SETON SCHOOL

SUMMER MATH REFRESHER PROGRAM

GEOMETRY REVIEW

Many studies have shown that, during the summer, students lose a substantial portion of their
math skills acquired over the course of a school year. This puts them at a disadvantage upon
returning for a new school year, as the expectations of a new course presuppose the skills and
knowledge taught in the previous course.

The Seton math department, in cooperation with the administration, has begun a program
similar to the summer reading program for English. Our hope is that this program will help
students transition out of the summer recess and into their new math courses smoothly and
with less stress.

We recommend that the sessions be worked gradually over several weeks, perhaps one
session done in a day, and two or three days a week. There are eight sessions, each one of
which should take about a half hour, though the times will undoubtably vary among students.

As with summer reading, the work is expected to be done before the new school year starts.
You are responsible for keeping your papers and having them ready to turn in the first day or
whenever your teacher asks for them. The summer work will count for approximately 5% of
your first quarter grade in the next math course. (For this review, that would usually be
Algebra II.)

IMPORTANT: Do all your work on separate paper. It is essential that you show all your work,
and that it is organized and legible. Put your name clearly on each page of work. If these
conditions are not met, you will not get full credit for your work. Also, I strongly suggest that
you scan of copy your papers, so that if you lose your originals, you will have a backup.
 Important Definitions
If three or more lines intersect at the same point, they are concurrent lines. The point of intersection is called
the point of concurrency.

If x is the geometric mean of a and b, then x2 = ab.

The median of a triangle is a segment with one endpoint at the midpoint of a side and the other endpoint at
the vertex opposite the side.

A circle is circumscribed about a polygon if it contains all the vertices of the polygon. Note: Not all polygons
with four or more sides can have a circumscribed circle.

A circle is inscribed in a polygon if it is tangent to each side of the polygon. Note: Not all polygons with four or
more sides can have an inscribed circle.

