Lab 3.

Ohm’s Law

Goals
• To understand Ohm’s law, used to describe the behavior of electrical conduction in many
materials and circuits.
• To calculate the electrical power dissipated as heat.
• To understand and use a rheostat, or variable resistor, in an electrical circuit.
• To learn how to connect electrical components so that the current can flow around the cir-
cuit, and to learn how to use, connect, and read ammeters (current reading instruments) and
voltmeters (voltage reading instruments).
• To measure and observe the behavior of the voltage across and the corresponding current
through a simple resistor (electronic component) and a tungsten-filament light bulb.

Introduction
One of the most basic electrical circuits is a resistor connected to a voltage source, such as a battery
or power supply. A heater is exactly this as the entire circuit. A quantity called the resistance, R,
of a component is defined as the ratio of the potential difference, ∆V , across the component to the
current, I, flowing through the component, or

∆V
R= (3.1)
I
When ∆V is expressed in volts and I is expressed in amperes (amps), then R is in the SI units of
ohms (Ω). The power, P (in the SI unit of watts), dissipated by that component in the form of heat
is given by

(∆V )2
P = I(∆V ) = I 2 R = (3.2)
R
The resistance of some materials is constant over a wide range of voltages and currents. When
a material behaves in this way, it is called “ohmic.” Electrical components made from ohmic
materials are called resistors.
By measuring the current flowing through a component as a function of the voltage across the
component, one can determine whether the ratio ∆V /I is a constant or not. If it is constant, then the

28
CHAPTER 3. OHM’S LAW 29

component is ohmic and the constant resistance in ohms can be determined. If the voltage to current
ratio is not constant, the device is not ohmic and does not obey Ohm’s law. A voltmeter is used to
A voltmeter
measure voltagemeasures the electricispotential
and an ammeter or voltage
used to measure difference
current. Idealbetween
voltmetersthe and
twoammeters
points to which
will
notit affect
is connected. Thusor
the currents tovoltages
measurein thethe
voltage
circuitacross
as theameasurements
particular deviceare in a circuit,
being made.one wire
Real from
meters
the voltmeter is connected
only approximate this ideal. to one end of the device and a second wire from the voltmeter is
connected to the other end of the device. This type of connection is called a “parallel”
Anconnection. The voltmeter
ammeter measures in Figure
the electrical 1 is represented
current by a boxit.marked
that flows through with the
To measure theletter “V”.
current flowing
through a particular device in a circuit, the ammeter must be connected in such a way that the same
An ammeter
current measures
flows through thethe electrical
ammeter current that
as through flows through
the device. it. To measure
The ammeter is simplythe current
a flow flowing
meter for
through a particular device in a circuit, the ammeter must be connected in
the electrical current, so the wire at one end of the device must be disconnected and the ammetersuch a way that the
same current flows through the ammeter as through the device. The ammeter is simply a flow
inserted. The disconnected wire end is now connected to one terminal of the ammeter and a new
meter for the electrical current, so the wire at one end of the device must be disconnected and the
wire is connected
ammeter between
inserted. the second terminal
The disconnected wire endofisthe
now ammeter
connectedand to
theone
device to restore
terminal of thethe flow of
ammeter
current
and a through
new wirethe is circuit.
connected This type ofthe
between connection is calledofa the
second terminal “series” connection.
ammeter The ammeter
and the device to
inrestore
Figure the
3.1 flow
is represented
of currentby a box the
through marked with
circuit. the type
This letterof“A”.
connection is called a “series”
connection. The ammeter in Figure 1 is represented by a box marked with the letter “A”.
Caution: If current flows backwards through the ammeter, the ammeter tries to respond by
registering
Caution: aIfnegative
currentcurrent. Since thethrough
flows backwards meter needle can onlythe
the ammeter, show positivetries
ammeter values, this can
to respond
damage the meter. To check that the ammeter is connected with the correct
by registering a negative current. Since the meter needle can only show positive polarity, quickly
tap the knifevalues,
switchthis(SeecanFigure
damage 3.1)the
before
meter.closing
To checkit completely. If the meter
that the ammeter does try
is connected to
with
deflect in thethe correctdirection,
negative polarity, exchange
quickly “tap” the switch (See
the connections Figure
of the 1) before
two wires closingtoit the
connected
ammeter. completely. If the meter does try to deflect in the negative direction, interchange
the connections of the two wires connected to the ammeter.
Current versus voltage for a 100 Ω (nominal) resistor
2. Current versus voltage for a 100 Ω (nominal value) resistor
In this exercise the voltage across and the current through a known resistor are measured as the cur-
In this exercise the voltage across and the current through a known resistor are measured as the
rent through
current the circuit
through is varied.
the circuit The power
is varied. supplysupply
The power voltagevoltage
is keptisconstant, but the but
kept constant, current flowing
the current
inflowing
the circuit is controlled
in the with a variable
circuit is controlled resistor, also
by a variable called
resistor, a rheostat.
also (See Figure
called a rheostat. (See3.1.)
Figure 1.)

