Dom - 2marks Minimum

19ME5603-Dynamics of Machines
Question Bank-
PART A (2 MARKS)
UNIT-1
1 Define D’Alembert’s principle.
D‟Alembert‟s principle states that the inertia forces and torques, and the external forces and
torques acting on a body together result in statical equilibrium. In other words, the vector sum of all
external forces acting upon a system of rigid bodies is zero. F + FI = 0
2 Distinguish between crank effort and piston effort.
Crank effort Piston effort
It is the net effort (force) applied at the It is the net force applied on the piston,
crank pin perpendicular to the crank, along the line of stroke.
which gives the required turning moment
on the crank shaft.
It is denoted by FT It is denoted by FP
3 Summarize the term coefficient of fluctuation of energy of a flywheel.

It is the ratio of maximum fluctuation of energy to the work done per cycle.
CE = Maximum fluctuation of energy(ΔE)/ Workdone per cycle
4 What is meant by turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram?

The turning moment diagram (also known as crank effort diagram) is the graphical representation
of the turning moment or crank- effort for various positions of the crank. It is plotted on cartesian
co-ordinates, in which the turning moment is taken as Y axis and crank angle as X axis
5 Define the term coefficient fluctuation of speed.
The ratio of the maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is called the coefficient of
fluctuation of speed Cs = = N1 – N2 / N = 2(N1 – N2) / (N1 + N2)
N1 – Max Speed : N2 – Min Speed N = Mean speed = N1 +N2 / 2
UNIT-2
1 Differentiate : Static and Dynamic balancing
Static Balancing:- The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires that the
line of action of three centrifugal forces must be the same. This is the condition for static
balancing.
Dynamic Balancing:- The net couple due to the dynamic forces acting on the shaft is equal to zero,
provides the condition for dynamic balancing.
2 Define hammer blow in locomotives
It is defined as the maximum magnitude of the unbalanced force along the perpendicular to the
line of stroke.
Hammer blow = B . ω2. b
3 Differentiate between Tractive force and Swaying couple

It is the resultant unbalanced force due to the two cylinders along the line of stoke.
Tractive force =± √ 2 (1-c) ω2 r
The unbalanced forces along the line of stroke for the two cylinders constitute a couple about the
centre line YY between the cylinders. This couple has swaying effect about a vertical axis, and
tends to sway the engine alternatively in clockwise and anti- clockwise. This couple is known as
“swaying couple".
a
Swaying couple =± (1-c) ω2 r
√2
4 Explain the concept of balancing of rotating masses.
The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the centrifugal force
of the first mass is called balancing of rotating masses.
Balancing is the process of designing or modifying machinery so that the unbalance is
reduced to an acceptable level and if possible is eliminated entirely.
5 A flywheel has an unbalanced mass of 0.15 kg at a radius of 0.4 m from the axis of rotation.
Calculate the unbalanced force if the shaft rotates at 200 rpm.
The unbalanced force (centrifugal force)= m * r *ω2
Answer : 26 N
UNIT-3
1 What is meant by torsionally equivalent length of a shaft as referred to a stepped shaft?
A shaft having variable diameter for different lengths can be theoretically replaced by an
equivalent shaft of uniform diameter such that they have the same total angle of twist when
equal opposing torques are applied at their ends. Such a theoretically replaced shaft is known as
torsionally equivalent shaft. Formula for equivalent length l= l1 + l2 (d1/ d1)2 + l3(d1/ d3)2
2 What is meant by Resonance
When the frequency of external force coincides with the natural frequency of the vibrating system,
then the vibration takes place with very high amplitude. This phenomenon is called resonance.
Failures of major structures like
buildings, bridges, airplane wings are mainly due to resonance.
3 What are the different types of vibratory motions?

1. Free vibrations a) Longitudinal vibration, b) Transverse vibration, and c) Torsional vibration.
2. Forced vibrations, and 3. Damped vibration.
4 Differentiate node and antinode with respect to torsional vibrations.

The point which vibrate with zero amplitude i.e. The stationary point is called node.
The point of maximum amplitude vibration is called antinode.
5 Define logarithmic decrement.
Logarithmic decrement is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude reduction factor. The
amplitude reduction factor is the ratio of any two successive amplitudes on the same side of the
mean position. δ = ln (Xn/Xn+1) = 2/
UNIT-4
1 List out the sources of the excitation in forced vibration.
a) Periodic forces like harmonic and non-harmonic,
b) Impulsive forces, and
c) Random forces like seismic waves.
2 Write down the expression for amplitude of forced vibration
The amplitude of the forced vibration is given by
F
Xmax =
√(C ω +( K −m ω2 ) 2)
2 2
Where F = Centrifugal force or the static force, C = Damping Resistance, ω = Angular velocity, m
= Mass of the body, S = Stiffness.
3 Define magnification factor in forced vibration
 It is the ratio of maximum displacement of the forced vibration (xmax) to the deflection due
to the static force F (xo).
 It is also known as dynamic magnifier.
4 What are the methods of isolating the vibration?
The process of reducing (or)eliminating the vibrations transmitted from the high speed engines to
the foundation is known as vibration isolation.
Examples: The devices such as springs, dampers are the examples for vibration isolations which
are places between foundation and machine.
5 Define isolation factor or Transmissibility
It is defined as the ratio of the force transmitted (FT) to the force applied (F) of the spring
support. It is also known as “Transmissibility ratio”.
It is denoted by the Greek letter “ε” (epsilon).
ε = FT/F=
UNIT-5
1 Differentiate the functions of flywheel and governor
The function of flywheel is to reduce the fluctuations of speed during a cycle above over
and below the mean value for constant load from the prime mover
Its functionof governor is to control the mean speed a period for output load variations
2 Define sensitiveness of governors.
The sensitiveness is defines as the ratio of the mean speed to the difference between the maximum
and minimum speeds.
Sensitiveness = N/N1 – N2 = 2(N1 + N2)/ (N1 – N2)
N1 – Max Speed : N2 – Min Speed
3 What is meant by gyroscopic couple?
If a body having moment of inertia I and rotating about its own axis at ω P rad/s is also caused to
turn at ωp rad/s about an axis perpendicular to the axis of spin, then it experiences a gyroscopic
couple of magnitude (1.ω. ωp) in an axis which is perpendicular to both the axis of spin and axis of
precession
4 Write short note on “hunting of governors”.
A governor is said to be hunt if the speed of the engine fluctuates continuously above and
below the mean speed. This is caused by a too sensitive governor which changes the fuel
supply by a large amount when a small change in the speed of rotation takes place.
5 The engine of an aero plane rotates in clockwise direction when seen from the tail end and the
aero plane takes a turn to the left. What will be the effect of the gyroscopic couple on the aero
plane?
The effect of gyroscopic couple will be to raise the nose and dip the tail.

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19ME5603-Dynamics of Machines

3 Summarize the term coefficient of fluctuation of energy of a flywheel.

4 What is meant by turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram?

3 Differentiate between Tractive force and Swaying couple

3 What are the different types of vibratory motions?

4 Differentiate node and antinode with respect to torsional vibrations.

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