacticians utilize a branch of mathematics called linear programming.
Nurses carry out the detailed instructions doctors given to them. They adjust intravenous drip
rates, take vitals, dispense medicine, and even assist in operations.
Salespeople typically work on commission and operate under a buy low, sell high profit model.
Their job requires good interpersonal skills and the ability to estimate basic math problems without the
need of paper/pencil.
Technicians repair and maintain the technical gadgets we depend on like computers,
televisions, DVDs, cars, refrigerators. They always read measuring devices, referring to manuals, and
diagnosing system problems.
Tradesmen (carpenters, electricians, mechanics and plumbers) estimate job costs and use
technical math skills specific to their field. They deal with slopes, areas, volumes, distances and must
have an excellent foundation in math.

Importance of Mathematics in Life


According to Katie Kim (2015), Math is subject that makes students either jump for joy or rip
their hair out. However, math is inescapable as you become an adult in the real world. From calculating
complicated algorithms to counting down the days till the next Game of Throne episode, math is
versatile and important, no matter how hard it is to admit. Before you decide to doze off in math class,
consider the list of reasons why learning math is important to you and the world.
1. Restaurant Tipping
After you have finished eating at a restaurant, it is common courtesy to pay your waiter
generous tip. You need to have the most basic skills to calculate how much a 15% or 20% tip
would be. Tipping your waiter shows your appreciation for his service and ultimately benefits
the restaurant too.
2. Netflix film viewing
3. Calculating bills
If you aren’t already, we will all be home-owners and car-owners one day. With ownership
comes the major responsibility of staying on top of mandatory payments like taxes, mortgage,
and insurance. Math is required to calculate these payments and subtract them from your
savings.
4. Computing Test scores
5. Tracking Career
Math is needed for almost every single profession in the world. If you want to be a CEO, a real
estate agent, a biologist, or even a rocket scientist, it is without a doubt that numbers will be
utilized. Basically, you will NEVER be able to escape math and you might as well accept it and
have fun learning it while your career does not depend on it.

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6. Doing Exercise
Getting in shape and staying fit means achieving your health goals. Maybe you want to meet a
personal goal by the end of the month. You need math to know how many more reps to curl, or
how many seconds to cut off your mile time, or how many more pounds to lose to achieve that
goal.
7. Handling Money
Another aspect of growing up into a young adult is opening and managing a bank account. It is
important to be accurate in math to care for your precious savings, making sure there are no
mistakes.
8. Making countdowns
For many, this will be the most important reason on this list to know math so you can
countdown the days until school is over and summer starts.
9. Baking and Cooking
10. Surfing Internet

To realize the love for and interest in mathematics, Annenberg Learner shared the following
notes that mathematics is everywhere and is always an integral part of human endeavour.

How can math be so universal?


According to Annnberg Learner(2017), first, human beings didn’t invent math concepts; we
discovered them. Math can help us to shop wisely, buy the right insurance, remodel a home within a
budget, understand population growth, or even bet on the horse with the best chance of winning the
race.
When you put money in savings account, the bank pays you interest according to what you
deposit. In effect, the bank is paying you for the privilege of “borrowing” your money. The same is true
for the interest you pay on a loan you take from the bank or the money you “borrow” from a credit card.
With population growth, new members of the population eventually produce other new
members of the population. Population increases exponentially as time passes.
What does math have to do with home decorating? Most home decorators need to world within
budget. But in order to figure out what you’ll spend, you first have to know what you need.
Understanding some basic geometry can help you stick to your budget.
Not all people are chefs, but we are all eaters. Most of us need to learn how to follow a recipe
at some point. To create dishes with good flavour, consistency, and texture, the various ingredients
must have a kind of relationship to one another. For instance, to make cookies that both look and taste
like cookies, you need to make sure you use the right amount of each ingredient.
Mathematics is the only language shared by all human beings regardless of culture, religion, or
gender. Pi is still approximately 3.141519 regardless of what country you are in. adding up the cost of a
basket full of groceries involves the same math process regardless of whether the total s expressed in
dollars, rubbles, or yen. With this universal language, all of us, no matter what our unit of exchange, are
likely to arrive at math result the same way.
Being fast in your mental arithmetic can save your money when you go to the market.
Mathematics is all around us.
With these, mathematics can be a great aid in all our activities in the world and deserves huge
appreciation and therefore everyone realizes the following:
1. Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities.
2. Mathematics helps predict the behaviour of nature and phenomena in the world.