Figure
Figure 3.1.1.Circuit
Circuitconnections.
connections.

Therheostat
The rheostathas
hasthree
threeterminals.
terminals.Two
Twoterminals
terminalsare
areon
on the
the ends
ends of
of the
the device
device and
and are
are fixed,
fixed, and
and
the third is connected to a sliding contact that can be moved from one end of the device to the
the third is connected to a sliding contact that can be moved from one end of the device to the
other. The resistance between the end terminals has a fixed value, but the resistance between the
other. The
one of theresistance between
end terminals and the
the end terminals
sliding contacthas
canabe
fixed value,
varied frombutzero
the to
resistance
the fixedbetween
value of the
whole device.

26
CHAPTER 3. OHM’S LAW 30

one of the end terminals and the sliding contact can be varied from zero to the fixed value of whole
device.

Preliminary calculations
Assuming that the power supply voltage is fixed at 5.0 V, calculate the following quantities to two
significant digits:
1. The current through the nominally 100 Ω resistor when the resistance of the rheostat is a
maximum (340 or 360 Ω—your rheostat is marked with the value to use here), and when the
resistance of the rheostat is zero.
2. The maximum power dissipated as heat by the 100 Ω resistor. The rated maximum power
for this resistor is 0.50 W. If the power you calculate exceeds 0.50 W, please ask your TA for
help before proceeding!

Equipment set-up
Caution: If current flows backwards through the ammeter, the ammeter tries to respond
by registering a negative current. Since the meter needle can show only positive values, this
can damage the meter. The ammeter can also be damaged if the magnitude of the current
is much larger than the current rating of the chosen scale. To check that the ammeter is
connected with the correct polarity and to a safe current scale, quickly tap the knife switch
(See Figure 3.1) without closing it completely. If the meter tries to deflect in the negative
direction, exchange the connections of the two wires connected to the ammeter. If the meter
tries to deflect off-scale in the correct direction, use a current scale with a higher current
rating. If the meter passes these two tests, close the knife switch completely and proceed to
make measurements.
1. Turn the current knob on the power supply to the straight-up or 12 o’clock position, and set
the power supply voltage to 5.0 V.
2. Build the circuit shown in Figure 3.1, leaving the switch open, that is, not making electrical
contact. Be sure to use an ammeter scale with a current rating large enough to measure
the maximum current you calculated above. By convention ammeters read positive when
electrical current flows into the positive terminal (red) of the meter and then flows out of the
negative terminal (black) of the meter.
3. Set the rheostat for maximum resistance by moving the slide so that the current must travel
through the entire coil.
4. Tap the knife switch to make sure that the ammeter connections are correct. If all is well
(refer to bold section above), then close the switch. Both the ammeter and voltmeter should
read non-zero values. If the measured current is below the current rating of a more sensitive
scale, open the knife switch, move the connection to the more sensitive scale, and tap the
knife switch closed to test the new scale. Use the most sensitive current scale that can handle
the current safely (reading stays on-scale).
CHAPTER 3. OHM’S LAW 31

Data collection
1. Make at least ten different measurements of the voltage and corresponding current by ad-
justing the rheostat between its minimum and maximum resistance. To obtain data points at
low currents, you can lower the voltage supplied to the circuit by the power supply to some
value less than 5 V. Ask your TA for help as necessary.
2. How does the current measured by the ammeter change if the ammeter is connected between
the power supply and the rheostat instead of between the rheostat and the resistor? What if it
is connected between the power supply and the switch? Verify your answers experimentally.

Data analysis
1. Draw a graph of the voltage across the nominal 100 Ω resistor as a function of the corre-
sponding current flowing through it.
2. Is the graph linear? Draw a best fit smooth line through your data points, and from your
graph find an equation for ∆V as a function of I in SI units.
3. Does the resistor exhibit ohmic behavior? Explain your reasoning. If so, what is the “real”
value of the resistance? How does your value compare to the nominal 100 Ω value indicated
by the “color code” painted on it?

