Science

What does the Earthquakes mean? ! Earthquakes are associated

with faults, when a fault
suddenly moves an
earthquake occurs a fault is
a break in the earth’s crust.

Two Types of Earthquake

Tectonic Volcanic

What does Magnitude means?

o Philippines is located along the
ring of fire. c Is the earthquake energy
o The ring of fire refers to the released by an earthquake at
region around the pacific ocean its focus.
that is commonly hit by c Earthquakes of larger
earthquakes and volcanic magnitude are stronger and
eruptions. typically more destructive than
those of smaller magnitude.
c Earthquake magnitude is
measured using the Richter
scale.
c In other words, It is the energy
released by an earthquake at
the focus. It is calculated from
earthquakes recorded by an
! An earthquake is one of the Instrument called
most horrifying phenomena SEISMOGRAPH.
that anyone can ever
experience. What does Intensity means?

c We first thought that earth is c Is a measured in terms of its

rock and solid and steady, geological effects and the
however you may have general damage it brings or the
experienced that the ground intensity shaking.
shakes and this contradicts to c Earthquake’s intensity becomes
what humans believed before weaker when it is further away
c Earthquakes have cause from the epicenter.
destruction all over the world. c Philippines institute of
volcanology and seismology or
What is a Fault? PHILVOLCS for short use the
following scale to describe the
intensity of earthquakes in the
Philippines.
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c The measurements of intensity Strike-slip
and magnitude are always
corresponding to each other. Strike-slip faults are vertical
c In other words, It is the (or nearly vertical) fractures
strength of an earthquake where the blocks have mostly
perceived and felt by people in moved horizontally. If the block
a certain locality. Intensity is opposite an observer looking
generally higher near the across the fault moves to the
epicenter. right, the slip style is termed
right-lateral; if the block
Earthquakes techniques: moves to the left, the motion is
Reviewing Past Analyzing the termed left-lateral.
recording oscillation

o In active fault is confined

within the lower sediments it
does not cut or deform the
younger strata

Strata means, A sedimentary

Rock layer bounded by two
stratification Plane.

Types of Fault
Normal Fault Reverse Fault

A dip-slip fault in The block above the

which the block above fault moves up
the fault has moved relative to the block What to do:
downward relative to below the fault. This
the block below. This fault motion is Before:
type of faulting occurs caused by
in response to compressional forces . Prepare emergency kits.
extension and is often and results in . Know your emergency route.
observed in the shortening. A reverse . Secure objects that could fall
Western United fault is called a . Prepare your fire extinguishing
States Basin and thrust fault if the equipment
Range Province and dip of the fault plane
along oceanic ridge is small. During:
systems.
. Move away from windows, glass,
and heavy objects.
. Extinguish any fire
immediately.
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. Ensure exit doors are open so c As the rocks slip and slide the
you don’t get stuck. stored energy is released from
. If in bed, stay where you are. the focus.
Put a pillow over your head.
. Drop down to you knees: -Horizontal Waves-
. Take cover. Get under a sturdy
table.
. Hold one of the table legs.
. Wait until the shaking stops
then get out. -Vertical Seismograph-

After:

. Grab emergency kits. Never use

an elevator.
. Stay away from damaged o This will also shoe
buildings. generalized seismic-wave
. In case of aftershocks, follow behavior P(compressive) and
the same safety steps S(shearing) motion in the
. Do nor go home unless local ground perpendicular to the
authorities deem it safe. direction of wave travel.
o
Summary:

o A fault is a break in the earth’s Body Waves Surface Waves

crust and along the break,
significant movement has taken
P-waves S-waves L-waves R-waves
place.
o An earthquake is a vibration of -Surface Waves-
the earth due to the rapid
release of energy. The place o Surface waves arrive
where the earthquake start it only after body waves,
called focus, along the fault they are entirely
plane. The spot or the surface responsible for most of
of the Earth that is directly an earthquakes damage
above the focus is called and carnage. They move
epicenter. elliptically in a vertical
o The strength/energy of an plane or sideways in a
earthquake is called the horizontal plane or
magnitude. The strength of the sideways in a horizontal
movement of an earthquake plane they travel slower
(how strong or weak is the than body waves
shaking) is called the intensity. o Love wave also known as
L waves or Q waves are
What is a Seismic waves? the fastest surface
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waves they move the Note:
ground from side to side.
Producing horizontal ! Not every fault movement
motion typical velocities beneath the sea will produce a
range between two to tsunami.
six kilometers per ! Faults that move in horizontal
second. direction or sideways will not
o Rayleigh Wave or R result a tsunami.
waves roll elliptically ! Fault that move in a vertical
along the ground, they direction will result a tsunami.
move the ground up and
down and side to side in c A tsunami is very destructive
the same direction of its because the force of the whole
propagation. It is the ocean is behind it
slowest of surface wave c Thus, when you are near the
its speed ranges from sea and you feel a strong
one to kilometers per earthquake treat that as a
second. warning signal, run to the
highest place.
-Body Waves-
CORIOLIS EFFECT