Important Postulates and Theorems from Geometry

1. Vertical Angles Theorem (VAT) – Vertical angles are congruent.

2. Linear Pair Postulate (LPP) – If two angles form a linear pair, they are supplementary.
3. Corresponding Angles Postulate (CAP) – If two lines cut by a transversal are parallel, then corresponding
angles are congruent. [The converse is also true.]
4. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem (AIAT) – If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then alternate
interior angles are congruent. [The converse is also true.]
5. Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem (AEAT) – If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then alternate
exterior angles are congruent. [The converse is also true.]
6. Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem (CIAT) – If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
consecutive interior angles are supplementary. [The converse is also true.]
Theorems and Postulates Concerning Triangles
7. Triangle Sum Theorem – The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
8. Side-Side-Side Postulate (SSS) – If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of another
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
9. Side-Angle-Side Postulate (SAS) – If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to two
sides and the included angle of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
10. Angle-Side-Angle Postulate (ASA) – If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to
two angles and the included side of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
11. Angle-Angle-Side Theorem (AAS) – If two angles and a nonincluded side of one triangle are congruent to
two angles and the corresponding side of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
12. Triangle Inequality Theorem – The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the
length of the third side.
13. Exterior Angle Theorem – The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
measures of the two nonadjacent interior angles of the triangle.
14. Base Angles Theorem – If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite them are
congruent. [The converse is also true.]
15. Perpendicular Bisector Theorem – If a point is on the perpendicular bisector of a segment, then it is
equidistant from the endpoints of the segment. [The converse is also true.]
16. Angle Bisector Theorem – If a point is on the bisector of an angle, then it is equidistant from the sides of
the angle. [The converse is also true.]
17. Angle-Angle Similarity Postulate (AA) – If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of
another, then the two triangles are similar.
18. Side-Side-Side Similarity Theorem (SSS) – If the length of corresponding sides of two triangles are
proportional, then the triangles are similar.
19. Side-Angle-Side Similarity Theorem (SSS) – If an angle of one triangle is congruent to an angle of another
triangle, and the lengths of sides including these angles are proportional, then the triangles are similar.
20. Pythagorean Theorem – In a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum
of the squares of the lengths of the two legs. [The converse is also true.]
21. 45°-45°-90° Triangle Theorem – In a 45°-45°-90° triangle, the hypotenuse is 2 times as long as each leg.
22. 30°-60°-90° Triangle Theorem – In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, the hypotenuse if twice as long as the shorter
leg and the longer leg is 3 times as long as the shorter leg.
If three parallel lines intersect two transversals, then they divide the transversal proportionally.
If an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, then the two triangles formed are similar to each
other and to the original triangle.
If an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, the length of the altitude is the geometric mean of
the two segments of the hypotenuse.
If an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, each leg of the original triangle is the geometric
mean of the hypotenuse and the segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to the leg.
Concurrency of Perpendicular Bisectors of a Triangle – The perpendicular bisectors of a triangle intersect at a
point that is equidistant from the vertices of the triangle. This point is called the circumcenter.
Concurrency of Angle Bisectors of a Triangle – The angle bisectors of a triangle intersect at a point that is
equidistant from the sides of the triangle. This point is called the incenter.
Concurrency of Medians of a Triangle – The medians of a triangle intersect at a point that is two-thirds the
distance from each vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side. This point is called the centroid.
Concurrency of Altitudes of a Triangle – The lines containing the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent. The
point of concurrency is called the orthocenter.
Midsegment Theorem – The segment connecting the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third side and is half as long.
If one side of a triangle is longer than another side, then the angle opposite the longer side is larger than the
angle opposite the shorter side. [The converse is also true.]
Theorems Concerning Quadrilaterals
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its opposite sides are congruent. [The converse is also true.]
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its opposite angles are congruent. [The converse is also true.]
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its diagonals bisect each other. [The converse is also true.]
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its consecutive angles are supplementary. [The converse is also true.]
If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are both congruent and parallel, then it is a parallelogram.
A parallelogram is a rhombus if and only if its diagonals are perpendicular.
A parallelogram is a rhombus if and only if each diagonal bisects a pair of opposite angles.
A parallelogram is a rectangle if and only if its diagonals are congruent.
A trapezoid is isosceles if and only if its diagonals are congruent.
Midsegment Theorem for Trapezoids – The midsegment of a trapezoid is parallel to both bases and its length
is one half the sum of the lengths of the two bases.
If a quadrilateral is a kite, then its diagonals are perpendicular.
If a quadrilateral is a kite, then exactly one pair of opposite angles are congruent.
Theorems Concerning Circles
If a line is tangent to a circle, then it is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of tangency.
In a plane, if a line is perpendicular to a radius of a circle at its endpoint on the circle, then the line is tangent
to the circle.
If two segments from the same exterior point are tangent to a circle, then they are congruent.
In the same or congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if and only if their corresponding chords are
congruent.
If a diameter of a circle is perpendicular to a chord, then the diameter bisects the chord and its arc.
If an angle is inscribed in a circle, then its measure is one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.
If two inscribed angles of a circle intercept the same arc, then the angles are congruent.
A quadrilateral can be inscribed in a circle if and only if its opposite angles are supplementary.
If a tangent and a chord intersect at a point on the circle, the measure of each angle formed is one-half the
measure of its intercepted arc.
If two chords intersect inside a circle, the measure of each angle formed is one-half the sum of the measures
of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle.
If a tangent and a secant, two tangents, or two secants intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of
the angle formed is one-half the difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
If two chords intersect in the interior of a circle, then the product of the lengths of the segments of one chord
equals the product of the lengths of the segments of the other chord.
If two secant segments share the same endpoint outside a circle, the product of the lengths of one secant
segment and its external secant segment equals the product of the lengths of the other secant segment
and its external secant segment.
If a secant segment and a tangent segment share an endpoint outside a circle, then the product of the lengths
of the secant segment and its external segment equals the square of the length of the tangent segment.
 Important Formulas

A = area, S = surface area, V = volume, P = perimeter, h = height, B = area of base, L = slant height, a = apothem