Current versus voltage for an incandescent light bulb

Equipment set up
Caution: Be sure to leave the switch open while you construct the new circuit. Before closing
the switch, have your TA check your circuit.
1. Build a circuit analogous to the one in Figure 1, but use the 22 Ω rheostat instead of the 340
or 360 Ω one used above and replace the 100 Ω resistor with the small light bulb.
2. Use the highest current scale on the ammeter to begin with. You can always change to a
more sensitive scale if the measured current is low enough.
3. Make sure that the power supply is still set to 5 volts.

Data collection
1. Make at least ten different measurements of the voltage and corresponding current by ad-
justing the rheostat between its minimum and maximum resistance.
2. Does current flow through the light bulb even when the bulb is not glowing? Be sure to take
data over the full range of possible values, whether the bulb glows or not.

Data analysis
1. Make a graph of the voltage difference between the light bulb terminals as a function of
current. What is the current flowing through the light bulb if the voltage across it is zero? Be
sure to plot this point on your graph!
CHAPTER 3. OHM’S LAW 32

2. Is the light bulb ohmic? Explain your reasoning. If so, what is its resistance? If not, what
are the minimum and maximum values of its resistance?
3. What is the maximum power dissipated by the light bulb? (This power is dissipated primarily
in the form of heat, but some also appears in the form of visible light.) What is the power
dissipated by the bulb when it first begins to glow?

Summary
Compare and contrast the electrical behavior of the resistor and the light bulb. Consult a textbook
and try learn why the light bulb exhibits a more complicated behavior than the resistor. Explain
this in your notes.

No Effort Progressing Expectation Scientific

No deliberately identified Description of Some aspects of the All major shortcomings
SL.A.a reflection on the efficacy experimental procedure experiment may not have of the experiment are
of the experiment can be leaves it unclear what been considered in terms identified and reasonable
Is able to found in the report could be improved upon. of shortcomings or suggestions for
analyze the improvements, but some improvement are made.
experiment and are identified and Justification is provided
recommend discussed. for certainty of no
improvements shortcomings in the rare
Labs: 1-3, 5, 7, 8, 10-12
case there are none.

No attempt is made to An explanation for a An explanation is made A reasonable explanation

SL.B.b explain the patterns in pattern is vague, OR the which aligns with the is made for the pattern in
data explanation cannot be pattern observed in the the data. The explanation
Is able to verified through testing, data, but the link to is testable, and accounts
explain patterns OR the explanation physics principles is for any significant
in data with contradicts the actual flawed through reasoning deviations or poor fit.
physics pattern in the data. or failure to understand
principles the physics principles.
Labs: 1-3, 5, 7-9, 12

No sketches present and Sketch or descriptive text Sketch and descriptive Sketch and description
CT.A.a no descriptive text to is present to inform text are both present. The address the shortcomings
explain what was reader what was sketch and description of one another to convey
Is able to observed in experiment observed in the supplement one another an accurate and detailed
compare experiment, but there is to attempt to make up for record of experimental
recorded no attempt to explain the failures of each to observations adequate to
information and what details of the convey all observations permit a reader to place
sketches with experiment are not from the experiment. all data in context.
reality of
accurately delivered There are minor
experiment through either inconsistencies between
Labs: 3, 4, 6, 7 representation. the two representations
and the known reality of
the experiment from the
week, but no major
details are absent.
CHAPTER 3. OHM’S LAW 33

No Effort Progressing Expectation Scientific

No explicitly identified The description of the The description of the The physics concepts
CT.B.a attempt to describe the physics concepts physics concepts in play underlying the
physics concepts underlying the for the week is vague or experiment are clearly
Is able to involved in the experiment is confusing, incomplete, but can be stated.
describe experiment using or the physics concepts understood in the broader
physics student’s own words. described are not context of the lab.
concepts pertinent to the
underlying experiment for this week.
experiment
Labs: 1-3, 5, 7, 8-12

No equations are Some equations are All the required All equations required
QR.A presented in algebraic recorded in algebraic equations for the for the experiment are
form with known values form, but not all experiment are written in presented in standard
Is able to isolated on the right and equations needed for the algebraic form with form and full steps are
perform unknown values on the experiment. unknown values on the shown to derive final
algebraic steps left. left and known values on form with unknown
in mathematical the right. Some algebraic values on the left and
work. manipulation is not known values on the
Labs: 3, 6, 8, 10-12
recorded, but most is. right. Substitutions are
made to place all
unknown values in terms
of measured values and
constants.