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3. Mathematics helps control nature and occurrences in the world for our own ends.
4. Mathematics has numerous applications in the world making it indispensable.

Post – Test
Activity 1: In a short bond – paper (encoded or handwritten), cite the mathematical application that you
commonly do in each of the following stations and state your appreciation. (30 points)
Stations Application of Mathematics (2 Appreciation for Mathematics (1
points each) point each)
1. Market Analyze statistical data on In Market we use a lot of
past sales to predict future mathematics that makes
sales. ourshopping more efficient, one of
these are the
mathematicaloperations that we
use for calculatinghow much we
willpay for our purchases, next the
ratio and proportions, usedfor
measuring the right amount of the
stuff that we willbuy.
2. Bus/Jeepney Estimation on Mathematical I used estimation when I am
Operations transporting, I used it forestimating
on how many minutes/hours do I
travel until Ireach my destination.
And for the
mathematicaloperations, it helps
me on paying the right amount of
fareor if my change are exact or
not.
3. Church Estimations, Ratios and This kind of applications used in
Proportions estimating on howmany people will
attend the mass and by using ratio
andproportions, used for preparing
the exact amount ofcommunion
bread that will be served in mass.
4. Club Meeting Critical Thinking To develop students’ level of Math
skills and knowledge. This will be
accomplished by using games,
activities, and mock competitions.
Students will cooperatively work to
complete Logic and Math Puzzles.
5. Clinic Applied Mathematics To clarify, by patient-disease-drug
level, I mean the mathematical
work is approved to be used as
part of a decision making process
to prescribe a specific treatment
for a specific patient

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6. Court Calculating Justice Judges also use math as evidence


in cases where they — and not the
jury — are the ultimate arbiters of
an issue.
7. Laboratory Mathematical Calculations It is a place where anyone can
generate problems and struggle to
get a answer. It is a space to
explore and design new
mathematical activities. So, the
maths lab should not be used to
assess students’ knowledge of
mathematics.
8. Birthday Party Planning Solutions This unit supports students
developing important skills around
reading a calendar and identifying
specific dates.
9. Watching games Calculating Math is everything when it comes to
games. From having the ability to
calculating the trajectory of an Angry
Bird flying through the sky, to
ensuring that a character can jump
and come back down to the ground.
Without the help of mathematics,
games simply wouldn’t work.
10. Police Station Calculating Police officers use math to assist
them in conducting thorough
investigations of traffic accidents.

Activity 2: Submit 2-3 page synthesis paper focussing on one of the following aspects of mathematics:
(15 points)
a. Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities.
b. Mathematics helps predict the behaviour of nature and phenomena in the world.
c. Mathematics helps control nature and occurrences in the world for our own ends.
d. Mathematics has numerous applications in the world making it indispensable.

Activity 3: (25 points)


1. Write an essay focussing on the following questions. What new ideas about
mathematics did you learn? What is it about mathematics that might have changed
your thoughts about it? What is most useful about mathematics for human kind? ( 15
points)
2. Do you think the subject Mathematics in which you are enrolled is important? Yes/No?
Why? Cite five (5) situations. (10 points)

Lesson 2: Mathematics in Nature

Learning Objectives:

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At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:


a. Identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world;
b. Identify Fibonacci Sequence in nature; determine the nth term of a Fibonacci Sequence; and
c. Use Golden Ratio in appreciating mathematics in human anatomy and in photography.