Regular Polygon: A = ½ aP
Prism: S = 2B + Ph, V = Bh
Cylinder: S = 2πr2 + 2πrh, V = πr2h
Pyramid: S = B + ½ PL, V = 1/3 Bh
Cone: S = πr2 + πrL, V = 1/3 πr2h
Sphere: S = 4πr2, V = 4/3 πr3
Point-slope form of a linear equation: y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
 GEOMETRY REVIEW SESSION 1

1. If a is parallel to b, which labeled angle must 8. Given that 1   3, which two lines must be
be congruent to 1 ? parallel? Why?
a j
5 g h
2 1

b
5 1 k
3 4
4 3
2
2. Complete the following theorem:
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
then pairs of consecutive interior angles are
_______. 9. ¼ = 290. Find mT .
In e O, mSTR

3. Write the converse of the following statement: R

If it is raining, then people are not picnicking.

4. Given m 3 = 23, and given that  4 and  5 S

are, respectively, complementary and
supplementary to  3, what are the measures
of  4 and  5. O
T
Use the figure below for questions 5 and 6. Answer
each with a pair of the numbered angles.

10. Find x in the figure below.

6 7 8
9 10
16
x
5. Name a pair of vertical angles.

6. Name a linear pair.

20
7. Find m R.
35

R 106°
 GEOMETRY REVIEW SESSION 2

Use the figure below for questions 1-4. You are 6. Complete the theorem: In a plane if two lines
given that YR = RQ, YZT  QZT . are both perpendicular to a third line, then the
two lines are _______.
Z
7. The measure of an angle is 40 more than its
W supplement. What is the measure of each
angle?

8. Find x in the following figure. You may leave

answer in radical form.
Y S T R Q

1. Name an angle bisector of triangle QYZ. 16 ft

2. Name a perpendicular bisector of YQ . 13 ft x

3. Name a median of triangle QYZ.

4. Name an altitude of triangle QYZ. 9. Given a sphere with radius 5 cm, find the
surface area and the volume. Leave both
5. Can a triangle have sides of 41 m, 18 m, and 21 answers in terms of π.
m? Explain your answer.
10. Find the equation of a line which passes
through (7,2) and is parallel to y = 2x + 4.

GEOMETRY REVIEW SESSION 3

Use e O and the rest of the figure below for all 4. If BD = 32 and BE = 18, find AB.
questions in this session 1-10.
A B 5. If BC = 17, find AB.
F
6. » = 150 and mAE
If mAD » = 80, find mABD.

O E ¼ = 110, find mDAE.

7. If mDCE
G
D
C 8. If EG = 10, DG = 12, and CG = 8, find FG.

1. Name each of the following from the figure. 9. » = 45 and mFD
If mCE » = 105, find mFGD.
a. a secant b. a chord c. a tangent
10. Name each of the following from the figure.
2. ¼.
If mABC = 40, find mAEC
a. diameter b. semicircle c. radius
3. Find mOCB.
 GEOMETRY REVIEW SESSI0N 4

For each of the following (1-4) determine if there is 6. Find the area of the figure below.
enough information to prove the two triangles
congruent. Answer yes or no. If yes, state the 10
theorem or postulate which would be used to 4 5
prove them congruent.
13
1. 2.
7. Find the area of the shaded region.

6 in

3. 4.
11 in

8. Find the volume of the figure below.

7 cm

5. Without a calculator, find x and y. Leave

answer in radical form if appropriate. 11 cm
11 cm

24 m 9. Find the geometric mean between 12 and 20.

x Leave in radical form.

y 30° 10. Find the radius of a circle with a circumference

of 81.5 cm. Round your answer to the nearest
tenth of a centimeter.

GEOMETRY REVIEW SESSION 5

1. In the figure below, find x and y. 2. Name the figure below. Be as specific as
possible.

(5y – 5)°
(11x)°
(9x)°

(7y + 5)°
 GEOMETRY REVIEW SESSION 5 (CONTINUED)

3. Find x figure below. In each of the following (7-10), find the missing
variable(s). Do not use a calculator in this section.
Leave answer in radical form when appropriate.

x° 58°
7. 8.
Use the figure below for 4 and 5. 45°
x x y t
4 ft y
26 ft 5 ft 8m 45°
4 ft
11 2 cm
35 ft

4. Find x in the figure above.

9. x 10.
5. Find y in the figure above. 60° x
6. Find the area of the figure below.

