_______behavioral

____________________________________________________________________

SECTION A
Answer all questions under this section (Two (2) Marks Each)
Multiple Choice questions choose the correct answer and fill in a
box
1. Africans have known indigenous knowledge for ages before the
coming of the modern ways of health care services in Tanzania.
They used various species of plants and animals for
a) Divination and diagnosis of illnesses
b) Invoking traditional spirits
c) To resurrect the ancestral spirits ( )
d) Cure and Treatment of ancestral spirits
e) None of the above

2. Health promotion can control and minimize health problems in

most African communities because
a) They promote healthy eating, exercises and fasting
b) Moderate Human Behaviours through life style and
responsible living
c) Hand washing before eating
( )
d) To adopt vegetarian dishes
e) None of the above

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 3. The first World Health Organization (WHO) Congress on
Traditional Medicine was held in Beijing , China

a) 2018

b) 2012 ( )

c) 2008

d) None of the above

This question has been asked before. The correct answer is:

The first World Health Organization (WHO) Congress on Traditional Medicine was held in Beijing,
China in 2008.
4.
5. Traditional Birth Attendants are male adult with special skills in
polygamy and Traditional Medicine for
a) Giving advice before, during and after pregnancy
b) Female Genital Mutilation
c) Have years of experience as midwives
( E )
d) Maternal death control
e) None of the above as it is incorrect

6. Marc Lalonde coined the term Health Promotion mainly for four
health fields namely life style, Environment, Health Care
Organization and human Biology. This was the first time in

a) 1964
b) 1974
c) 1984 ( )
d) 2010

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 e) None of the above
The correct answer is (b) 1974.
7. In Tanzania 45% of all diseases cannot be cured by drugs alone
a) Tanzanians are superstitious
b) Tanzanians have natural immunity
( )
c) Incorrect statistical data according to Research
d) None of the above
None of the above. There could be various reasons why 45% of all diseases in Tanzania
cannot be cured by drugs alone, including inadequate healthcare infrastructure, lack of
access to essential medicines, poor sanitation, and hygiene, and other socio-economic
factors. It is important to address these underlying factors to improve healthcare outcomes
in the country.

8.
9. Homosexuality is both a mental and behavioural disorders not
inborn because

a) They campaign, mobilize, manipulate and train people to be

homosexuals

b) They can transplant female organs into a man

( C )

c) Biological predispositions with female or male hormones

d) None of the above

10. A person is likely to become a criminal if he/she does not

control jealousy as a form of emotions because
a) It is one of the weakest type of emotions
b) It is one of the most neglected type of emotions
( )
c) It Is normal human traits

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 d) None of the above

None of the above options are correct. Jealousy itself does not necessarily lead to criminal behavior.
While jealousy can lead to negative emotions and potentially negative actions, it is not a
determinant factor in criminal behavior. There are a variety of individual and environmental factors
that can contribute to criminal behavior, and it is important to consider each case individually.
11. The first World Health Organisation (WHO) Congress on
Traditional medicine was held in Beijing, China

a) 2012
b) 1978
c) 2008
d) 2005
e) None of the above
The correct answer is b) 1978.

12. The sensory memory includes

a) Visual i.e. seeing with our eyes
b) Auditory i.e. hearing with our ears
( )
c) Touching
d) Smelling etc.
e) All the above
Yes, that is correct. Sensory memory includes all of the mentioned senses, including visual, auditory,
touch, smell, and taste. It is the brief retention of sensory information that allows us to process and
perceive the world around us.

13.

14. One way we are able to expand our ability to remember

things in STM is by using a memory technique called.........
a) Dancing
b) Cropping

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 c) Dumping (
)
d) Toiling
e) Chooping
f) None of the above
None of the above. The memory technique used to expand our ability to remember things in
STM is called "chunking".

15. Health Promotion is important in our human family

because
a) It entertains
b) It raises awareness, knowledge and understanding
c) It promotes prevention of mother to child transmission of
HIV/AIDS ( )
d) Illiteracy level on health care services is raised
e) All the above
f) None of the above
The correct statement is (b) It raises awareness, knowledge and understanding.

Health Promotion is an approach that aims to improve the health of individuals and
communities by increasing their control over the determinants of health through the
promotion of healthy lifestyles, policies, and environments. One of the main goals of health
promotion is to raise awareness, knowledge and understanding about health issues and to
encourage healthy behaviors that can prevent or reduce the risk of chronic diseases. This
can be done through various channels such as education, social marketing campaigns,
community mobilization, and policy changes. By increasing awareness and knowledge about
health issues, individuals and communities can make informed decisions about their health,
leading to better health outcomes.