Learning Focus:
Patterns and counting are correlative. Counting happens when there is pattern. When there is
counting, there is logic. Consequently, pattern in nature goes with logic or logical set-up. There are
reasons behind a certain pattern. That’s why, oftentimes, some people develop an understanding of
patterns relationships, and functions and use them to represent and explain real-world phenomena.
Most people say that mathematics is the science behind patterns. Mathematics exist everywhere as
patterns do in nature. Not only patters take many forms within the range school mathematics, they are
also unifying mechanism.
Number patterns – such as 2, 4, 6, 8 – are familiar to us since they are among the patterns first
learned in our younger years. As we advance, we experience number patterns again through the huge
concept of functions in mathematics inside and outside school. But patterns are much broader and
common anywhere anytime.
In this world, a regularity is the fact that the same thing always happens in the same
circumstances.
Example:
The regular holidays in a year:
 New year’s day, Valentine’s day, Holy Week, Labor Day, Independence Day, National Heroes
day, Ramadan, All saints day, Bonifacio Day, Christmas day and National Heroes day.
These are celebrated in the same sequence every year. All these phenomena create a repetition of
names or events called regularity.

While a pattern is a discernible regularity in the world or in a man-made design. As such, the
elements of a pattern repeat in a predictable manner. Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form
found in the natural world. These patters recur in different contexts and can sometimes be modelled
mathematically.
 Natural patterns include symmetries, trees, spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tessellations,
cracks and stripes.
 Geometric pattern is a kind of pattern formed of geometric shapes and typically repeated like a
wallpaper design.
 Repeating pattern
 Growing pattern
Example:
The most basic pattern is the sequence of the dates in the calendar such as:
 1 to 30 being used month after month
 The seven(7) days in a week
 The twelve (12) months in a year

According to Ian Stewart (1995), we live in a universe of patterns. Every night the stars move in
circles across the sky. The seasons cycle at yearly intervals. Tigers and zebras are covered in patterns
of stripes, leopards and hyenas are covered in patterns of spots. Human mind and culture have
developed a formal system of thought for recognizing, classifying, and exploiting patterns. We call it

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mathematics. By using mathematics to organize and systematize our ideas about patterns, we have
discovered a great secret: nature’s patterns are not just there to be admired, they are vital clues to the
rules that given natural processes.

Some examples of Patterns in Nature

Symmetry
An agreement in dimensions, due
proportion and arrangement.

Meander
Meander is one of a series of regular
sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns or windings
in the channel of a river, stream or other
watercourse.

WAVE
It is a disturbance that transfers energy
through matter or space, with little or no
associated mass transport. Waves consist of
oscillations or vibrations of a physical medium or
a field, around relatively fixed locations. Surface
waves in water show water ripples.

Foam
It is a substance formed by trapping
pockets of gas in liquid or solid.

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Tessellation
A tessellation of a flat surface is the tilling of
a plane using one or more geometric shapes,
called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps

Cracks
A fracture or crack is the separation of an
object or material into two or more pieces under
the action of stress. The fracture of a solid
usually occurs due to the development
discontinuity surfaces within the solid.

Stripes
Stripes are made by a series of bands or
strips, often of the same width and colour along
the length.

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Fractal
Fractal is a never ending pattern. Fractals are
infinitely complex patterns that are self-similar
across different scales. They are created by
repeating a simple process over and over in an
ongoing feedback loop.

Sequences
- it is an ordered list of numbers, called terms that may have repeated values. The arrangement
of these terms is set by a definite rule

Fibonacci Sequence
-It is characterized that every number after the first two is the sum of the two preceding once.
- it is also known as “GOLDEN RATIO” because of its ubiquity and astounding functionality in
nature suggests its importance as a fundamental characteristics of the universe.
- Golden Ratio (phi=1.61803…)
- it is named after the Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, who was better known by his
nickname Fibonacci.
Examples:
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55,…..
F n = F n−1+ F n−2

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The numbers 3, 5, 8, 13 and 21 are all part of the Fibonacci sequence. The number of petals of
flower is usually a Fibonacci number.

Sequences in Nature

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The Golden Ratio is a special number which is approximately equal to 1.618034 . . . and may
be used to find the nth term of a Fibonacci sequence using the Binet’s Formula. It is usually denoted
using the Greek letter “phi” φ or ø.
n n n n
φ −(1−φ) (1.618034) −(1−1.618034)
F n= ∨F n=
√5 √5
Example:
Study the pattern of the Fibonacci sequence below.
Term 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21
(F ¿¿ n)¿
Term 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number (n)

What is the 9th term?