7 cm 34 m y y
7 3 in.
30°
10 cm 12 cm

GEOMETRY REVIEW SESSION 6

1. Calculate the Surface Area and the Volume of Use the figure below for 3-6. You may leave
the sphere below. answers in radical form if appropriate. A

7m
C D
3. If AB = 7, and BC = 22, find BD.
2. A rectangular building has base dimensions of
103 ft x 118 ft. If the height of the building is 4. If AB = 6 and BC = 18, find AD.
221 ft, find a) the volume of the building, and
b) the surface area of the building. Do not 5. If AB = 4 and BC = 16, find the area of
count the bottom of the building in the surface VACD.
area. In other words, find the outside surface Area of VABD
6. If BD = 6 and BC = 12, find .
area which is exposed to air. (Note: Assume Area of VDBC
the entire building is above the ground.)
 GEOMETRY REVIEW SESSION 6 (CONTINUED)

7. In the circle below, if mM = 52, find mG.

» = 62. Use this figure for
In the circle below, mAC
9 and 10. A
M
C

G
8. If the area of the trapezoid below is 180 m2, P
find x. (x + 2) m
9. Find mO.
10 m
10. Find mP.
(3x-10) m
GEOMETRY REVIEW SESSION 7

A cylindrical metal drum has a diameter of 6.4 dm 4. Draw a three-dimensional drawing of the
and a height of 9.5 dm. Use this information for 1 figure, given the front, side and top views.
and 2. [A dm (decimeter) is a tenth of a meter.]

1. If the entire outside of the drum is to be

painted, how many square meters must be
painted? Round to the nearest hundredth of a
m2 .

2. If the drum is to be filled with a liquid cleaner, Front Side Top

how many liters of cleaner will it hold? (One
liter is a cubic decimeter.) Round to the 5. In the figure above, of what two common
nearest whole number. solids is the figure composed?

3. Find the area of the regular pentagon below. 6. Find x and y in the figure below. Leave answer
in radical form if appropriate.
9 cm
x
7.3 cm 13 ft
y
10.6 cm
30° 12 ft
 GEOMETRY REVIEW SESSION 7 (CONTINUED)

7. Answer each with always, sometimes, or

never. 9. In the kite below, find x and y.
a. A rectangle is a trapezoid.
b. A rhombus is a parallelogram.
c. A kite is a quadrilateral. 4 x 65°
d. A rectangle is a rhombus.
5 y
8. Which is/are not necessarily true of a
rectangle?
a. Diagonals are congruent. 10. Complete the theorem: If one pair of opposite
b. Diagonals are perpendicular. sides of a quadrilateral are both ______ and
c. Opposite sides are parallel. ______, then it is a parallelogram.
d. Opposite angles are congruent.

GEOMETRY REVIEW SESSION 8

Given the triangle below with side lengths shown, 5. Find x and y in the figure below.
complete the steps of the indirect proof, 1-3. 7x – 12
A 22 – 2y 30°
3y – 3
15 7
4x + 6

B 17 C 6. Use the information from # 5 above and find

the area of the figure. Hint: Use a 30°-60°-90°
Prove that A is not a right angle. triangle.

7. Name the longest segment in the figure below.

1. Assume: ________________.
Explain. Caution: Figure is not drawn to scale!
N 52°
2. Then 152 + 72 = 172, by the ________ Theorem.
72° M
3. But this is not true. Therefore, our assumption
65°
is false, and ______________________.
K 63°
4. Find x in the following figure. Write answer in
L
simplified radical form.
uuur
8. In the figure below, TM bisects STR. Find x
18 and mSTR.
x

M R
(5x + 16)°
6 6
(7x – 6)°
S T
9. Find the midpoint of the segment with
endpoints (-4, 2) and (6, -10).

10. Choose the correct description of point O.

W
V
of

O
of X

a. centroid of VVWX
b. incenter of VVWX
c. orthocenter of VVWX
d. circumcenter of VVWX