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EE204 Lecture Notes Lecture 02

The document discusses Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL). KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents entering and leaving a node or closed loop must equal zero. KVL states that the algebraic sum of voltages around any closed loop must equal zero. Examples are provided to demonstrate using KCL and KVL to solve for unknown currents and voltages in various circuit diagrams. Kirchhoff's laws are fundamental circuit analysis tools for calculating unknown quantities by applying the principles of conservation of charge and conservation of energy.

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34 views

EE204 Lecture Notes Lecture 02

The document discusses Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL). KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents entering and leaving a node or closed loop must equal zero. KVL states that the algebraic sum of voltages around any closed loop must equal zero. Examples are provided to demonstrate using KCL and KVL to solve for unknown currents and voltages in various circuit diagrams. Kirchhoff's laws are fundamental circuit analysis tools for calculating unknown quantities by applying the principles of conservation of charge and conservation of energy.

Uploaded by

Haimanot Dubale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE204

Lecture 02
Kirchhoff’s Current and Voltage Laws

Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL).

The sum of currents entering a node is equal to the sum of currents leaving that node.

i1 + i4 = i2 + i3 + i5

Equivalent statement of KCL:

The algebraic sum of currents entering a node is equal to zero.

i1 − i2 − i3 + i4 − i5 = 0

Figure 8

Example 4:

Calculate the unknown currents in the following circuits.


Ω
Ω Ω

Ω
Ω Ω

Ω Ω

Figure 9

Solution:

a) KCL at node (a) ⇒ i1 = 2 + 4 = 6 A

b) KCL at node (a) ⇒ 3 + i1 = 1 ⇒ i1 = −2 A

Alternatively

KCL at node (a) ⇒ 3 + i1 − 1 = 0 ⇒ i1 = −2 A

c) KCL at node (b) ⇒ i1 − 4 + 2 = 0 ⇒ i1 = 2 A

KCL at node (c) ⇒ 0.5 − i2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ i2 = −1.5 A

Check KCL at node (a) ⇒


−i1 + 4 + i2 − 0.5 = −(2) + 4 + (−1.5) − 0.5 = −4 + 4 = 0

KCL is also applicable to a closed area (super node).

The algebraic sum of currents entering a super node is equal to zero.


i1 + i2 − i3 + i4 − i5 = 0

Figure 10

Example:

Calculate the currents i1 and i2 in the circuit shown below:

Ω Ω

Ω
Ω Ω

Figure 11

Solution:

KCL at super node 1 ⇒ 3 − i1 = 0 ⇒ i1 = 3 A

KCL at super node 2 ⇒ i2 = 0 ⇒ i2 = 0 A

Ω Ω

Ω
Ω Ω

Figure 12
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):

The algebraic sum of voltages around any closed circuit is equal to zero.

KVL around circuit 1 (CW) ⇒ −v1 − v2 + v3 − v4 + v5 = 0 (1)


KVL around circuit 1 (CCW) ⇒ +v1 + v2 − v3 + v4 − v5 = 0 (2) [same as
(1)]

CW = clockwise & CCW = counterclockwise

KVL around the outer circuit (CW) ⇒ −v6 + v8 + v3 − v4 + v5 = 0 (3)

KVL around circuit 2 (CW) ⇒ −v6 + v7 = 0 ⇒ v6 = v7 (parallel elements)

Figure 1

Alternative KVL Statement:

The algebraic sum of voltages between two nodes is independent of the path taken
from the first node to the second node.

path1&2
KVL Node a → Node b ⇒ +v2 + v1 = + v3 − v4 + v5 (4) [same as
(1)]

path 2&3
KVL Node a → Node b ⇒ +v3 − v4 + v5 = −v8 + v6 (5) [same as
(3)]
c
+ V8 - a + V3 -

Path 1
Path V2
2
V4
+ +
V6 V7 V1
3

+
- - V5
Pa
th

-
b

Figure 2

Example:

Calculate the unknown voltages in the given circuit.

Ω Ω

Figure 3

Solution:

Applying KVL:

Right-hand circuit (CW) ⇒ −(7) + v1 + (−1) + 10 = 0 ⇒ v1 = −2V

Right-hand circuit (CCW) ⇒ +(7) − (10) − (−1) − v1 = 0 ⇒ v1 = −2V

path1&2
Node a → Node b ⇒ +v1 = +(7) − (10) − (−1) ⇒ v1 = −2V

Same answer in all cases.

Left-hand circuit (CW) ⇒ +(7) − (v2 ) = 0 ⇒ v2 = 7V

path 3&4
Node a → Node c ⇒ +v2 = +7 ⇒ v2 = 7V
Same answer in both cases.

Ω Ω

Ω Ω

Figure 4

Example: (KVL)

Determine voltages vx, vy, vz in the circuit of fig….by applying KVL.

Solution:
KVL around the loop abcfa
−vz + (−6) + 3 − 2 = 0
⇒ vz = −6 − 2 + 3 = −5V (1)

KVL around the loop fedef


2 + v y + (−1) = 0
⇒ v y = −2 + 1 = −1V (2)
KVL around the loop bcdeb
−3 + 2 + vx − v y = 0 (3)
To get vx we can substitute vy from (2) into (3) to get:
vx = +3 − 2 + v y = 1 + (−1) = 0
⇒ vx = 0V
Note: We can also apply KVL around the loop febcdf to get vx directly:
2 − 3 + 2 + vx + (−1) = 0
⇒ vx = −2 + 3 − 2 + 1 = 0V

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