No attempt is made to The pattern described is The pattern has minor The patterns represent
QR.B search for a pattern, irrelevant or inconsistent errors or omissions. OR the relevant trend in the
graphs may be present with the data. Graphs are Terms labelled as data. When possible, the
Is able to but lack fit lines present, but fit lines are proportional lack clarity - trend is described in
identify a inappropriate for the data is the proportionality words. Graphs have
pattern in the presented. linear, quadratic, etc. appropriate fit lines with
data graphically Graphs shown have equations and discussion
and appropriate fit lines, but of any data significantly
mathematically no equations or analysis off fit.
of fit quality
Labs: 1-3, 5, 7-9, 12

No attempt is made to An attempt is made to The analysis is The analysis is

QR.C analyze the data. analyze the data, but it is appropriate for the data appropriate, complete,
either seriously flawed, gathered, but contains and correct.
Is able to or inappropriate. minor errors or
analyze data omissions
appropriately
Labs: 1-4, 6-12

"Some data required for "Data recorded contains Most of the data is All necessary data has
IL.A the lab is not present at errors such as labeling recorded, but not all of it. been recorded throughout
all, or cannot be found quantities incorrectly, For example the the lab and recorded
Is able to record easily due to poor mixing up initial and measurements are in a comprehensible way.
data and organization of notes. " final states, units are not recorded as numbers Initial and final states are
observations mentioned, etc. " without units. Or data is identified correctly. Units
from the not assigned an are indicated throughout
experiment
identifying variable for the recording of data. All
Labs: 1-12 ease of reference. quantities are identified
with standard variable
identification and
identifying subscripts
where needed.
CHAPTER 3. OHM’S LAW 34

No Effort Progressing Expectation Scientific

No graph is present. A graph is present, but "A graph is present and The graph has correctly
WC.B the axes are not labeled. the axes are labeled, but labeled axes,
OR there is no scale on the axes do not independent variable is
Is able to draw the axes. OR the data correspond to the along the horizontal axis
a graph points are connected. independent (X-axis) and and the scale is accurate.
Labs: 3, 6, 8, 12 dependent (Y-axis) The trend-line is correct,
variables or the scale is with formula clearly
not accurate. The data indicated.
points are not connected,
but there is no trend-line.
"

No circuit diagram is Components of the "Circuit diagram is Circuit diagram contains

WC.D drawn. circuit are missing, or missing key features, but minimal connecting
connected incorrectly. contains no errors. It lines, components are
Is able to draw Components are not may be difficult to follow neatly arranged to ensure
a circuit clearly labelled. electrical pathways, but it labels are readily
diagram can be determined which identified to appropriate
Labs: 3, 4 components are components.
connected with sufficient
scrutiny. "
CHAPTER 3. OHM’S LAW 35

Print this page. Tear in half. Each lab partner should submit their half along with the lab report and then retain until the end of semester when returned with evaluations indicated by TA.

Lab 3 Ohm’s Law:

Name: Lab Partner:

EXIT TICKET:
 Turn off the power to all the equipment. ESPECIALLY the multimeter.
 Disassemble the circuit and place the make sure wires are not tangled.
 Quit any software you have been using.
 Straighten up your lab station. Put all equipment where it was at start of lab.
 Required Level of Effort.
 Complete the pre-lab assignment  Arrive on time
 Work well with your partner  Complete the lab or run out of time

SL.A.a CT.B.a IL.A

SL.B.b QR.A WC.B
CT.A.a QR.B WC.D
QR.C

Lab 3 Ohm’s Law:

Name: Lab Partner:

EXIT TICKET:
 Turn off the power to all the equipment. ESPECIALLY the multimeter.
 Disassemble the circuit and place the make sure wires are not tangled.
 Quit any software you have been using.
 Straighten up your lab station. Put all equipment where it was at start of lab.
 Required Level of Effort.
 Complete the pre-lab assignment  Arrive on time
 Work well with your partner  Complete the lab or run out of time

SL.A.a CT.B.a IL.A

SL.B.b QR.A WC.B
CT.A.a QR.B WC.D
QR.C