16. Memory disorders can be caused by one or more factors,

including:
a) Internal bleeding inside the Brain
b) Crashing and roads accidents

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c) Consumption of sedative materials ( E )
d) Suffering with heart illness
e) All the above
f) None of the above
a) Internal bleeding inside the brain and b) road accidents are some of the causes of memory
disorders. However, consumption of sedative materials and suffering from heart illness can also
lead to memory disorders. Therefore, the correct answer is e) All the above.

17.
a) Schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders may be
distinguished only by the presence of which
b) of the following symptoms in schizotypal persons

18. The age group most likely for Alzheimer’s disease.

a) 20-30
b) 30-45
c) 50-60 ( )
d) 65 and above
e) None of the above
f) All the above
D) 65 and above.

Alzheimer's disease is most commonly seen in individuals aged 65 and above, although
early-onset Alzheimer's can occur in individuals as young as their 30s. The risk of developing
Alzheimer's increases with age, with the majority of cases occurring in individuals over the
age of 85.

19. People with borderline personality disorders often exhibit

which of the following characteristics?
a) Unpredictable and impulsive
b) Uninhibited and promiscuous ( )
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 c) Too Demanding and Angry
d) All of the above
D) All of the above.

People with borderline personality disorder often exhibit unpredictable and impulsive
behavior, which can include reckless driving, substance abuse, and self-injury. They may also
be uninhibited and promiscuous in their interpersonal relationships, often struggling with
feelings of emptiness and fear of abandonment. Additionally, they may be too demanding
and angry, often experiencing intense emotional reactions to perceived rejection or
criticism.

20. The following are causes of distortion of memory

a) Organic state
b) Affective disorders
c) Retroactive interference
d) Proactive interference ( )
e) Normal variations in recall
f) All the Above
F) All the above are causes of distortion of memory.

Organic states such as brain injuries, diseases, and medications can affect memory. Affective
disorders such as depression and anxiety can also affect memory. Retroactive interference
occurs when new information interferes with the recall of old information, while proactive
interference occurs when old information interferes with the recall of new information.
Normal variations in recall can also cause distortion of memory, such as when a memory
becomes distorted over time due to forgetting or when different aspects of a memory
become combined.

SECTION B
Answer all questions under this section
The first part, write True (T) for correct statement and False (F) for
incorrect statement and each question is two marks (2 marks each
question)

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21.  Matrilineality is the tracing of kinship through the
female line ( True or False) True

22. Matrilineal: kinship system in which an

individual's family membership derives from and is recorded
through their father's lineage ( True or False) False

23. Polyandrous: Polyandry, marriage of a woman to two or

more men at the same time. ( True or False)TRUR

24.
25. Source amnesia is the inability remember the source
from which the information was obtained (True or
False)TRUE

26.  In the elderly it is quite possible that there is co morbid

dementia with the depression thus even when the depression is
resolved there may be cognitive deficits due to the dementia
giving rise to difficulties to the clinician (True or False)True
27. Ribot law states that in patients with progressive chronic
brain disease memory of recent events are lost before that of
remote events True
28.
29. Example of ADHD , Inattention, Impulsivity and Over
activity (True or False)False

Short Answers

30. a) Explain why it is difficult to separate Traditional

African Medicine with African Spirituality ( 10 marks)
Traditional African Medicine (TAM) and African spirituality are closely intertwined and deeply
interconnected. It is difficult to separate the two because traditional African medicine is not
just a practice but a way of life that is deeply rooted in African spirituality and culture. TAM is
a holistic approach to health and wellness that considers the spiritual, physical, and mental

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 aspects of an individual, and African spirituality is a belief system that acknowledges the
existence of a divine power and recognizes the interconnectedness of all living things.

African traditional healers believe that illnesses are caused by spiritual imbalances or
disharmony between individuals and their environment. Therefore, the healing process
involves not only physical remedies but also spiritual and emotional therapies. Traditional
African medicine practitioners use various spiritual practices, such as prayer, divination, and
offerings, to connect with the divine and gain insight into the root cause of an illness. They
also use plant-based remedies, such as herbs, roots, and barks, to treat physical ailments.

Moreover, African spirituality recognizes the importance of ancestors and the role they play in
the lives of the living. Ancestors are believed to provide guidance, protection, and support to
the living, and they are often consulted through divination and other spiritual practices.
Traditional African medicine practitioners also believe that ancestors can help in the healing
process by providing guidance and wisdom.