Answer: 21 is the 9th term
How did you solve the 9th term?
Answer: To get the 9th term which is 21, the fourth and the third terms are added. So, 8+13 =
21. Therefore, adding the consecutive terms will result to another term of Fibonacci sequence.

Solution:
F n=F n−1+ F n−2
Where: F n=Fibonacci number
F n−1=the previous term
F n−2=theterm before F n−1
F n=F n−1+ F n−2
F n−1=13 F 9=F 9−1+ F 9−2 F 9=F 8+ F 7
F n−2=8 F 9=13+8
F 9=21
What is the 3rd term?
Using the Golden Ratio, you can easily find the 80 th term of the given pattern.
(1.618034)n−(1−1.618034)n
F n=
√5
Let: n = 3, therefore:
n n
(1.618034) −(1−1.618034)
F n=
√5
3 3
(1.618034) −(1−1.618034)
F 3=
√5
(1.618034) −(1−1.618034)3
3
F 3=
√5
F n=1.788752∨approximately 2

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Learning Activity:

Activity 4:
Go to the garden or park, and start counting leaves and petals. Select only 1 plant with leaves and
flowers and take a photo on it. Write the results on your answer sheet. (15 points)

Plant Name or Description:


a. Do the leaves grow in spirals? (Yes/No) . What is the pattern of the leaves?
b. Are there flowers? (Yes/No) . What is the arrangement of the petals?

Activity 5:
Do you want to have a perfect collage of photos that will be perfect on your social media
account? Then, layout the Golden Ratio diagram. (20 points)

Activity 6:
Find the following terms of the Fibonacci sequence with your complete solutions. (15 points)
a. 35th term:
Answer: 9227465 is the 35th term
How did I solve the 35th term?
Answer: To get the 35 th term which is 9227465, the fourth and third terms are added.
So, 3524578 + 5702887 = 9227465. Therefore, the consecutive terms will result to another
term of Fibonacci Sequence.
Solution:

b. 47th term:
c. 56th term:
d. 68th term:
e. 89th term:
Lesson 3: Numbers and its Pattern

Learning Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
a. Identify the type of number pattern of a sequence;
b. Examine the nature and relationship of numbers in a sequence;
c. Determine the nth term of a number sequence; and
d. Generate a pattern to form a number sequence.

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Learning Focus:
A sequence may be finite or infinite. The Fibonacci sequence is an infinite sequence. A finite
sequence has a definite number of terms. A list of numbers which form a pattern is called a sequence.
Number of patterns may be a repeating, a growing or a shrinking pattern. The succeeding terms may
be predicted.
A repeating pattern is a list of numbers in which a constant number is added to get the
succeeding terms. For growing pattern, the number to be added is increasing. To write the result of the
succeeding terms of a shrinking pattern, the number to be added is decreasing. Remember that when
adding a number, it is possible to add negative numbers.
Number patterns may be categorized into the following:
Number Pattern The number to be added is Example
Repeating Pattern Constant 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, . . .
Growing Pattern Increasing 14, 15, 17, 20, 24, 29, . . .
Shrinking Pattern decreasing 118, 98, 73, 43, 8, -32, . . .

Learning Activity
Use a short bond – paper to answer the following activities. (Handwritten)
Activity 7:

A. Identify the following sequence below whether they have a Repeating pattern, Growing pattern
or Shrinking Pattern. (5 points)

1. 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, . . .


2. 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, . . .
3. 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, . . .
4. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .
5. 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, . . .

B. Write the next three terms of the following sequences. (15 points)

1. 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, 29, 37, . . .


2. 6, 10, 22, 58, 166, 490, . . .
3. 2, 3, 8, 63, . . .
4. 100, 99, 97, 94, 90, 85, 79, . . .
5. 151, 149, 145, 137, 121, . . .

C. After learning about the types of number pattern, how will you categorize Fibonacci sequence?
Give at least 1 paragraph response. (5 points)
Answer: haahahahhahhahahhaha nani dafuck

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