o Since the earth is roughly a

sphere equator and slowest at
Crust (8-40 km) the pulse, when air leaves the
Mantle (2,900 km) poles its speed increases as it
Outer Core (2,250 km) travels towards the equator, as
Inner Core (1,300 km) a result the air veers and it
doesn’t go straight this is the
Coriolis effect it is named after
the French mathematician and
-Tsunami- physicist Guspard Gustav de
Coriolis.
Earthquakes Tsunami
What is a Typhoon?
o Faults are found not only on the
land but also under the sea. c Typhoon is what we commonly
o When a fault at the bottom of call tropical storms here in the
the sea suddenly moves the Philippines.
water above it can be affected c Typhoon last a long time and
a sudden push from are given names so can be
underwater. identified quickly.
o Fault can produce a wave called
a tsunami. Names of storms which cause a lot
of damage such as the typhoon
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Yolanda are never used again so Mechanism to Cause Typhoon
how do typhoons Formation
c Typhoon start off as
tropical thunderstorms the Atmospheric Disturbances:
strong winds pull in moisture
from the ocean.

Thunderstorm

c The thunderstorms convert

the moisture into heat. The
heat causes more air to flow
to the center of the storm
causing evaporation of
water.

Eye

c All the heat and air flow

towards the eye creating
typhoon.

Pre-conditional for TYPHOON

Atmospheric Conditions: Typhoon Formation Basins:

1. Pre-existing low level focus or
disturbance
2. Warm ocean water
3. Low atmospheric stability
4. Sufficient Coriolis force
5. Humid mid-atmosphere and
upper atmosphere divergence

How Landmasses and Bodies of Water

affect Typhoons:
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What is a PAR?

o PAR or Philippines Area of

Responsibility.
o Smallest and innermost
monitoring domain, whose
boundary is closest to the
Philippine Islands.
o Area of the Western North
Pacific.

Coordinates:
Latitude Longitude
What To Do:
5˚N 115˚E
15˚N 115˚E
Before During After
21˚N 120˚E
1. Check your
1. Inspect 25˚N 135˚E
loved ones
your house 5˚N 135˚E
1. Don’t Panic 2. Boil water
for cracks
2. Stay inside for 20 minutes
and leaks
3. Watch the 3. Don’t enter
2. Prepare a
lighted candles your destroyed
first aid kit
and lamps house
3. Store “no
4. Turn off the 4. Dry the
cook” food
main power possible
4. Prepare
switch mosquito-
emergency
breeding
lights
grounds

Summary:

o A typhoon forms when winds

blow into areas of the ocean
where the water is warm.
o The winds rotate, or spin,
around a center called an eye.
The more warm air and
moisture there is, the more
Tropical Cyclone Categories
intense the winds.
o The landforms and bodies of Maximum Wind
Category
water on and around the Speed (kph)
Philippines affect the strength Tropical
64
or weakness of weather Depression
phenomenon such as typhoons. Tropical Storm 118
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Typhoon 200 exact dimensions of this domain are
Greater Than the area of the Western North Pacific
Super typhoon
200 bounded by imaginary lines connecting
the coordinates: 5˚N 115˚E,15˚N
Public Storm Warning Signal #2 115˚E,21˚N 120˚E,25˚N 135˚E, 5˚N 135˚E

Winds (kph): 30-60 What is Comets?

Lead time (hrs): 36
Damage to structure: No damage to o People believe it is appeared as
very light damage a sword which is sign of war,
death, and famine.
Public Storm Warning Signal #2 o A comet is a fuzzy luminous big
snowball composed of rock dust,
Winds (kph): 61-120 wrap around a big ball of ice,
Lead time (hrs): 24 they are icy objects.
Damage to structure: Light to o This beautiful sight in the sky
moderate damage moves, very slowly and may
remain in our sight for week
Public Storm Warning Signal #3 before fading out of view.
o A comet enters a huge
Winds (kph): 121-170 elliptical orbit, each time the
Lead time (hrs): 18 comet passes close to the sun
Damage to structure: Moderate to it loses some of its materials
heavy damage when it returns to the distant
part of the solar system.
Public Storm Warning Signal #4

Winds (kph): 171-220

Lead time (hrs): 12
Damage to structure: Heavy to very
heavy damage

Public Storm Warning Signal #4

Winds (kph): > 220

Lead time (hrs): 12
Damage to structure: Heavy to
widespread heavy damage o Comets leave in Oort Cloud

Summary: What is a Meteors?

The Philippine area of responsibility o Meteors also called “Falling

(PAR) is the smallest and innermost star” or “Shooting star.”
monitoring domain, whose boundary is o Friction caused by the
closest to the Philippine Islands. The molecules of gas that make up
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our planet’s atmosphere heats o Rock or metallic objects that
them up orbit the sun.
o The meteor surface begins to o Hard to see because they
warm up and glow eventually. reflect little light.
The heat and high speed
combine to vaporize.
o The meteor usually high above
the earth’s surface.

Chemical Composition of Meteors

Sodium
Magnesium
Nitrogen
Iron
Calcium

What’s the difference between a

meteoroid, meteorite, and a meteor?

METEOROID
c Are objects in space that
range in size from dust
grains to small asteroids.
METEOR
c An atmospheric phenomenon
(such as lightning or a o Asteroid live on the asteroid
snowfall). belt.
METEORITE
c A meteorite is a rock that
falls to Earth from space.

What is an Asteroids?