The interconnectedness of TAM and African spirituality is also evident in the way that healing
is conceptualized. Traditional African medicine is not just about curing an illness but also
about restoring harmony between an individual and their environment. African spirituality
recognizes the interconnectedness of all living things and emphasizes the importance of living
in harmony with nature.

In conclusion, the inseparability of Traditional African Medicine and African Spirituality is due
to the fact that both are based on a holistic approach to health and wellness, recognize the
interconnectedness of all living things, and emphasize the importance of living in harmony
with nature. Therefore, separating the two is difficult as they are deeply intertwined and
cannot be understood in isolation from each other.
b) Mention five benefits of Health Promotion in any Country
of your choice ( 10 marks)

Certainly, I'd be happy to discuss 10 benefits of health promotion in any country:

1. Reduced healthcare costs: Health promotion strategies, such as preventive screenings and
vaccinations, can help to prevent costly diseases and illnesses. By preventing these conditions,
countries can save money on healthcare expenses.

2. Improved quality of life: By promoting healthy lifestyles, health promotion can improve the
overall quality of life for individuals. This includes physical, mental, and emotional well-being.

3. Increased productivity: Healthy individuals are more productive in the workforce. Health
promotion strategies can promote healthy behaviors such as exercise and stress management,
which can help individuals to perform better at work.

4. Reduced absenteeism: Healthy individuals are less likely to miss work due to illness. Health
promotion can help to reduce absenteeism by promoting healthy behaviors and reducing the
incidence of illness.

5. Enhanced mental health: Health promotion can promote positive mental health and well-being.
This includes strategies such as stress management and mindfulness, which can reduce the
incidence of mental health disorders.

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6. Reduced healthcare disparities: Health promotion strategies can target specific populations and
reduce healthcare disparities. This includes promoting access to healthcare services and resources
in underserved communities.

7. Improved health literacy: Health promotion can educate individuals and communities about
health-related issues. This can help to improve health literacy and enable individuals to make
informed decisions about their health.

8. Reduced environmental impact: Health promotion can also promote environmentally-friendly

behaviors such as walking or biking to work. These behaviors can reduce the environmental
impact of transportation and promote sustainable living.

9. Improved social connections: Health promotion can also promote social connections and
support networks. This can improve mental health and overall well-being.

10. Prevention of chronic diseases: Health promotion can help to prevent chronic diseases such as
diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. By promoting healthy lifestyles and behaviors, countries can
reduce the incidence of these diseases and improve the health of their populations.

In summary, health promotion can provide numerous benefits for individuals, communities, and
countries. By promoting healthy behaviors and lifestyles, countries can improve the health and
well-being of their populations, reduce healthcare costs, and promote sustainability.

31. Write short notes for the following concepts

a) Personality disorders ( 4 marks)

b) Psychology (4 Marks)
c) Paranoid ( 4 Marks)
d) African Indigenous Science ( 4 Marks)
e) Memory disorders ( 4 Marks)

a) Personality Disorders: Personality disorders are a type of mental disorder that affects an
individual's patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior. People with personality disorders often
have difficulty interacting with others and may experience significant distress in their personal
and professional relationships. Examples of personality disorders include borderline personality
disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.

b) Psychology: Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. It
explores various aspects of human experience, including emotions, cognition, perception,
personality, social behavior, and mental health. Psychology uses a variety of research methods to
investigate human behavior and develop theories about human thought and behavior.

c) Paranoid: Paranoid refers to an individual who has excessive distrust or suspicion of others. This
can manifest in various ways, including suspicion of others' motives, reluctance to share personal
information, and a tendency to perceive threats or danger where none exist. Paranoid behavior

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can be a symptom of certain mental health conditions, such as paranoid personality disorder or
schizophrenia.

d) African Indigenous Science: African Indigenous Science refers to the knowledge and practices
developed by African cultures over thousands of years. This includes traditional healing practices,
herbal medicine, and agricultural techniques. African Indigenous Science is based on a holistic
view of the world and emphasizes the interconnectedness of all living things.

e) Memory Disorders: Memory disorders refer to conditions that affect an individual's ability to
remember information. These conditions can be caused by various factors, including brain injury,
disease, or aging. Examples of memory disorders include amnesia, Alzheimer's disease, and
dementia. People with memory disorders may have difficulty remembering recent events,
forming new memories, or recalling previously learned information.

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